地址转换方法---NAT,及NAT的实验配置
前言
随着网络用户的增多,对公网IP地址的需求与日增多,IPV4地址即将耗尽,公网IP地址不足。而且用私网直接访问公网,隐藏性得不到保护。可以使用网络地址转换(NAT)技术将私网地址转换为公网地址,这样既解决了公网不足得问题,又再一定程度上对私网用户得到了保护。
一.公有IP,私有IP和地址池
公有IP地址:也叫全局地址,是指合法的IP地址,它是由NIC(网络信息中心)或者ISP(网络服务提供商)分配的地址,对外代表一个或多个内部局部地址,是全球统一的可寻 址的地址。
私有IP地址:也叫内部地址,属于非注册地址,专门为组织机构内部使用。因特网分配编号委员会(IANA)保留了3块IP地址做为私有IP地址:
10.0.0.0 ——— 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0——— 172.16.255.255
192.168.0.0———192.168.255.255
地址池:地址池是有一些外部地址(全球唯一的IP地址)组合而成,我们称这样的一个地址集合为地址池。在内部网络的数据包通过地址转换到达外部网络时,将会在地址池中选择某个IP地址作为数据包的源IP地址,这样可以有效的利用用户的外部地址,提高访问外部网络的能力。
二.NAT 概述
1.NAT工作原理
NAT( Network Address Translator )的主要原理是通过解析IP报文头部,自动替换报文头中的源地址或目的地址,实现私网用户通过私网IP访问公网的目的。私网IP转换为公网IP的过程对用户来说是透明的。
2… 优缺点
3. NAT得类型
静态NAT 将内部网络的私有IP地址转换为公用合法的IP地址,IP地址的对应关系是一对一的,而且是不变的
动态NAT 将内部网络的私有地址转换为公网地址时,IP地址的对应关系时不确定的、随机的,所有被授权访问互联网的私有地址可随即转换为任何指定的合法的外部地址,不过动态转换也是一对一的,所以只有内部网络同时访问Internet的主机数少于配置的合法地址池中的IP地址数时,才可以使用动态nat
NAPT 改变外出数据包的源IP地址和源端口,并进行端口转换。内部网络的所有主机均可共享一个合法的外部IP地址,从而节约公网IP地址资源
Easy IP 将多个内部地址映射到网管出接口地址上的不同接口
三.NAT配置实验:
思路:再R4配置公网,公网逻辑上和RR5是直连,不需要配静态路由,W3和R4需要配静态路由
R4的配置:
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.30.2 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.40.1 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[Huawei]nat address-group 1 192.168.40.20 192.168.40.30
[Huawei]acl 2000
[Huawei-acl-basic-2000]rule permit source 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255
[Huawei-acl-basic-2000]int g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]nat outbound 2000 address-group 1 no-pat
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]nat server protocol tcp global 192.168.40.60 80 ins
ide 192.168.20.1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[Huawei]ip route-static 10.0.0.0 24 192.168.40.2
[Huawei]ip route-static 192.168.0.0 192.168.30.1
`
W3的配置
```cpp
<Huawei>sys
<Huawei>system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]
Apr 13 2021 22:14:33-08:00 Huawei %%01PHY/1/PHY(l)[50]: GigabitEthernet0/0/2:
change status to up
[Huawei]SYSNAME w2
[w2]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[w2]vlan batch 10 20 100
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[w2]int vlan 10
[w2-Vlanif10]ip address 192.168.10.254 24
[w2-Vlanif10]int vlan 20
[w2-Vlanif20]ip address 192.168.20.254 24
[w2-Vlanif20]int vlan100
[w2-Vlanif100]ip address 192.168.30.1 24
[w2-Vlanif100]int g0/0/2
[w2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]p l a
[w2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]p d v 100
[w2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]int g0/0/1
[w2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] p l t
[w2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p t a v a
[w2]ip route-static 0.0.0.0.0 0 192.168.30.2
W2的配置
<Huawei>sys
<Huawei>system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sysname W2
[W2]vlan batch 10 20
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[W2]int e0/0/2
[W2-Ethernet0/0/2]p l a
[W2-Ethernet0/0/2]p d v 10
[W2-Ethernet0/0/2]int e0/0/1
[W2-Ethernet0/0/1]p l a
[W2-Ethernet0/0/1]p d v 20
[W2-Ethernet0/0/1]int e0/0/3
[W2-Ethernet0/0/3]p l t
[W2-Ethernet0/0/3]p t a v a
R5的配置
Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.40.2 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 10.0.0.254 24
连接
实验二
新建拓扑图如下:
SW1的配置:
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-
[Huawei]undo info-center e
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]int e0/0/1
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]p l a
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]p d v 10
Error: The VLAN does not exist.
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]q
[Huawei]vlan batch 10 20
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[Huawei]int e0/0/1
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]p l a
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]p d v 10
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]int e0/0/2
Error:Ambiguous command found at '^' position.
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/2]p d v 20
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/2]int e0/0/3
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/3]p l a
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/3]p d v 10
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/3]int e0/0/4
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/4]p l a
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/4]p d v 20
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/4]int e0/0/5
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/5]p l t
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/5]p t a v a
R1的配置
Huawei>
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sysname R1
[R1]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[R1]int g0/0/0.1
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]ip address 192.168.10.254 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]d t v 10
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]a b e
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]int g0/0/0.2
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]ip add
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]ip address 192.168.20.254 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]d t v 20
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]a b e
[R1]acl 3000
[R1-acl-adv-3000]rule 5 deny ip source 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255 destination 192.1
68.20.0 0.0.0.255
[R1-acl-adv-3000]int g0/0/0.2
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]traffic-filter outbound acl 3000
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]q
[R1]int g0/0/1
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.30.1 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]int loopback 0
[R1-LoopBack0]ip address 3.3.3.3 32
[R1]ip route-static 192.168.40.1 192.168.30.2
R2的配置:
The device is running!
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-
[Huawei]undo info-center e
[Huawei]undo info-center enable
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.30.2 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.40.254 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[Huawei]ip route-static 192.168.0.0 16 192.168.30.1
[Huawei]acl 2000
[Huawei-acl-basic-2000]q
[Huawei]ip route-static 3.3.3.3 32 192.168.30.1
[Huawei]
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]int g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]acl 2000
[Huawei-acl-basic-2000]rule deny source 3.3.3.3 0.0.0.0
[Huawei-acl-basic-2000]int g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]traffic-filter outbound a
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]traffic-filter outbound acl 2000
验证:
【1】R1未配置ACL时可以ping sever
【2】R1配置ACL时ping不通 sever
【3】相互之间可以通
【4】VLAN10通不了VLAN20