数据结构与算法之关于链表

不支持随机访问,因为不是连续的空间

链表的数据结构中一个存放元素 一个存放下一个元素的指针 头指针指向头结点 尾指针指向最后一个结点

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct node
{
	unsigned char elem;
	node* next;
};
node* head = NULL;
node* tail = NULL;
void create_list(unsigned char elem);
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned char elem);
void delete_node(int pos);
void print_linklist(void);
int search(unsigned char elem);

int main()
{
	create_list('a');
	create_list('b');
	create_list('c');
	print_linklist();
	insert_node(0, 'd');
	print_linklist();
	delete_node(0);
	print_linklist();
	return 0;
}
void create_list(unsigned char elem)
{
	node* p = new node;
	p->elem = elem;
	p->next = NULL;
	if (head == NULL)
	{
		head = p;
	}
	else
	{
		tail->next = p;
	}
	tail = p;
}
//插入分三种情况
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned char elem)
{
	node* pre = NULL;
	pre = head;
	node* p = new node;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0) //插入第一个
	{
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = head;
		head = p;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i<pos-1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = pre->next;
		pre->next = p;
		if (p->next == NULL)//插入最后一个元素
		{
			tail = p;
		}
	}
}
//也是分三种情况
void delete_node(int pos)
{
	node* pre = head;
	node* p = NULL;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0)
	{
		head = head->next;
		delete pre;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p = pre->next;
		pre->next = p->next;
		if (p->next == NULL)
		{
			tail = pre;
		}
		delete p;
	}
}
void print_linklist(void)
{
	node* p = NULL;
	for (p = head; p != NULL; p = p->next)
	{
		cout << p->elem;
	}
	cout << endl;
}
int search(unsigned char elem)
{
	node* p;
	for (p = head; p; p = p->next)
	{
		if (p->elem == elem)
		{
			return 1;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

链表应用一:合并有序链表

其他的基础基本不变

思想:1.创建两个链表存储两组数据 

           2.再创建两个遍历指针比较大小

           3.将比较大小后的数字放进一个新的链表中

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct node
{
	unsigned int elem;
	node* next;
};
node* head = NULL;
node* tail = NULL;
void create_list(unsigned int elem);
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem);
void delete_node(int pos);
void print_linklist(node*head);
int search(unsigned int elem);

int main()
{
	node* head1 = nullptr;
	node* head2 = nullptr;
	create_list(1);
	create_list(9);
	create_list(13);
	create_list(27);
	head1 = head;
	print_linklist(head1);
	head = nullptr;
	create_list(3);
	create_list(5);
	create_list(14);
	create_list(81);
	create_list(88);
	create_list(95);
	create_list(99);
	head2 = head;
	print_linklist(head2);
	head = nullptr;
	node* p1 = head1;
	node* p2 = head2;
	//任意数组为空的时候跳出循环
	while (p1&&p2)
	{
		if (p1->elem <= p2->elem)
		{
			if (head == nullptr)
			{
				head = p1;
			}
			else
			{
				tail->next = p1;
			}
			tail = p1;
			p1 = p1->next;
		}
		else
		{
			if (head == nullptr)
			{
				head = p2;
			}
			else
			{
				tail->next = p2;
			}
			tail = p2;
			p2 = p2->next;
		}
	}
	//p1为空时连接p2,否则连接p1
	tail->next = p1 ? p1 : p2;
	print_linklist(head);
	return 0;
}
void create_list(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p = new node;
	p->elem = elem;
	p->next = NULL;
	if (head == NULL)
	{
		head = p;
	}
	else
	{
		tail->next = p;
	}
	tail = p;
}
//插入分三种情况
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem)
{
	node* pre = NULL;
	pre = head;
	node* p = new node;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0) //插入第一个
	{
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = head;
		head = p;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i<pos-1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = pre->next;
		pre->next = p;
		if (p->next == NULL)//插入最后一个元素
		{
			tail = p;
		}
	}
}
//也是分三种情况
void delete_node(int pos)
{
	node* pre = head;
	node* p = NULL;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0)
	{
		head = head->next;
		delete pre;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p = pre->next;
		pre->next = p->next;
		if (p->next == NULL)
		{
			tail = pre;
		}
		delete p;
	}
}
void print_linklist(node*head)
{
	node* p = NULL;
	for (p = head; p != NULL; p = p->next)
	{
		cout << p->elem<<" ";
	}
	cout << endl;
}
int search(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p;
	for (p = head; p; p = p->next)
	{
		if (p->elem == elem)
		{
			return 1;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

链表应用二:删除链表重复元素

输入范围0~9 10个数

1 2 1 4 5 4  ===》1 2 4 5

思考:如何标记已经出现的数字呢?

辅助数组,下标=要检索的内容   元素:状态(显示是否出现)

 出现0 代表没有出现过   1代表出现过

100个数的话就100个大小(数组) 相当于下标对应数

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct node
{
	unsigned int elem;
	node* next;
};
node* head = NULL;
node* tail = NULL;
void create_list(unsigned int elem);
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem);
void delete_node(int pos);
void print_linklist(node*head);
int search(unsigned int elem);
void delete_repeat(node* head);
int main()
{
	create_list(1);
	create_list(2);
	create_list(8);
	create_list(2);
	create_list(3);
	create_list(9);
	create_list(4);
	create_list(6);
	create_list(4);
	create_list(8);
	create_list(7);
	create_list(5);
	create_list(2);
	create_list(9);
	create_list(6);
	print_linklist(head);
	delete_repeat(head);
	print_linklist(head);
	return 0;
}
void create_list(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p = new node;
	p->elem = elem;
	p->next = NULL;
	if (head == NULL)
	{
		head = p;
	}
	else
	{
		tail->next = p;
	}
	tail = p;
}
//插入分三种情况
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem)
{
	node* pre = NULL;
	pre = head;
	node* p = new node;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0) //插入第一个
	{
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = head;
		head = p;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i<pos-1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = pre->next;
		pre->next = p;
		if (p->next == NULL)//插入最后一个元素
		{
			tail = p;
		}
	}
}
//也是分三种情况
void delete_node(int pos)
{
	node* pre = head;
	node* p = NULL;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0)
	{
		head = head->next;
		delete pre;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p = pre->next;
		pre->next = p->next;
		if (p->next == NULL)
		{
			tail = pre;
		}
		delete p;
	}
}
void print_linklist(node*head)
{
	node* p = NULL;
	for (p = head; p != NULL; p = p->next)
	{
		cout << p->elem<<" ";
	}
	cout << endl;
}
int search(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p;
	for (p = head; p; p = p->next)
	{
		if (p->elem == elem)
		{
			return 1;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}
void delete_repeat(node* head)
{
	int flag[10] = { 0 };
	node* p = head;
	node* q = nullptr;
	flag[p->elem] = 1;
	while (p->next!=nullptr)
	{
		if (flag[p->next->elem] == 0)
		{
			flag[p->next->elem] = 1;
			p = p->next;
		}
		else
		{
			q = p->next;
			p->next = q->next;
			delete (q);
		}
	}
}

应用三:查找链表的中间节点

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct node
{
	unsigned int elem;
	node* next;
};
node* head = NULL;
node* tail = NULL;
void create_list(unsigned int elem);
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem);
void delete_node(int pos);
void print_linklist(node* head);
int search(unsigned int elem);
int find_mid(node* head);
int main()
{
	create_list(1);
	create_list(2);
	create_list(3);
	create_list(4);
	create_list(5);
	create_list(6);
	create_list(7);
	create_list(8);
	create_list(9);
	create_list(10);
	print_linklist(head);
	cout << find_mid(head);
	return 0;
}
void create_list(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p = new node;
	p->elem = elem;
	p->next = NULL;
	if (head == NULL)
	{
		head = p;
	}
	else
	{
		tail->next = p;
	}
	tail = p;
}
//插入分三种情况
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem)
{
	node* pre = NULL;
	pre = head;
	node* p = new node;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0) //插入第一个
	{
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = head;
		head = p;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = pre->next;
		pre->next = p;
		if (p->next == NULL)//插入最后一个元素
		{
			tail = p;
		}
	}
}
//也是分三种情况
void delete_node(int pos)
{
	node* pre = head;
	node* p = NULL;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0)
	{
		head = head->next;
		delete pre;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p = pre->next;
		pre->next = p->next;
		if (p->next == NULL)
		{
			tail = pre;
		}
		delete p;
	}
}
void print_linklist(node* head)
{
	node* p = NULL;
	for (p = head; p != NULL; p = p->next)
	{
		cout << p->elem << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;
}
int search(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p;
	for (p = head; p; p = p->next)
	{
		if (p->elem == elem)
		{
			return 1;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}
int find_mid(node* head)  
{
	node* p1 = head; //快指针
	node* p2 = head;//慢指针
	while (p1 != NULL && p1->next != NULL)//注意这块不能写反 否则会访问冲突
	{
		p1 = p1->next->next;
		p2 = p2->next;
	}
	return p2->elem;
}

while (p1 != NULL && p1->next != NULL)//注意这块不能写反 否则会访问冲突

 应用四:找到链表中倒数第n个结点的内容

思想:快慢指针

快指针总比慢指针多走n-1步

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct node
{
	unsigned int elem;
	node* next;
};
node* head = NULL;
node* tail = NULL;
void create_list(unsigned int elem);
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem);
void delete_node(int pos);
void print_linklist(node* head);
int search(unsigned int elem);
int find_last_nth(node* head,int n);
int main()
{
	create_list(1);
	create_list(2);
	create_list(3);
	create_list(4);
	create_list(5);
	create_list(6);
	create_list(7);
	create_list(8);
	create_list(9);
	create_list(10);
	print_linklist(head);
	cout << find_last_nth(head,5);
	return 0;
}
void create_list(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p = new node;
	p->elem = elem;
	p->next = NULL;
	if (head == NULL)
	{
		head = p;
	}
	else
	{
		tail->next = p;
	}
	tail = p;
}
//插入分三种情况
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem)
{
	node* pre = NULL;
	pre = head;
	node* p = new node;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0) //插入第一个
	{
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = head;
		head = p;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = pre->next;
		pre->next = p;
		if (p->next == NULL)//插入最后一个元素
		{
			tail = p;
		}
	}
}
//也是分三种情况
void delete_node(int pos)
{
	node* pre = head;
	node* p = NULL;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0)
	{
		head = head->next;
		delete pre;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p = pre->next;
		pre->next = p->next;
		if (p->next == NULL)
		{
			tail = pre;
		}
		delete p;
	}
}
void print_linklist(node* head)
{
	node* p = NULL;
	for (p = head; p != NULL; p = p->next)
	{
		cout << p->elem << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;
}
int search(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p;
	for (p = head; p; p = p->next)
	{
		if (p->elem == elem)
		{
			return 1;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}
int find_last_nth(node* head,int n)
{
	node* p1 = head;//快指针
	node* p2 = head;//慢指针
	for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
	{
		p1 = p1->next;
	}
	while (p1->next!=NULL)
	{
		p1 = p1->next;
		p2 = p2->next;
	}
	return p2->elem;
}

应用五:逆置单链表

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct node
{
	unsigned int elem;
	node* next;
};
node* head = NULL;
node* tail = NULL;
void create_list(unsigned int elem);
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem);
void delete_node(int pos);
void print_linklist(node* head);
int search(unsigned int elem);
void reverse_linklist(node* head);
int main()
{
	create_list(1);
	create_list(2);
	create_list(3);
	create_list(4);
	create_list(5);
	create_list(6);
	create_list(7);
	create_list(8);
	create_list(9);
	create_list(10);
	print_linklist(head);
	reverse_linklist(head);
	print_linklist(head);
	return 0;
}
void create_list(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p = new node;
	p->elem = elem;
	p->next = NULL;
	if (head == NULL)
	{
		head = p;
	}
	else
	{
		tail->next = p;
	}
	tail = p;
}
//插入分三种情况
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem)
{
	node* pre = NULL;
	pre = head;
	node* p = new node;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0) //插入第一个
	{
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = head;
		head = p;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = pre->next;
		pre->next = p;
		if (p->next == NULL)//插入最后一个元素
		{
			tail = p;
		}
	}
}
//也是分三种情况
void delete_node(int pos)
{
	node* pre = head;
	node* p = NULL;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0)
	{
		head = head->next;
		delete pre;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p = pre->next;
		pre->next = p->next;
		if (p->next == NULL)
		{
			tail = pre;
		}
		delete p;
	}
}
void print_linklist(node* head)
{
	node* p = NULL;
	for (p = head; p != NULL; p = p->next)
	{
		cout << p->elem << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;
}
int search(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p;
	for (p = head; p; p = p->next)
	{
		if (p->elem == elem)
		{
			return 1;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}
void reverse_linklist(node* head1)
{
	node* n = NULL;
	node* p = head1->next;
	head1->next = NULL;
	while (p->next!=NULL)
	{
		n = p->next;
		p->next = head1;
		head1 = p;
		p = n;
	}
	p->next = head1;
	head1 = p;
	head = head1;
}

循环链表:

收尾相连

创建、插入、删除、查找都需要微改一点

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct node
{
	unsigned int elem;
	node* next;
};
node* head = NULL;
node* tail = NULL;
void create_list(unsigned int elem);
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem);
void delete_node(int pos);
void print_linklist(node* head);
int search(unsigned int elem);
int main()
{
	create_list(1);
	create_list(2);
	create_list(3);
	create_list(4);
	create_list(5);
	create_list(6);
	create_list(7);
	create_list(8);
	create_list(9);
	create_list(10);
	print_linklist(head);
	return 0;
}
void create_list(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p = new node;
	p->elem = elem;
	p->next = NULL;
	if (head == NULL)
	{
		head = p;
	}
	else
	{
		tail->next = p;
	}
	tail = p;
	tail->next = head;
}
//插入分三种情况
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem)
{
	node* pre = NULL;
	pre = head;
	node* p = new node;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0) //插入第一个
	{
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = head;
		head = p;
		tail->next = head;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = pre->next;
		pre->next = p;
		if (p->next == head)//插入最后一个元素
		{
			tail = p;
		}
	}
}
//也是分三种情况
void delete_node(int pos)
{
	node* pre = head;
	node* p = NULL;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0)
	{
		head = head->next;
		delete pre;
		tail->next = head;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p = pre->next;
		pre->next = p->next;
		if (p->next == head)
		{
			tail = pre;
		}
		delete p;
	}
}
void print_linklist(node* head)
{
	node* p = head;
	//这里不行因此想到用do先循环一次
	/*for (p = head; p != head; p = p->next)
	{
		cout << p->elem << " ";
	}*/
	do
	{
		cout << p->elem << " ";
		p = p->next;
	} while (p!=head);
	cout << endl;
}
int search(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p;
	//用do
	/*for (p = head; p; p = p->next)
	{
		if (p->elem == elem)
		{
			return 1;
		}
	}*/
	do
	{
		p = head;
		if (p->elem == elem)
		{
			return 1;
		}
		p = p->next;
	} while (p!=head);
	return 0;
}

循环列表应用一:经典笔试题,约瑟夫环

//头文件
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#pragma once
extern struct node* head;
extern struct node* tail;

struct node
{
	unsigned int elem;
	node* next;
};
void create_list(unsigned int elem);
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem);
void delete_node(int pos);
void print_linklist(void);
int search(unsigned int elem);
#include"linklist.h"
node* head=NULL;
node* tail=NULL;
void create_list(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p = new node;
	p->elem = elem;
	p->next = NULL;
	if (head == NULL)
		head = p;
	else
		tail->next = p;
	tail = p;
	tail->next = head;
}
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem)
{
	node* pre = NULL;
	pre = head;
	int i = 0;
	node* p = new node;
	if (pos == 0)  //插到最前面
	{
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = head;
		head = p;
		tail->next = head;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)//其他情况
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = pre->next;
		pre->next = p;
		if (p->next == head) //插最后面
			tail = p;
	}
}
void delete_node(int pos)
{
	node* pre = NULL, * p = NULL;
	pre = head;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0)
	{
		head = head->next;
		delete pre;
		tail->next = head;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p = pre->next;
		pre->next = p->next;
		if (p->next == head)  //删除末尾
			tail = pre;
		delete p;
	}
}
void print_linklist(void)
{
	node* p = NULL;
	p = head;
	do 
	{
		cout << p->elem<<" ";
		p = p->next;
	} while (p != head);
	cout << endl;
}
int search(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p = NULL;
	p = head;
	do
	{
		if (p->elem == elem)
			return 1;
		p = p->next;
	} while (p != head);

	return 0;
}
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include"linklist.h"
//循环列表
int main()
{
	int n = 0, k = 0, m = 0;
	int i = 0;
	node* p = NULL, * q = NULL;
	cout << "请输入人数" << endl;
	cin >> n;
	for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
	{
		create_list(i);
	}
	print_linklist();
	p = head;
	cout << "请输入从第几人开始" << endl;
	cin >> k;
	while (--k)
		p = p->next;
	cout << "数到的报数人数m" << endl;
	cin >> m;
	if (1 == m)
	{
		for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
		{
			cout << p->elem;
			p = p->next;
		}
		cout << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		while (n--)
		{
			for (i = 1; i < m - 1; i++)
				p = p->next;
			q = p;
			p = p->next;
			cout << p->elem;
			q->next = p->next;
			//delete p;
			p = p->next;
		}
		cout << endl;
	}
	return 0;
}

双向链表:

//头文件
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#pragma once
extern struct node* head;
extern struct node* tail;

struct node
{
	unsigned int elem;
	node* next;
	node* pre;
};
void create_list(unsigned int elem);
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem);
void delete_node(int pos);
void print_linklist(void);
int search(unsigned int elem);
void reverse_print_linklist();//反转
//源文件
#include"linklist.h"
node* head=NULL;
node* tail=NULL;
void create_list(unsigned int elem)
{
	node* p = new node;
	p->elem = elem;
	p->next = NULL;
	p->pre = NULL;
	if (head == NULL)
		head = p;
	else
	{
		tail->next = p;
		p->pre = tail;
	}
	tail = p;
}
void insert_node(int pos, unsigned int elem)
{
	node* pre = NULL;
	pre = head;
	int i = 0;
	node* p = new node;
	if (pos == 0)  //插到最前面
	{
		p->elem = elem;
		p->next = head;
		head->pre = p;
		p->pre = NULL;
		head = p;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)//其他情况
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p->elem = elem;
		p->pre = pre;
		p->next = pre->next;
		if (p->next != NULL)
			pre->next->pre = p;
		pre->next = p;

		if (p->next == NULL)
			tail = p;
	}
}
void delete_node(int pos)
{
	node* pre = NULL, * p = NULL;
	pre = head;
	int i = 0;
	if (pos == 0)
	{
		head = head->next;
		head->pre = NULL;
		delete pre;
	}
	else
	{
		while (i < pos - 1)
		{
			pre = pre->next;
			i++;
		}
		p = pre->next;
		pre->next = p->next;
		if (p->next != NULL)  //删除末尾
			p->next->pre = pre;
		else//if(p->next == NULL)
			tail = pre;

		delete p;
	}
}
void print_linklist(void)
{
	node* p = NULL;
	p = head;
	for (p; p; p = p->next)
		cout << p->elem << " ";
	cout << endl;
}
int search(unsigned int elem)
{
	struct node* p;

	for (p = head; p; p = p->next)
		if (p->elem == elem)
			return 1;
	return 0;

}
void reverse_print_linklist()
{
	struct node* p;

	for (p = tail; p; p = p->pre)
		cout << p->elem << " ";
	cout << endl;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include"linklist.h"
//循环列表
int main()
{
	create_list(1);
	create_list(2);
	create_list(3);
	create_list(4);
	create_list(5);
	reverse_print_linklist();
	return 0;
}

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