配置MySQL主从复制

最新推荐文章于 2023-10-10 22:25:03 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-10-10 22:25:03 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_47746630/article/details/109366456

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主从简介

我们一般应用对数据库而言都是“读多写少”，也就说对数据库读取数据的压力比较大，有一个思路就是说采用数据库集群的方案，其中一个是主库，负责写入数据，我们称之为：写库；其它都是从库，负责读取数据，我们称之为：读库。

1.主从作用

实时灾备，用于故障切换
读写分离，提供查询服务
备份，避免影响业务

2.主从形式

在这里插入图片描述

一主一从（master主，slave从）
主主复制（两个都是主，也都是从，数据一样）
一主多从—扩展系统读取的性能，因为读是在从库读取的
多主一从—5.7开始支持
联级复制

3.主从复制原理

在这里插入图片描述

主从复制步骤：

主库将所有的写操作记录到binlog日志中并生成一个log dump线程，将binlog日志传给从库的I/O线程
从库生成两个线程，一个I/O线程，一个SQL线程
- I/O线程去请求主库的binlog，并将得到的binlog日志写到relay log（中继日志）文件中
- SQL线程，会读取relay log文件中的日志，并解析成具体操作，来实现主从的操作一致，达到最终数据一致的目的

4.主从复制配置

主从复制配置步骤：

确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
配置主数据库（修改配置文件）
配置从数据库（修改配置文件）

需求：
搭建两台MySQL服务器，一台作为主服务器，一台作为从服务器，主服务器进行写操作，从服务器进行读操作

环境说明：

数据库角色	IP	应用与系统版本	有无数据
主数据库	192.168.152.134 [root@master ~]	centos8/redhat8 mysql-5.7	无数据
从数据库	192.168.152.135 [root@slave ~]	centos8/redhat8mysql-5.7	无数据

MySQL安装，分别在主从两台服务器上安装mysql-5.7版本

//执行此操作请参考上一篇的实例部署
[root@master ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  mysql.22

[root@master mysql.22]# ls
install.sh  soft

[root@master mysql.22]# chmod +x install.sh

[root@master mysql.22]# bash install.sh 
请输入您要创建的实例个数: 1
请输入您要为数据库设置的密码: 123456
正在初始化 3306 实例...
Starting MySQL.Logging to '/data/3306/master.err'.
 SUCCESS! 
 
[root@master ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.31 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

在主数据库创建一个同步账户授权给从数据库使用

//创建同步账户名repl，授权给135主机同步，密码为repl123
mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to repl@192.168.152.135 identified by 'repl123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;   //刷新权限
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

//在135从主机上登录134的授权账户repl
[root@slave ~]# mysql -urepl -prepl123 -h192.168.152.134    
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.7.31 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>

配置主数据库

//修改配置文件，加上最后两行
[root@master ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf 

[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /data/3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /data/3306/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve

server-id = 10         //数据库服务器唯一标识符，主库的server-id值必须比从库的小
log-bin = mysql_bin    //启用binlog日志

[root@master ~]# service mysqld restart   //重启服务
Shutting down MySQL.... SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! 

mysql> mysql> show master status;    //查看主库的状态
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql_bin.000001 |      154 |              |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

配置从数据库

//修改配置文件，加上最后两行
[root@slave ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf 

[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /data/3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /data/3306/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve

server-id = 20         //设置从库的唯一标识符，从库的server-id值必须大于主库的该值
relay-log = myreplay   //启用中继日志relay-log

[root@slave ~]# service mysqld restart    
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! 

[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456   //进入从库本机

//master的主机，用户，密码，文件日志，请求的位置
mysql> change master to master_host='192.168.152.134',master_user='repl',master_password='repl123',master_log_file='mysql_bin.000001',master_log_pos=154;

Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.02 sec)

mysql> start slave;    //开启从库
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show slave status\G    //查看从服务器状态
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: 192.168.152.134
                  Master_User: repl
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
               Relay_Log_File: myreplay.000002
                Relay_Log_Pos: 320
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes    //此处必须为Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes    //此处必须为Yes
              Replicate_Do_DB: 
          Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
           Replicate_Do_Table: 
       Replicate_Ignore_Table: 
      Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 
  Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 
                   Last_Errno: 0
                   Last_Error: 
                 Skip_Counter: 0
          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 154
              Relay_Log_Space: 520
              Until_Condition: None
               Until_Log_File: 
                Until_Log_Pos: 0
           Master_SSL_Allowed: No
           Master_SSL_CA_File: 
           Master_SSL_CA_Path: 
              Master_SSL_Cert: 
            Master_SSL_Cipher: 
               Master_SSL_Key: 
        Seconds_Behind_Master: 0       //是否有延迟
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                Last_IO_Errno: 0
                Last_IO_Error: 
               Last_SQL_Errno: 0
               Last_SQL_Error: 
  Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
             Master_Server_Id: 10
                  Master_UUID: 222a5faa-19b7-11eb-a794-000c29d19610
             Master_Info_File: /data/3306/master.info
                    SQL_Delay: 0
          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
           Master_Retry_Count: 86400
                  Master_Bind: 
      Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 
     Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 
               Master_SSL_Crl: 
           Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
           Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 
            Executed_Gtid_Set: 
                Auto_Position: 0
         Replicate_Rewrite_DB: 
                 Channel_Name: 
           Master_TLS_Version: 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

检测验证

在主服务器上创建数据库school，创建student表,插入内容

mysql> create database school;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> use school;
Database changed

mysql> create table student(id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(50),age tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc student;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(50) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | tinyint(4)  | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert student(name,age) values('zhangshan',20),('lisi',19),('wangwu',22);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from student;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  2 | lisi      |   19 |
|  3 | wangwu    |   22 |
+----+-----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在从数据库查看数据是否同步

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| school             |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from school.student;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  2 | lisi      |   19 |
|  3 | wangwu    |   22 |
+----+-----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5.mysql主从配置

需求，环境说明同上一致，主数据库改为有数据，从数据库无数据
MySQL安装同上一致，分别在主从两台服务器上安装mysql-5.7版本

为确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样，先全备主数据库并还原到从数据库中

在主数据库上创建数据库school，创建表格student，插入内容

mysql> create database school;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> use school;
Database changed

mysql> create table student(id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(50),age tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert student(name,age) values('xiaozhan',19),('lixian',22),('wangyibo',18),('zhuyilong',26);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from student;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | xiaozhan  |   19 |
|  2 | lixian    |   22 |
|  3 | wangyibo  |   18 |
|  4 | zhuyilong |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

给主库读锁，全量备份，传输备份到从库

//全备主库时需要另开一个终端，给数据库加上读锁，避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致
mysql> flush tables with read lock; 
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

//全量备份主库
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --all-databases > all.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost ~]# ls
all.sql  anaconda-ks.cfg  mysql.22

//将备份文件传送到从库的家目录
[root@localhost ~]# scp all.sql 192.168.152.135:~
root@192.168.152.135's password: 
all.sql                                100%  841KB  37.3MB/s   00:00

从库恢复备份，查看状态，此时主库从库数据一致

//查看当前从库数据库
mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'show databases;'
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//在从库上恢复全量备份
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 < all.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

//再查看当前从数据库，多了个school库和student表
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| school             |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e 'select * from school.student;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | xiaozhan  |   19 |
|  2 | lixian    |   22 |
|  3 | wangyibo  |   18 |
|  4 | zhuyilong |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+

mysql> flush tables with read lock;   //打开读锁的终端
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> quit    //退出就代表解锁数据库
Bye

在主数据库创建一个同步账户授权给从数据库使用

//创建同步账户名repl，授权给135主机同步，密码为repl123
mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to repl@192.168.152.135 identified by 'repl123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;   //刷新权限
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

//修改配置，加上最后两行
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf 

[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /data/3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /data/3306/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve

log-bin = mysql_bin
server-id = 10

//重启服务
[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart   
Shutting down MySQL.... SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! 

//查看master状态
mysql> mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql_bin.000001 |      154 |              |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

从数据库修改配置

//加上最后两行内容
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf 

[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /data/3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /data/3306/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve

relay-log = myrelay
server-id = 20

//重启服务
[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! 

//master的主机，用户，密码，文件日志，请求的位置
mysql> change master to master_host='192.168.152.134',master_user='repl',master_password='repl123',master_log_file='mysql_bin.000001',master_log_pos=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.02 sec)

mysql> start slave;   //启动从库
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show slave status\G      //查看从服务器状态
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: 192.168.152.134
                  Master_User: repl
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
               Relay_Log_File: myrelay.000002
                Relay_Log_Pos: 320
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes    //此行必须为YES
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes    //此行必须为YES
              Replicate_Do_DB: 
          Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
           Replicate_Do_Table: 
       Replicate_Ignore_Table: 
      Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 
  Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 
                   Last_Errno: 0
                   Last_Error: 
                 Skip_Counter: 0
          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 154
              Relay_Log_Space: 519
              Until_Condition: None
               Until_Log_File: 
                Until_Log_Pos: 0
           Master_SSL_Allowed: No
           Master_SSL_CA_File: 
           Master_SSL_CA_Path: 
              Master_SSL_Cert: 
            Master_SSL_Cipher: 
               Master_SSL_Key: 
        Seconds_Behind_Master: 0     //是否有延迟
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                Last_IO_Errno: 0
                Last_IO_Error: 
               Last_SQL_Errno: 0
               Last_SQL_Error: 
  Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
             Master_Server_Id: 10
                  Master_UUID: 050f5ad6-19c5-11eb-b89b-000c29d19610
             Master_Info_File: /data/3306/master.info
                    SQL_Delay: 0
          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
           Master_Retry_Count: 86400
                  Master_Bind: 
      Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 
     Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 
               Master_SSL_Crl: 
           Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
           Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 
            Executed_Gtid_Set: 
                Auto_Position: 0
         Replicate_Rewrite_DB: 
                 Channel_Name: 
           Master_TLS_Version: 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

检测验证

//在主库上school.student里插入两条数据
mysql> insert school.student(name,age) value('yiyangqianxi',18),('zhangyixing',27);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

//查看从库school.student内容，与主库同步一致
mysql> select * from school.student;
+----+--------------+------+
| id | name         | age  |
+----+--------------+------+
|  1 | xiaozhan     |   19 |
|  2 | lixian       |   22 |
|  3 | wangyibo     |   18 |
|  4 | zhuyilong    |   26 |
|  5 | yiyangqianxi |   18 |
|  6 | zhangyixing  |   27 |
+----+--------------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//查看主库master表状态
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql_bin.000001 |      446 |              |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

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配置MySQL主从复制

主从简介我们一般应用对数据库而言都是“读多写少”，也就说对数据库读取数据的压力比较大，有一个思路就是说采用数据库集群的方案，其中一个是主库，负责写入数据，我们称之为：写库；其它都是从库，负责读取数据，我们称之为：读库。1.主从作用实时灾备，用于故障切换读写分离，提供查询服务备份，避免影响业务2.主从形式一主一从（master主，slave从）主主复制（两个都是主，也都是从，数据一样）一主多从—扩展系统读取的性能，因为读是在从库读取的多主一从—5.7开始支持联级复制3.主从复
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