王振2020-6-18笔记

### ### part1 单表查询
# sql 查询语句的完整语法
select * from 表  where .. group by.. having..order by.. limit..

1.where语句
功能:对表中的数据进行筛选和过滤
	(1)判断的符号
	= > >= < <= != <> 不等于
	(2)拼接条件的关键字
	and or not
	(3)查询区间范围值 between
	between 小值 and 大值 [小,大]双闭合
	(4)查询具体某个值的范围 in
	in(1,2,3) 指定范围
	(5)模糊查询 like "%" "_" 通配符
	like "%a"  匹配以a结尾的任意长度的字符串
	like "a%"  匹配以a开头的任意长度的字符串
	like "%a%" 匹配含有a字母的任意长度的字符串
	like "_a"  个数一共2个字符,必须以a结尾,前面的字符随意
	like "a__" 个数一共3个字符,必须以a开头,后面的字符随意

# (1) 单条件的查询
# 查询部门是sale的所有员工姓名:
select emp_name from employee where post = "sale";

# (2) 多条件的查询
# 部门是teacher , 收入大于10000的所有数据
select * from employee where post="teacher" and salary > 10000;

# (3) 关键字 between .. and ..
# 收入在1万到2万之间的所有员工姓名和收入
select emp_name,salary from employee where salary between 10000 and 20000;
# 收入不在1万到2万之间的所有员工姓名和收入
select emp_name,salary from employee where salary not between 10000 and 20000;

# (4) null 关键字 在查询的时候,要用is进行判定,不要用=
# 查询post_comment 是空的所有数据
select * from employee where post_comment = null;
select * from employee where post_comment = '';
select * from employee where post_comment is null;
select * from employee where post_comment is not null;

update employee set post_comment = "" where id = 1
select * from employee where post_comment = "";	

# (5) 关键字 in 在..之中 查询
# 查询收入是3000 ,4000 ,5000,8300 所有员工的姓名和收入
select emp_name,salary from employee where salary=3000 or salary=4000 or salary=5000 or salary=8300;
# 用in优化,在小括号里面具体指定某个值
select emp_name,salary from employee where salary in (3000,4000,5000,8300);
# 不在 not in ..
select emp_name,salary from employee where salary not in (3000,4000,5000,8300);

# (6) 模糊查询 like "%" "_" 通配符
# (1) "%" 通配符  以on结尾的员工名搜一下
select emp_name,age,post from employee where emp_name like "%on";
# (2) "_" 通配符 可以限定具体的长度
select emp_name,age,post from employee where emp_name like "a_e_";

# (7) concat (as 起别名)
select concat("姓名:",emp_name,"工资:",salary) as aa from employee;
# concat_ws(拼接的符号,参数1,参数2,参数3 ... )
select concat_ws(" : ",emp_name,salary) as bb from employee;
# 计算年薪 可以在mysql中使用四则运算符(+ - * /)
select concat_ws(" : ",emp_name,salary * 12) as cc from employee;

# 2.group by 子句 分组分类
	"""group by 字段 对数据进行分类 , by后面接什么字段,select就搜索什么字段"""
	select sex from employee group by sex;
	select post from employee group by post;
	# group_concat 按照分类的形式进行字段的拼接
	select group_concat(emp_name),post from employee where id >5  group by post;

# 聚合函数
	# count 统计总数 *所有
	select count(*) from employee;
	# max 统计最大值
	select max(salary) from employee;
	# min 统计最小值
	select min(salary) from employee;
	# avg 统计平均值
	select avg(salary) from employee;
	# sum 统计总和
	select sum(salary) from employee

	# 一般情况下 分组 + 聚合函数  配合使用
	# 1. 查询部门名以及各部门的平均薪资
	select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;		
	# 2. 查询部门名以及各部门的最高薪资
	select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
	# 3. 查询部门名以及各部门的最低薪资
	select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
	# 4. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数
	select sex , count(*) from employee group by sex;
	# 5. 查询部门名以及部门包含的所有员工名字
	select group_concat(emp_name) from employee group by post
	# 可以group by 两个字段,即可搜索两个字段
	select  emp_name , post from employee  group by post ,emp_name ;

### 3.having 数据在分类分组之后,进行二次数据过滤,一般是配合group by 使用,分组之后在过滤

# 找出各部门平均薪资, 并且大于10000以上的所有部门
select post , avg(salary) from employee group by post having  avg(salary) > 10000;

# 1.查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、查询岗位内包含员工名字、个数
select post ,group_concat(emp_name),count(*) from employee group by post having count(*) < 2

# 2.查询各岗位平均薪资小于10000的岗位名、平均工资
select post,avg(salary) from employee  group by post having avg(salary) < 10000;

# 3.查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) between 10000  and 20000;# between 10000 和 20000本身这个值可以取到
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000  and avg(salary) < 20000;

### 4.order by 排序 , 按照什么字段进行排序

# asc  升序: 从小到大 (默认)
# desc 降序: 从大到小

select * from employee order by age #(asc 默认升序)
select * from employee order by age desc #(desc 降序)

# 1. 查询所有员工信息，先按照age升序排序，如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
select emp_name,age,hire_date,post from employee order by age , hire_date desc;
# 2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
select post , avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary)>10000 order by avg(salary) asc
# 3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列
select post , avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary)>10000 order by avg(salary) desc

### 5.limit 限制查询条数 (数据分页)

"""limit m,n m代表从第几条数据查询,n代表查询几条, m=0 代表的是第一条"""
select * from employee limit 0,5; #从第一条数据开始搜,搜5条
select * from employee limit 5,5  #从第六条数据开始搜,搜5条
# 只查询一条数据
select * from employee limit 1
# 找数据库当中最后一条数据
select * from employee order by id limit 1
# 找数据库当中最后三条数据
select * from employee order by id limit 3

### 6.(了解)可以使用正则表达式查询数据 (不推荐使用,效率不高)

select * from employee where emp_name regexp ".*on$" # .*? 问号?不识别
select * from employee where emp_name regexp "^程";
select * from employee where emp_name regexp "^程.*金";

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### ### part2 多表查询

内连接: (内联查询 inner join ) -> 两表或者多表满足条件的所有数据查询出来(两表之间共有的数据)

# 两表查询
select 字段 from 表1 inner join 表2 on 必要的关联条件
# 多表查询
select 字段 from 表1 inner join 表2 on 必要的关联条件1 inner join 表3 on 必要的关联条件2 ... 

# 基本语法 inner join on .. on后面接必要的关联条件
select * from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;
# 用as 起别名 (推荐)
select * from employee as e inner join department as d on e.dep_id = d.id;
# as 可以省略掉
select * from employee e inner join department d on e.dep_id = d.id;

# where 默认实现的就是内联查询的效果
select * from employee , department where employee.dep_id = department.id;
select * from employee as e , department as d where e.dep_id = d.id;

外连接  左  右  全

#(1) 左连接(左联查询 left join) 以左表为主,右表为辅,完整查询左表所有数据,右表没有的数据补null
select * from employee left join  department on employee.dep_id = department.id;
#(2) 右链接(右联查询 right join)以右表为主,左表为辅,完整查询右表所有数据,左表没有的数据补null
select * from employee right join  department on employee.dep_id = department.id;
#(3) 全连接(全连接 union) 所有的数据都合并起来
select * from employee left join  department on employee.dep_id = department.id
union
select * from employee right join  department on employee.dep_id = department.id;

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# ### part3 子查询

子查询: 嵌套查询
	(1)sql语句当中有嵌套了另外一条sql语句,用包括()包起来,表达一个整体
	(2)一般应用在from 子句后面表达一张表, where子句后面表达一个条件
	(3)查询速度从快到慢 : 单表查询 -> 联表查询 -> 子查询	

# 一.找出平均年龄大于25岁以上的部门

# (1) 普通where写法
select 
	d.id,d.name
from
	employee as e,department as d
where
	e.dep_id = d.id
group by
	d.id,d.name
having 
	avg(e.age) > 25;

# (2) inner join
select 
	d.id,d.name
from
	employee as e inner join department as d on e.dep_id = d.id
group by 
	d.id,d.name
having 
	avg(e.age) > 25;
	
# (3) 子查询
# 1.先选出平均年龄大于25岁的部门id
select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25;
# 2.通过部门id,找部门的名字
select name from department where id in (201,202);
# 3.综合拼接
select id,name from department where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);

# 二.查看技术部门员工姓名

# (3) 子查询
# 1.找技术部门对应id
select id from department where name = "技术";
# 2.通过id找员工姓名
select name  from employee where dep_id = 200;
# 3.综合拼接
select name,dep_id  from employee where dep_id = (select id from department where name = "技术");

# 三.查看哪个部门没员工

# 子查询
# 1.先查询,员工在哪些部门 (所有员工的分类分别是 200 201 202 204)
select dep_id from employee group by dep_id
# 2.把不在部门的数据找出来
select id  from department where id not in (200,201,202,204);
# 3.综合拼接
select id,name  from department where id not in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id)

# 四.查询大于平均年龄的员工名与年龄

# 假设平均年龄是20岁
select name,age from employee where age > 20
# 找平均年龄
select avg(age) from employee;
# 综合拼装
select name,age from employee where age > (select avg(age) from employee);

# 五.把大于其本部门平均年龄的员工名和姓名查出来

select 
	*
from 
	employee as t1 inner join (select dep_id,avg(age) as avg_age from employee group by dep_id) as t2 on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id
where 
	t1.age > t2.avg_age

# 六.查询每个部门最新入职的那位员工  # 利用上一套数据表进行查询;

select 
	t1.emp_name,t1.hire_date
from 
	employee as t1 inner join (select post , max(hire_date) as max_data from employee  group by post) as t2 on t1.post = t2.post
where 
	t1.hire_date = t2.max_data

# 七.带EXISTS关键字的子查询

exists 关键字,表达存在
	如果内层sql 能够查到数据,返回True , 外层sql执行查询语句
	如果内层sql 不能查到数据,返回False, 外层sql不执行查询语句

select * from employee where exists (select * from employee where id = 1) # 能
select * from employee where exists (select * from employee where id = 100) # 不能

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# ### 补充

# 关于约束的添加和删除
# 1 添加/删除 约束 not null
	#alter table 表名 modify 字段名 类型
	alter table t1 modify id int not null
	alter table t1 modify id int

# 2 添加/删除 unique 唯一索引
	# alter table 表名 add unique(id)
	alter table t1 add unique(id)
	alter table t1 drop index id
	
# 3 添加/删除 primary key
	# alter table 表名 add primary key(id);
	alter table t1 add primary key(id);
	alter table t1 drop primary key;
	
# 4 添加/删除 foreign key 外键 (先通过desc 表 找到外键名字,然后再删)
	alter table student1 drop foreign key student1_ibfk_1; #删除
	alter table student1 add foreign key(classid) references class1(id) #添加