JavaSE之多线程高级(死锁、线程等待和唤醒)

一级目录

在多线程程序中，使用了多把锁，造成线程之间相互等待锁，程序无法向下执行。

容易产生死锁的条件

1.有多把锁

2.有多个线程

3.有同步代码块嵌套

注意：开发多线程程序时，应该尽量避免三种条件同时出现在代码中，避免造成线程死锁。

//制造两个锁
    private static Object o1 = new Object();
    private static Object o2 = new Object();
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        //制造死锁
        //两个线程互相持有对方需要的锁，进入互相等待的线程
        Thread thread1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                synchronized (o1) {
                    System.out.println("线程1获得锁1");
                    synchronized (o2) {
                        System.out.println("线程1获得锁2");
                    }
                }
            }
        });

        Thread thread2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                synchronized (o2) {
                    System.out.println("获得锁2");
                    synchronized (o1) {
                        System.out.println("获得锁1");
                    }
                }
            }
        });

        thread1.start();
        thread2.start();
    }

线程等待和唤醒的方法

等待和唤醒，指的是两个线程或多个线程之间的互相等待或唤醒

Java中提供了几个方法可以实现线程的等待和唤醒，来自Object类

方法名	说明
void wait()	让当前线程释放锁并进入等待，直到其他线程调用锁的notify()或notifyAll()方法
void notify()	唤醒正在等待对象监视器(锁)的单个线程
void notifyAll()	唤醒正在等待对象监视器(锁)的所有线程

//wait和notify都是Object提供的
    private static Object lock = new Object();
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        Thread thread1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                System.out.println("线程1开始");
                synchronized (lock) {
                    try {
                        lock.wait();//任何对象都可以调用，前提是这个对象必须作为锁，去调用wait和notify才不会报错
                        //释放锁并等待，能继续执行的条件：1.其他线程调用notify  2.重新抢到锁
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                System.out.println("线程1结束");
            }
        });
        thread1.start();

        Thread thread2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                System.out.println("线程2开始");
                synchronized (lock) {
                    try {
                        lock.wait();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
                System.out.println("线程2结束");
            }
        });
        thread2.start();

        Thread.sleep(100);

        Thread thread3 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                System.out.println("线程3开始");
                synchronized (lock) {
                    lock.notify();//如果多个线程在等待，只能随机唤醒一个线程

                    lock.notifyAll();//唤醒所有在等待的线程
                }
                System.out.println("线程3结束");
            }
        });

        thread3.start();
    }

案例：

private static Object lock = new Object();

    private static int a = 1;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //奇数线程
        Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                synchronized (lock) {
                    while (a<=100){
                        if(a%2!=0){
                            System.out.println("奇数线程："+a);
                            a++;
                            lock.notify(); //唤醒偶数线程去执行

                        }else {
                            //是偶数，等待其他线程去打印
                            try {
                                lock.wait();
                            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                                e.printStackTrace();
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        });

        //偶数线程
        Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                synchronized (lock) {
                    while (a<=100){
                        if(a%2==0){
                            System.out.println("偶数线程--："+a);
                            a++;
                            lock.notify(); //唤醒奇数线程去执行

                        }else {
                            try {
                                lock.wait(); //是奇数，等待其他线程去执行
                            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                                e.printStackTrace();
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        });

        t1.start();
        t2.start();
    }

线程状态

Thread.State枚举类中有6中线程状态

public enum State {
        /**
         * Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.
         */
        NEW,

        /**
         * Thread state for a runnable thread.  A thread in the runnable
         * state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may
         * be waiting for other resources from the operating system
         * such as processor.
         */
        RUNNABLE,

        /**
         * Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock.
         * A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock
         * to enter a synchronized block/method or
         * reenter a synchronized block/method after calling
         * {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}.
         */
        BLOCKED,

        /**
         * Thread state for a waiting thread.
         * A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the
         * following methods:
         * <ul>
         *   <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li>
         * </ul>
         *
         * <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to
         * perform a particular action.
         *
         * For example, a thread that has called {@code Object.wait()}
         * on an object is waiting for another thread to call
         * {@code Object.notify()} or {@code Object.notifyAll()} on
         * that object. A thread that has called {@code Thread.join()}
         * is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.
         */
        WAITING,

        /**
         * Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time.
         * A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of
         * the following methods with a specified positive waiting time:
         * <ul>
         *   <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li>
         *   <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li>
         * </ul>
         */
        TIMED_WAITING,

        /**
         * Thread state for a terminated thread.
         * The thread has completed execution.
         */
        TERMINATED;
    }

wait和sleep的区别：

1.sleep不释放锁，wait会释放锁

2.sleep休眠时间到就会自动醒来，wait()会无限等待，直到其他线程notify他，醒来后要重新竞争锁。

3.sleep()是Thread类的静态方法，wait()是Object类的方法，wait方法需要在同步机制使用锁调用。

线程池

线程池是一个容器，可以保存一些长久存活的线程对象，负责创建、复用、管理线程。

以前写多线程的弊端：

1.用到线程的时候就创建。

2.用完之后线程消失。

解决办法：

Java提供了线程池技术，让线程可以重复利用，解决线程频繁创建和销毁的问题，提高运行效率。

线程池的优势：

提高响应速度，减少了创建新线程的时间。

降低资源消耗，重复利用线程中线程，不需要每次都创建、销毁。

便于线程管理，线程池可以集中管理并发线程的数量。

创建线程池的方式

因为原本创建线程较为麻烦，有5个参数的，有7个参数的。

我们使用工具类创建线程池

Executors类是JDK提供的工具类，可以快速创建线程池。

方法	说明
static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads)	创建一个线程池，参数为池中线程数

Callable

public interface Callable<V> {
    /**
     * Computes a result, or throws an exception if unable to do so.
     *
     * @return computed result
     * @throws Exception if unable to compute a result
     */
    V call() throws Exception;
}

//Callable<V>:泛型 V就是线程执行完的返回值
public class MyCall implements Callable<Integer> {
    @Override//和run方法一样，都是线程去执行的任务
    public Integer call() throws Exception {
        return null;
    }
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        MyCall myCall = new MyCall();
        ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);

        //提交Callable任务，返回值封装在Future,这样让线程可以继续执行，让future去等待
        Future<Integer> future = pool.submit(myCall);

        //从Future对象获取返回值
        //如果线程没执行完，get方法会一直阻塞，直到线程返回结果。
        Integer result = future.get();
        System.out.println(result);
    }

Runable和Callable的区别：

1.Callable的call方法有返回值，Runnbale的run方法无返回值。

2.call方法可以抛任意异常，run方法不能抛编译异常。

最后

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