【Databend】基础函数应用

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最新推荐文章于 2024-05-19 17:03:37 发布

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分类专栏： Databend 文章标签：数据库 mysql sql 大数据

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_50357986/article/details/135535471

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文章目录

数值函数

使用频率较高的数值函数如下：

abs(x)：参数x的绝对值。
ceil(x)：参数x向上取整。
floor(x)：参数x向下取整。
rand([n])：生成 [0,1）的浮点数。
round(x,d)：将参数x四舍五入到d小数位。
truncate(x,d)：返回数字x，截断为d小数位。

使用示例：

select ceil(-1.23)
     , floor(1.23)
     , rand()
     , rand(1)
     , round(0.123, 2)
     , truncate(1.223, 1);
+-----------+-----------+------------------+------------------+---------------+-------------------+
|ceil(-1.23)|floor(1.23)|       rand()     |      rand(1)     |round(0.123, 2)|truncate(1.223, 1) |
+-----------+-----------+------------------+------------------+---------------+-------------------+
|   -1.0    |     1     |0.4990247756570755|0.7133693869548766|     0.12      |       1.2         |
+-----------+-----------+------------------+------------------+---------------+-------------------+

字符串函数

length(str)：以字节为单位返回字符串的长度。
char_length(str)：返回字符串str的长度，以字符为单位。多字节字符算作单个字符。这意味着对于包含五个2字节字符的字符串，length()返回10，而char_length()返回5。
lower(str)：将所有字符更改为小写。
upper(str)：将所有字符更改为大写。
left(str,len)：返回字符串 str 中最左边的 len 字符，如果任何参数是 null，则返回 null。
right(str,len)：返回字符串 str 中最右边的 len 字符，如果任何参数是 null，则返回 null。

select length('databend')      as len
     , char_length('databend') as char_len
     , lower('Databend')       as lower_char
     , upper('Databend')       as upper_char
     , left('Databend', 4)     as left_char
     , right('Databend', 4)    as right_char;
+-------+----------+------------+------------+-----------+------------+
|  len  | char_len | lower_char | upper_char | left_char | right_char |
+-------+----------+------------+------------+-----------+------------+
|   8   |    8     |  databend  |  DATABEND  |   Data    |    bend    |
+-------+----------+------------+------------+-----------+------------+

trim([{both | leading | trailing} [remstr] from ] str)：指定删除字符串的前导或尾随。如果省略删除字符串，则删除空格。
repeat(str, count)：重复字符串 str count 次数。
lpad(str,len,padstr)：左填充字符串 padstr 为长度为 len 个字符。如果str长于len，则返回值将缩短为len字符。
rpad(str,len,padstr)：右填充字符串padstr为len字符的长度。如果str长于len，则返回值将缩短为len字符。

select trim(leading '?' from '???Databend???')  as leading_trim
     , trim(trailing '?' from '???Databend???') as trailing_trim
     , trim(both '?' from '???Databend???')     as both_trim
     , trim('  Databend  ')                     as spaces_trim
     , repeat('Databend', 2)                    as repeat_char
     , lpad('36363', 10, '0')                   as lpad_char
     , lpad('36363', 10, '?')                   as rpad_char;
+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------------------+------------+------------+
|leading_trim |trailing_trim| both_trim | spaces_trim |   repeat_char    |  lpad_char |  rpad_char |
+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------------------+------------+------------+
| Databend??? | ???Databend |  Databend |   Databend  | DatabendDatabend | 0000036363 | ?????36363 |
+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------------------+------------+------------+

locate(substr, str, pos)：返回 substr 子字符串在字符串 str 中从 pos 开始的第几个位置，pos 不写为0首次。
substring(str,pos,len)：从 pos 位置开始，返回字符串 str 中 len 个长度字符，默认为最长长度。
inster(str,pos,len,new_str)：子字符串从位置pos开始，len字符长被字符串newstr取代。
replace(str,from_str,to_str)：将字符串from_str的所有出现都替换为字符串to_str。

select locate(' ', 'Databend Clound')                                     as pos_char
     , substring('Databend Clound', locate(' ', 'Databend Clound'))       as sub_char
     , insert('Databend Clound', length('Databend Clound'), 7, ' Server') as insert_char
     , replace('Databend Clound', 'Databend', 'Mysql')                    as replace_char1
     , replace('Databend Clound', 'Databend', '')                         as replace_char2
     , replace('www.mysql.com', 'mysql', '')                              as replace_char3;
+----------+----------+-----------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| pos_char | sub_char |      insert_char      | replace_char1 | replace_char2 | replace_char3 |
+----------+----------+-----------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
|    9     |  Clound  | Databend Cloun Server | Mysqld Clound |   d Clound    |   www.l.com   |
+----------+----------+-----------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+

从最后几列可以看出，Databend 和 Mysql 替换过程中始终不能完整替换，因此在使用过程中，多去测试看结果再实际应用。

另外，Databend 不支持 Mysql 中的 substring_index()函数，但是可以发散思维，比如上面的 sub_char 实现，还有以下方法实现：

select substring('Databend Clound',1,locate(' ','Databend Clound')-1) as sub_char;
+------------+
|  sub_char  |
+------------+
|  Databend  |
+------------+

concat(str1,str2,…)：合并拼接字符串，返回varchar 数据类型值或 null 数据类型。
concat(separator,str1,str2,…)：根据分隔符 separator 合并字符串，返回varchar 数据类型值或 null 数据类型。

select concat('data', 'bend')             as concat_char1
     , concat('data', 'bend', null)       as concat_char2
     , concat('data', 'bend', 1::varchar) as concat_char3
     , concat_ws('、', 'data', 'bend')     as concat_char4;
+--------------+--------------+---------------+--------------+
| concat_char1 | concat_char2 |  concat_char3 | concat_char4 |
+--------------+--------------+---------------+--------------+
|  databend    |      NULL    |   databend1   |  data、bend  ｜
+--------------+--------------+---------------+--------------+

逻辑函数

ifnull(expr1,expr2)：如果不是NULL，则返回expr1。否则返回expr2。它们必须具有相同的数据类型。
greatest(values1,values2)：从一组值中返回最大值。
least((values1,values2)：从一组值中返回最小值。
if(cond1, expr1, [cond2, expr2, …], expr_else)：如果cond1为TRUE，则返回expr1。否则，如果cond2为TRUE，则返回expr2，
coalesce(x,…)：从左到右检查是否传递了 null 参数，并返回第一个非 null 参数。

select ifnull(null, 'a')                         as t1
     , greatest(2, 3)                            as t2
     , least(2, 3, 4)                            as t3
     , if(1 > 2, false, true)                    as t4
     , coalesce(null, 'Databend', 'Mysql', null) as t5
;

JSON 函数

对于这类函数，主要针对一些特殊的数据类型 variant ，可以前往【Databend】数据类型查看说明。

parse_json(str)：将输入字符串解释为 json 文档，生成一个 variant 值。如果解析过程中发生错误，则返回NULL值。
object_keys(variant)：返回一个数组，其中包含输入变体对象中的键列表。
get_path(variant, path_name)：通过 path_name 从 variant 中提取值。如果其中一个参数是null则该值作为 variant 或 null 返回,path_name由字段名之前有句号（.）、冒号（:）或索引运算符（[index]）的串联组成。第一个字段名称不需要指定前导标识符。
get(variant,index｜field_name)：根据 index 或 field_name 获取具体值，未获得返回 null。

select parse_json('[-1, 12, 289, 2188, false]')                              as list_json
     , parse_json('{ "x" : "abc", "y" : false, "z": 10} ')                   as key_json
     , object_keys(parse_json('{"a": 1, "b": [1,2,3]}'))                     as get_keys
     , get_path(parse_json('{"k1":[0,1,2], "k2":{"k3":3,"k4":4}}'), 'k1[0]') as k1
     , get_path(parse_json('{"k1":[0,1,2], "k2":{"k3":3,"k4":4}}'), 'k2:k3') as k3
     , get_path(parse_json('{"k1":[0,1,2], "k2":{"k3":3,"k4":4}}'), 'k2.k4') as k4
     , get_path(parse_json('{"k1":[0,1,2], "k2":{"k3":3,"k4":4}}'), 'k2.k5') as k5
     , get(parse_json('[2.71, 3.14]'), 0)                                    as get_list_value
     , get(parse_json('{"aa":1, "aa":2, "aa":3}'), 'aa')                     as get_key_values
     , get(parse_json('{"aa":1, "aa":2, "aa":3}'), 'aa')                     as get_null
;
+------------------------+------------------------------+-----------+---+---+---+------+--------------+--------------+--------+
|       list_json        |            key_json          |  get_keys | k1| k3| k4|  k5  |get_list_value|get_key_values|get_null|
+------------------------+------------------------------+-----------+---+---+---+------+--------------+--------------+--------+
| [-1,12,289,2188,false] | {"x":"abc","y":false,"z":10} | ["a","b"] | 0 | 3 | 4 | NULL |      2.71    |       1      |  NULL  |
+------------------------+------------------------------+-----------+---+---+---+------+--------------+--------------+--------+

json_path_query_array(variant, path_name)：获取指定 variant 值的 path_name 路径返回的所有 json 项，并将结果包装成数组。
json_path_query(variant, path_name)：获取指定 variant 值的 path_name 路径返回的所有 json 项。

with t1 as
         (select 'laptop'                                                                                                           as name,
                 '{"brand": "dell", "colors": ["black", "silver"], "price": 1200, "features": {"ram": "16gb", "storage": "512gb"}}' as details
          union all
          select 'smartphone'                                                                                                     as name,
                 '{"brand": "apple", "colors": ["white", "black"], "price": 999, "features": {"ram": "4gb", "storage": "128gb"}}' as details
          union all
          select 'headphones'                                                                                                              as name,
                 '{"brand": "sony", "colors": ["black", "blue", "red"], "price": 150, "features": {"battery": "20h", "bluetooth": "5.0"}}' as details)
select name, json_path_query_array(parse_json(details), '$.features.*') as all_features
from t1;
+-----------+---------------------+
|    name   |      all_features   |
+-----------+---------------------+
| Laptop    | ["16GB", "512GB"]   |
+-----------+---------------------+
| Smartphone| ["4GB", "128GB"]    |
+-----------+---------------------+
| Headphones| ["20h", "5.0"]      |
+-----------+---------------------+
with t1 as
         (select 'laptop'                                                                                                           as name,
                 '{"brand": "dell", "colors": ["black", "silver"], "price": 1200, "features": {"ram": "16gb", "storage": "512gb"}}' as details
          union all
          select 'smartphone'                                                                                                     as name,
                 '{"brand": "apple", "colors": ["white", "black"], "price": 999, "features": {"ram": "4gb", "storage": "128gb"}}' as details
          union all
          select 'headphones'                                                                                                              as name,
                 '{"brand": "sony", "colors": ["black", "blue", "red"], "price": 150, "features": {"battery": "20h", "bluetooth": "5.0"}}' as details)
select name, json_path_query(parse_json(details), '$.features.*') as all_features
from t1;
+------------+--------------+
| name       | all_features |
+------------+--------------+
| Laptop     | "16GB"       |
| Laptop     | "512GB"      |
| Smartphone | "4GB"        |
| Smartphone | "128GB"      |
| Headphones | "20h"        |
| Headphones | "5.0"        |
+------------+--------------+

聚合函数

主要介绍常用的几种，如下：

avg(expr)：返回expr的平均值。
max(expr)：返回expr的最大值。
min(expr)：返回expr的最小值。
sum(expr)：返回expr的汇总值。
count([distinct] expr)：返回expr的记录数。
median(expr)：计算数字数据序列的中位数。
string_agg(expr [, delimiter])：将列的所有非null 值转换为 string，由分隔符分隔。

-- 数据准备
create table if not exists program_languages (
  id int,
  language_name varchar,
  score int
);
insert into program_languages (id, language_name,score)
values (1, 'python',80),
       (2, 'javascript',90),
       (3, 'java',75),
       (4, 'c#',95),
       (5, 'ruby',85);
-- 指标计算
select avg(score)                     as avg_score
     , max(score)                     as max_score
     , min(score)                     as min_score
     , median(score)                  as median_score
     , sum(score)                     as total_score
     , count(distinct language_name)  as language_cnt
     , string_agg(language_name, '、') as language_concat
from program_languages;
+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+
| avg_score | max_score | min_score | median_score | total_score | language_cnt |         language_concat           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+
|    85     |     95    |      75   |       85     |     425     |       5      | python、javascript、java、c#、ruby ｜
+-----------+-----------+-----------+--------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+