一:LVS-DR工作原理
1.1:DR模式概述
■负载均衡群集工作模式–直接路由(Direct Routing)
●简称DR模式,采用半开放式的网络结构,与TUN模式的结构类似,但各节点并不是分散在各地,而是与调度器位于同一个物理网络
●负载调度器与各节点服务器通过本地网络连接,不需要建立专用的IP隧道
1.2 LVS-DR数据包流向
■Client向目标VIP发出请求, Director(负载均衡器)接收。此时IP包头及数据帧头信息为:
■Director根据负载均衡算法选择 Realserver_1,不修改也不封装IP报文,而是将数据帧的MAC地址改为RealServer_1的MAC地址,然后在局域网上发送。IP包头及数据帧头信息如下:
■RealServer_1收到这个帧,解封装后发现目标IP与本机匹配( RealServer事先绑定了VIP),于是处理这个报文。随后重新封装报文,发送到局域网。此时IP包头及数据帧头信息为:
■Client将收到回复报文。 Client认为得到正常的服务,而不会知道是哪一台服务器处理的。如果跨网段,那么报文通过路由器经由 terne返回给用户。
1.3 LVS-DR中存在的ARP问题
■在LVS-DR负载均衡集群中,负载均衡器与节点服务器都要配置相同的VIP地址
■在局域网中具有相同的IP地址,势必会造成各服务器ARP通信的紊乱
●当一个ARP广播发送到LVS-DR集群时,因为负载均衡器和节点服务器都是连接到相同的网络上的,它们都会接收到ARP广播
●此时只有前端的负载均衡器进行响应,其他节点服务器不应该响应ARP广播
■对节点服务器进行处理,使其不响应针对VIP的ARP请求
●使用虚接口lo:0承载ⅥP地址
●设置内核参数 arp_ignore=1:系统只响应目的IP为本地IP的ARP请求
■RealServe返回报文(源IP是VIP)经路由器转发,在重新封装报文时需要先获取路由器的MAC地址
■发送ARP请求时, Linux默认使用IP包的源IP地址(即VIP)作为ARP请求包中的源IP地址,而不使用发送接口(例如ens33)的IP地址
■路由器收到ARP请求后,将更新ARP表项,原有的VIP对应 Director的MAC地址会被更新为ⅥP对应RealServer的MAC地址
■此时新来的请求报文,路由器根据ARP表项,会将该报文转发给RealServer,从而导致 Director的VIP失效
■解决办法
●对节点服务器进行处理,设置内核参数arp_announce=2:系统不使用IP包的源地址来设置ARP请求的源地址,而选择发送接口的IP地址
1.4 解决上述两个ARP问题的方法
■修改/etc/sysctl.conf文件
●对节点服务器进行处理,使其不响应针对VIP的ARP请求
net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_announce = 2
●系统不使用IP包的源地址来设置ARP请求的源地址,而选择发送接口的IP地址
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2
二、LVS-DR部署实验
2.1 实验环境
一台调度器: VM1:192.168.100.21
二台WEB服务器集群池:192.168.100.22、192.168.100.23
一台NFS共享服务器:192.168.100.24
注意:真机中,需要将VM1的地址设置为192.168.100.2
2.2 在调度器配置:192.168.100.21
2.2.1 配置虚拟IP地址(VIP)
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@localhost network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-ens33 ifcfg-ens33:0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# vi ifcfg-ens33:0
NAME=ens33:0
DEVICE=ens33:0
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.100.100
NETMASK=255.255.255.255
[root@localhost network-scripts]# ifup ifcfg-ens33:0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.100.21 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.100.255
inet6 fe80::68bd:dba0:3368:a61d prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:7f:4c:a1 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 4547 bytes 2024250 (1.9 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 2072 bytes 283172 (276.5 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
ens33:0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.100.100 netmask 255.255.255.255 broadcast 192.168.100.100
ether 00:0c:29:7f:4c:a1 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 468 bytes 46312 (45.2 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 468 bytes 46312 (45.2 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:a6:0d:c4 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
2.2.2 调整/proc响应参数
■对于 DR 群集模式来说,由于 LVS 负载调度器和各节点需要共用 VIP 地址,应该关闭 Linux 内核的重定向参数响应,服务器不是一台路由器,那么它不会发送重定向,所以可以关闭该功能
[root@localhost network-scripts]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
'//添加'
net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.ens33.send_redirects = 0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# sysctl -p
'//生效'
net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.ens33.send_redirects = 0
2.2.3 配置负载分配策略
[root@localhost ~]#yum -y install ipvsadm
[root@localhost /]# ipvsadm -v
[root@localhost ~]# modprobe ip_vs
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/net/ip_vs
[root@localhost ~]# ipvsadm -A -t 192.168.100.100:80 -s rr
[root@localhost ~]# ipvsadm -a -t 192.168.100.100:80 -r 192.168.100.22:80 -g -w 1
[root@localhost ~]# ipvsadm -a -t 192.168.100.100:80 -r 192.168.100.23:80 -g -w 1
[root@localhost network-scripts]# ipvsadm --save > /etc/sysconfig/ipvsadm
[root@localhost network-scripts]# systemctl start ipvsadm
[root@localhost network-scripts]# systemctl enable ipvsadm
2.3 配置存储服务器:192.168.100.24
rpm -q nfs-utils ###如果没装,yum -y install nfs-utils
rpm -q rpcbind ###如果没装,yum -y install rpcbind
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start nfs
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start rpcbind
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/exports
/opt/51xit 192.168.100.0/24 (rw,sync)
/opt/52xit 192.168.100.0/24 (rw,sync)
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart rpcbind
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart nfs
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable nfs
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable rpcbind
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /opt/51xit /opt/52xit
[root@localhost ~]# echo "this is 51xit" >/opt/51xit/index.html
[root@localhost ~]# echo "this is 52xit" >/opt/52xit/index.html
2.4 配置节点服务器:192.168.100.22
2.4.1 配置虚拟IP地址
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@localhost network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-lo ifcfg-lo:0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# vi ifcfg-lo:0
DEVICE=lo:0
IPADDR=192.168.100.100
NETMASK=255.255.255.255
ONBOOT=yes
[root@localhost network-scripts]# ifup lo:0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.100.22 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.100.255
inet6 fe80::69a1:5a77:7c98:fba5 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:9d:2f:ca txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 3048 bytes 1856773 (1.7 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 1077 bytes 99539 (97.2 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 82 bytes 6994 (6.8 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 82 bytes 6994 (6.8 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo:0: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 192.168.100.100 netmask 255.255.255.255
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:a6:46:ef txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# vi /etc/rc.local
/sbin/route add -host 192.168.100.100 dev lo:0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# route add -host 192.168.100.100 dev lo:0
2.4.2 调整/proc响应参数
[root@localhost network-scripts]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.conf.default.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_announce = 2
[root@localhost network-scripts]# sysctl -p
2.4.3 安装httpd 挂载测试页
[root@localhost ~]# showmount -e 192.168.100.24
'//如果还没发布,请到存储服务器发布下,'
Export list for 192.168.100.24:
/opt/52xit (everyone)
/opt/51xit (everyone)
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install httpd
[root@localhost ~]# mount 192.168.100.24:/opt/51xit /var/www/html/
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
192.168.100.24:/opt/51xit/ /var/www/html/ nfs defaults,_netdev 0 0
'//开机自动挂载,注意格式对齐'
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start httpd
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable httpd
2.5 配置节点服务器:192.168.100.23
2.5.1 配置虚拟IP地址
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@localhost network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-lo ifcfg-lo:0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# vi ifcfg-lo:0
DEVICE=lo:0
IPADDR=192.168.100.10
NETMASK=255.255.255.255
ONBOOT=yes
[root@localhost network-scripts]# ifup lo:0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.100.23 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.100.255
inet6 fe80::c01c:4e43:6b37:1e6c prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:2c:e7:a3 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 2839 bytes 1832682 (1.7 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 899 bytes 91237 (89.0 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 360 bytes 38960 (38.0 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 360 bytes 38960 (38.0 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo:0: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 192.168.100.100 netmask 255.255.255.255
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:64:35:6b txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# vi /etc/rc.local
/sbin/route add -host 192.168.100.100 dev lo:0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# route add -host 192.168.100.100 dev lo:0
2.5.2 调整/proc响应参数
[root@lcalhost network-scripts]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.conf.default.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.arp_announce = 2
net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_ignore = 1
net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_announce = 2
[root@localhost network-scripts]# sysctl -p
2.5.3 安装httpd 挂载测试页
[root@localhost ~]# showmount -e 192.168.100.24
'//如果还没发布,请到存储服务器发布下'
Export list for 192.168.100.24:
/opt/52xit (everyone)
/opt/51xit (everyone)
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install httpd
[root@localhost ~]# mount 192.168.100.24:/opt/52xit /var/www/html/
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
192.168.100.24:/opt/52xit/ /var/www/html/ nfs defaults,_netdev 0 0
'//开机自动挂载,注意格式对齐'
[root@localhost ~]# mount -a
[root@localhost ~]# init 6
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start httpd
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable httpd
2.6 测试
■浏览器输入192.168.100.22
■浏览器输入192.168.100.23
■浏览器输入192.168.100.100,轮询跳转
三、注意的问题及报错
■RPC–注册问题
[root@localhost ~]# showmount -e
clnt_create: RPC: Program not registered
★解决方案:
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop nfs
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop rpcbind
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start rpcbind #再次启动,必要先启动这个再启动nfs
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start nfs
[root@localhost ~]# showmount -e
Export list for localhost.localdomain:
/opt/52xit 20.0.0.0/24
/opt/51xit 20.0.0.0/24
■ /etc/sysconfig/ipvsadm: No such …ry
★解决方案:
[root@localhost ~]# ipvsadm --save > /etc/sysconfig/ipvsadm
[root@localhost opt]# systemctl status ipvsadm.service ###查看ipvsadm是否工作正常
■添加虚拟服务器数据异常
[root@localhost ~]# ipvsadm -ln
IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
-> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
TCP 127.0.0.1:80 rr ###添加虚拟服务器数据异常
-> 192.168.100.21:80 Route 1 0 0
-> 192.168.100.22:80 Route 1 0 0
★解决方案:清空重新添加
[root@localhost ~]# ipvsadm -C
[root@localhost ~]# ipvsadm -A -t 192.168.100.100:80 -s rr
[root@localhost ~]# ipvsadm -a -t 192.168.100.100:80 -r 192.168.100.22:80 -g -w 1
[root@localhost ~]# ipvsadm -a -t 192.168.100.100:80 -r 192.168.100.23:80 -g -w 1
[root@localhost ~]# ipvsadm --save > /etc/sysconfig/ipvsadm