WAFW00F是一个自动化工具，用于检测Web应用防火墙（WAF）的存在。它通过发送不同类型的HTTP请求并分析响应来判断目标网站是否受WAF保护。主要方法包括比较正常请求和无User-Agent请求的响应、检查XSS、SQL注入、目录遍历等攻击时的响应变化，以及分析服务器头部信息。WAFW00F能够识别多种知名WAF，并提供详细的检测报告。
*本工具仅供技术分享、交流讨论，严禁用于非法用途。
原理
发送正常的 HTTP请求并分析响应；这确定了许多WAF解决方案。
如果不成功，则发送多个（可能是恶意的）HTTP请求，并使用简单的逻辑来取代它是其中WAF。
如果还是不成功，则分析先前回复的响应，并使用另一种简单算法来猜测WAF或安全解决方案是否正在积极响应我们的攻击。
其实它的核心就是其中的main.py：
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
'''
Copyright (C) 2019, WAFW00F Developers.
See the LICENSE file for copying permission.
'''
import csv
import io
import json
import logging
import os
import random
import re
import sys
from collections import defaultdict
from optparse import OptionParser
from wafw00f.lib.asciiarts import *
from wafw00f import __version__, __license__
from wafw00f.manager import load_plugins
from wafw00f.wafprio import wafdetectionsprio
from wafw00f.lib.evillib import urlParser, waftoolsengine, def_headers
class WAFW00F(waftoolsengine):
xsstring = '<script>alert("XSS");</script>'
sqlistring = "UNION SELECT ALL FROM information_schema AND ' or SLEEP(5) or '"
lfistring = '../../../../etc/passwd'
rcestring = '/bin/cat /etc/passwd; ping 127.0.0.1; curl google.com'
xxestring = '<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/shadow">]><pwn>&hack;</pwn>'
def __init__(self, target='www.example.com', debuglevel=0, path='/',
followredirect=True, extraheaders={}, proxies=None):
self.log = logging.getLogger('wafw00f')
self.attackres = None
waftoolsengine.__init__(self, target, debuglevel, path, proxies, followredirect, extraheaders)
self.knowledge = dict(generic=dict(found=False, reason=''), wafname=list())
def normalRequest(self):
return self.Request()
def customRequest(self, headers=None):
return self.Request(headers=headers)
def nonExistent(self):
return self.Request(path=self.path + str(random.randrange(100, 999)) + '.html')
def xssAttack(self):
return self.Request(path=self.path, params= {'s': self.xsstring})
def xxeAttack(self):
return self.Request(path=self.path, params= {'s': self.xxestring})
def lfiAttack(self):
return self.Request(path=self.path + self.lfistring)
def centralAttack(self):
return self.Request(path=self.path, params={'a': self.xsstring, 'b': self.sqlistring, 'c': self.lfistring})
def sqliAttack(self):
return self.Request(path=self.path, params= {'s': self.sqlistring})
def oscAttack(self):
return self.Request(path=self.path, params= {'s': self.rcestring})
def performCheck(self, request_method):
r = request_method()
if r is None:
raise RequestBlocked()
return r
# Most common attacks used to detect WAFs
attcom = [xssAttack, sqliAttack, lfiAttack]
attacks = [xssAttack, xxeAttack, lfiAttack, sqliAttack, oscAttack]
def genericdetect(self):
reason = ''
reasons = ['Blocking is being done at connection/packet level.',
'The server header is different when an attack is detected.',
'The server returns a different response code when an attack string is used.',
'It closed the connection for a normal request.',
'The response was different when the request wasn\'t made from a browser.'
]
try:
# Testing for no user-agent response. Detects almost all WAFs out there.
resp1 = self.performCheck(self.normalRequest)
if 'User-Agent' in self.headers:
del self.headers['User-Agent'] # Deleting the user-agent key from object not dict.
resp3 = self.customRequest(headers=def_headers)
if resp1.status_code != resp3.status_code:
self.log.info('Server returned a different response when request didn\'t contain the User-Agent header.')
reason = reasons[4]
reason += '\r\n'
reason += 'Normal response code is "%s",' % resp1.status_code
reason += ' while the response code to a modified request is "%s"' % resp3.status_code
self.knowledge['generic']['reason'] = reason
self.knowledge['generic']['found'] = True
return True
# Testing the status code upon sending a xss attack
resp2 = self.performCheck(self.xssAttack)
if resp1.status_code != resp2.status_code:
self.log.info('Server returned a different response when a XSS attack vector was tried.')
reason = reasons[2]
reason += '\r\n'
reason += 'Normal response code is "%s",' % resp1.status_code
reason += ' while the response code to cross-site scripting attack is "%s"' % resp2.status_code
self.knowledge['generic']['reason'] = reason
self.knowledge['generic']['found'] = True
return True
# Testing the status code upon sending a lfi attack
resp2 = self.performCheck(self.lfiAttack)
if resp1.status_code != resp2.status_code:
self.log.info('Server returned a different response when a directory traversal was attempted.')
reason = reasons[2]
reason += '\r\n'
reason += 'Normal response code is "%s",' % resp1.status_code
reason += ' while the response code to a file inclusion attack is "%s"' % resp2.status_code
self.knowledge['generic']['reason'] = reason
self.knowledge['generic']['found'] = True
return True
# Testing the status code upon sending a sqli attack
resp2 = self.performCheck(self.sqliAttack)
if resp1.status_code != resp2.status_code:
self.log.info('Server returned a different response when a SQLi was attempted.')
reason = reasons[2]
reason += '\r\n'
reason += 'Normal response code is "%s",' % resp1.status_code
reason += ' while the response code to a SQL injection attack is "%s"' % resp2.status_code
self.knowledge['generic']['reason'] = reason
self.knowledge['generic']['found'] = True
return True
# Checking for the Server header after sending malicious requests
response = self.attackres
normalserver = resp1.headers.get('Server')
attackresponse_server = response.headers.get('Server')
if attackresponse_server:
if attackresponse_server != normalserver:
self.log.info('Server header changed, WAF possibly detected')
self.log.debug('Attack response: %s' % attackresponse_server)
self.log.debug('Normal response: %s' % normalserver)
reason = reasons[1]
reason += '\r\nThe server header for a normal response is "%s",' % normalserver
reason += ' while the server header a response to an attack is "%s",' % attackresponse_server
self.knowledge['generic']['reason'] = reason
self.knowledge['generic']['found'] = True
return True
# If at all request doesn't go, press F
except RequestBlocked:
self.knowledge['generic']['reason'] = reasons[0]
self.knowledge['generic']['found'] = True
return True
return False
def matchHeader(self, headermatch, attack=False):
if attack:
r = self.attackres
else: r = rq
if r is None:
return
header, match = headermatch
headerval = r.headers.get(header)
if headerval:
# set-cookie can have multiple headers, python gives it to us
# concatinated with a comma
if header == 'Set-Cookie':
headervals = headerval.split(', ')
else:
headervals = [headerval]
for headerval in headervals:
if re.search(match, headerval, re.I):
return True
return False
def matchStatus(self, statuscode, attack=True):
if attack:
r = self.attackres
else: r = rq
if r is None:
return
if r.status_code == statuscode:
return True
return False
def matchCookie(self, match, attack=False):
return self.matchHeader(('Set-Cookie', match), attack=attack)
def matchReason(self, reasoncode, attack=True):
if attack:
r = self.attackres
else: r = rq
if r is None:
return
# We may need to match multiline context in response body
if str(r.reason) == reasoncode:
return True
return False
def matchContent(self, regex, attack=True):
if attack:
r = self.attackres
else: r = rq
if r is None:
return
# We may need to match multiline context in response body
if re.search(regex, r.text, re.I):
return True
return False
wafdetections = dict()
plugin_dict = load_plugins()
result_dict = {}
for plugin_module in plugin_dict.values():
wafdetections[plugin_module.NAME] = plugin_module.is_waf
# Check for prioritized ones first, then check those added externally
checklist = wafdetectionsprio
checklist += list(set(wafdetections.keys()) - set(checklist))
def identwaf(self, findall=False):
detected = list()
try:
self.attackres = self.performCheck(self.centralAttack)
except RequestBlocked:
return detected
for wafvendor in self.checklist:
self.log.info('Checking for %s' % wafvendor)
if self.wafdetections[wafvendor](self):
detected.append(wafvendor)
if not findall:
break
self.knowledge['wafname'] = detected
return detected
def calclogginglevel(verbosity):
default = 40 # errors are printed out
level = default - (verbosity * 10)
if level < 0:
level = 0
return level
def buildResultRecord(url, waf):
result = {}
result['url'] = url
if waf:
result['detected'] = True
if waf == 'generic':
result['firewall'] = 'Generic'
result['manufacturer'] = 'Unknown'
else:
result['firewall'] = waf.split('(')[0].strip()
result['manufacturer'] = waf.split('(')[1].replace(')', '').strip()
else:
result['detected'] = False
result['firewall'] = 'None'
result['manufacturer'] = 'None'
return result
def getTextResults(res=None):
# leaving out some space for future possibilities of newer columns
# newer columns can be added to this tuple below
keys = ('detected')
res = [({key: ba[key] for key in ba if key not in keys}) for ba in res]
rows = []
for dk in res:
p = [str(x) for _, x in dk.items()]
rows.append(p)
for m in rows:
m[1] = f'{m[1]} ({m[2]})'
m.pop()
defgen = [
(max([len(str(row[i])) for row in rows]) + 3)
for i in range(len(rows[0]))
]
rwfmt = "".join(["{:>"+str(dank)+"}" for dank in defgen])
textresults = []
for row in rows:
textresults.append(rwfmt.format(*row))
return textresults
def disableStdOut():
sys.stdout = None
def enableStdOut():
sys.stdout = sys.__stdout__
def getheaders(fn):
headers = {}
if not os.path.exists(fn):
logging.getLogger('wafw00f').critical('Headers file "%s" does not exist!' % fn)
return
with io.open(fn, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
for line in f.readlines():
_t = line.split(':', 2)
if len(_t) == 2:
h, v = map(lambda x: x.strip(), _t)
headers[h] = v
return headers
class RequestBlocked(Exception):
pass
def main():
parser = OptionParser(usage='%prog url1 [url2 [url3 ... ]]\r\nexample: %prog http://www.victim.org/')
parser.add_option('-v', '--verbose', action='count', dest='verbose', default=0,
help='Enable verbosity, multiple -v options increase verbosity')
parser.add_option('-a', '--findall', action='store_true', dest='findall', default=False,
help='Find all WAFs which match the signatures, do not stop testing on the first one')
parser.add_option('-r', '--noredirect', action='store_false', dest='followredirect',
default=True, help='Do not follow redirections given by 3xx responses')
parser.add_option('-t', '--test', dest='test', help='Test for one specific WAF')
parser.add_option('-o', '--output', dest='output', help='Write output to csv, json or text file depending on file extension. For stdout, specify - as filename.',
default=None)
parser.add_option('-i', '--input-file', dest='input', help='Read targets from a file. Input format can be csv, json or text. For csv and json, a `url` column name or element is required.',
default=None)
parser.add_option('-l', '--list', dest='list', action='store_true',
default=False, help='List all WAFs that WAFW00F is able to detect')
parser.add_option('-p', '--proxy', dest='proxy', default=None,
help='Use an HTTP proxy to perform requests, examples: http://hostname:8080, socks5://hostname:1080, http://user:pass@hostname:8080')
parser.add_option('--version', '-V', dest='version', action='store_true',
default=False, help='Print out the current version of WafW00f and exit.')
parser.add_option('--headers', '-H', dest='headers', action='store', default=None,
help='Pass custom headers via a text file to overwrite the default header set.')
options, args = parser.parse_args()
logging.basicConfig(level=calclogginglevel(options.verbose))
log = logging.getLogger('wafw00f')
if options.output == '-':
disableStdOut()
print(randomArt())
if options.list:
print('[+] Can test for these WAFs:\r\n')
attacker = WAFW00F(None)
try:
m = [i.replace(')', '').split(' (') for i in wafdetectionsprio]
print(R+' WAF Name'+' '*24+'Manufacturer\n '+'-'*8+' '*24+'-'*12+'\n')
max_len = max(len(str(x)) for k in m for x in k)
for inner in m:
first = True
for elem in inner:
if first:
text = Y+" {:<{}} ".format(elem, max_len+2)
first = False
else:
text = W+"{:<{}} ".format(elem, max_len+2)
print(text, E, end="")
print()
sys.exit(0)
except Exception:
return
if options.version:
print('[+] The version of WAFW00F you have is %sv%s%s' % (B, __version__, E))
print('[+] WAFW00F is provided under the %s%s%s license.' % (C, __license__, E))
return
extraheaders = {}
if options.headers:
log.info('Getting extra headers from %s' % options.headers)
extraheaders = getheaders(options.headers)
if extraheaders is None:
parser.error('Please provide a headers file with colon delimited header names and values')
if len(args) == 0 and not options.input:
parser.error('No test target specified.')
#check if input file is present
if options.input:
log.debug("Loading file '%s'" % options.input)
try:
if options.input.endswith('.json'):
with open(options.input) as f:
try:
urls = json.loads(f.read())
except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError:
log.critical("JSON file %s did not contain well-formed JSON", options.input)
sys.exit(1)
log.info("Found: %s urls to check." %(len(urls)))
targets = [ item['url'] for item in urls ]
elif options.input.endswith('.csv'):
columns = defaultdict(list)
with open(options.input) as f:
reader = csv.DictReader(f)
for row in reader:
for (k,v) in row.items():
columns[k].append(v)
targets = columns['url']
else:
with open(options.input) as f:
targets = [x for x in f.read().splitlines()]
except FileNotFoundError:
log.error('File %s could not be read. No targets loaded.', options.input)
sys.exit(1)
else:
targets = args
results = []
for target in targets:
if not target.startswith('http'):
log.info('The url %s should start with http:// or https:// .. fixing (might make this unusable)' % target)
target = 'https://' + target
print('[*] Checking %s' % target)
pret = urlParser(target)
if pret is None:
log.critical('The url %s is not well formed' % target)
sys.exit(1)
(hostname, port, path, _, _) = pret
log.info('starting wafw00f on %s' % target)
proxies = dict()
if options.proxy:
proxies = {
"http": options.proxy,
"https": options.proxy,
}
attacker = WAFW00F(target, debuglevel=options.verbose, path=path,
followredirect=options.followredirect, extraheaders=extraheaders,
proxies=proxies)
global rq
rq = attacker.normalRequest()
if rq is None:
log.error('Site %s appears to be down' % hostname)
continue
if options.test:
if options.test in attacker.wafdetections:
waf = attacker.wafdetections[options.test](attacker)
if waf:
print('[+] The site %s%s%s is behind %s%s%s WAF.' % (B, target, E, C, options.test, E))
else:
print('[-] WAF %s was not detected on %s' % (options.test, target))
else:
print('[-] WAF %s was not found in our list\r\nUse the --list option to see what is available' % options.test)
return
waf = attacker.identwaf(options.findall)
log.info('Identified WAF: %s' % waf)
if len(waf) > 0:
for i in waf:
results.append(buildResultRecord(target, i))
print('[+] The site %s%s%s is behind %s%s%s WAF.' % (B, target, E, C, (E+' and/or '+C).join(waf), E))
if (options.findall) or len(waf) == 0:
print('[+] Generic Detection results:')
if attacker.genericdetect():
log.info('Generic Detection: %s' % attacker.knowledge['generic']['reason'])
print('[*] The site %s seems to be behind a WAF or some sort of security solution' % target)
print('[~] Reason: %s' % attacker.knowledge['generic']['reason'])
results.append(buildResultRecord(target, 'generic'))
else:
print('[-] No WAF detected by the generic detection')
results.append(buildResultRecord(target, None))
print('[~] Number of requests: %s' % attacker.requestnumber)
#print table of results
if len(results) > 0:
log.info("Found: %s matches." % (len(results)))
if options.output:
if options.output == '-':
enableStdOut()
print(os.linesep.join(getTextResults(results)))
elif options.output.endswith('.json'):
log.debug("Exporting data in json format to file: %s" % (options.output))
with open(options.output, 'w') as outfile:
json.dump(results, outfile, indent=2)
elif options.output.endswith('.csv'):
log.debug("Exporting data in csv format to file: %s" % (options.output))
with open(options.output, 'w') as outfile:
csvwriter = csv.writer(outfile, delimiter=',', quotechar='"',
quoting=csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL)
count = 0
for result in results:
if count == 0:
header = result.keys()
csvwriter.writerow(header)
count += 1
csvwriter.writerow(result.values())
else:
log.debug("Exporting data in text format to file: %s" % (options.output))
with open(options.output, 'w') as outfile:
outfile.write(os.linesep.join(getTextResults(results)))
if __name__ == '__main__':
if sys.hexversion < 0x2060000:
sys.stderr.write('Your version of python is way too old... please update to 2.6 or later\r\n')
main()
安装
github地址：https://github.com/EnableSecurity/wafw00f
官方使用文档：https://github.com/enablesecurity/wafw00f/wiki
安装环境：python3环境 —>使用pip install wafw00f进行安装
安装成功后目录：python安装目录中的Lib\site-packages\wafw00f—>例如：C:\Python37\Lib\site-packages\wafw00f
验证：cd到C:\Python37\Lib\site-packages\wafw00f目录中，输入python main.py 如下图说明安装成功
具体使用
这里我们直接使用kali，kali中就有自带WAFW00F：
输入wafw00f --help或者wafw00f -h，可以看到很多使用参数：
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v, --verbose Enable verbosity, multiple -v options increase
verbosity
-a, --findall Find all WAFs which match the signatures, do not stop
testing on the first one
-r, --noredirect Do not follow redirections given by 3xx responses
-t TEST, --test=TEST Test for one specific WAF
-o OUTPUT, --output=OUTPUT
Write output to csv, json or text file depending on
file extension. For stdout, specify - as filename.
-i INPUT, --input-file=INPUT
Read targets from a file. Input format can be csv,
json or text. For csv and json, a `url` column name or
element is required.
-l, --list List all WAFs that WAFW00F is able to detect
-p PROXY, --proxy=PROXY
Use an HTTP proxy to perform requests, examples:
http://hostname:8080, socks5://hostname:1080,
http://user:pass@hostname:8080
-V, --version Print out the current version of WafW00f and exit.
-H HEADERS, --headers=HEADERS
Pass custom headers via a text file to overwrite the
default header set.
wafw00f -l列出可以识别出的防火墙：
WAF Name Manufacturer
-------- ------------
ACE XML Gateway Cisco
aeSecure aeSecure
AireeCDN Airee
Airlock Phion/Ergon
Alert Logic Alert Logic
AliYunDun Alibaba Cloud Computing
Anquanbao Anquanbao
AnYu AnYu Technologies
Approach Approach
AppWall Radware
Armor Defense Armor
ArvanCloud ArvanCloud
ASP.NET Generic Microsoft
ASPA Firewall ASPA Engineering Co.
Astra Czar Securities
AWS Elastic Load Balancer Amazon
AzionCDN AzionCDN
Azure Front Door Microsoft
Barikode Ethic Ninja
Barracuda Barracuda Networks
Bekchy Faydata Technologies Inc.
Beluga CDN Beluga
BIG-IP Local Traffic Manager F5 Networks
BinarySec BinarySec
BitNinja BitNinja
BlockDoS BlockDoS
Bluedon Bluedon IST
BulletProof Security Pro AITpro Security
CacheWall Varnish
CacheFly CDN CacheFly
Comodo cWatch Comodo CyberSecurity
CdnNS Application Gateway CdnNs/WdidcNet
ChinaCache Load Balancer ChinaCache
Chuang Yu Shield Yunaq
Cloudbric Penta Security
Cloudflare Cloudflare Inc.
Cloudfloor Cloudfloor DNS
Cloudfront Amazon
CrawlProtect Jean-Denis Brun
DataPower IBM
DenyALL Rohde & Schwarz CyberSecurity
Distil Distil Networks
DOSarrest DOSarrest Internet Security
DotDefender Applicure Technologies
DynamicWeb Injection Check DynamicWeb
Edgecast Verizon Digital Media
Eisoo Cloud Firewall Eisoo
Expression Engine EllisLab
BIG-IP AppSec Manager F5 Networks
BIG-IP AP Manager F5 Networks
Fastly Fastly CDN
FirePass F5 Networks
FortiWeb Fortinet
GoDaddy Website Protection GoDaddy
Greywizard Grey Wizard
Huawei Cloud Firewall Huawei
HyperGuard Art of Defense
Imunify360 CloudLinux
Incapsula Imperva Inc.
IndusGuard Indusface
Instart DX Instart Logic
ISA Server Microsoft
Janusec Application Gateway Janusec
Jiasule Jiasule
Kona SiteDefender Akamai
KS-WAF KnownSec
KeyCDN KeyCDN
LimeLight CDN LimeLight
LiteSpeed LiteSpeed Technologies
Open-Resty Lua Nginx FLOSS
Oracle Cloud Oracle
Malcare Inactiv
MaxCDN MaxCDN
Mission Control Shield Mission Control
ModSecurity SpiderLabs
NAXSI NBS Systems
Nemesida PentestIt
NevisProxy AdNovum
NetContinuum Barracuda Networks
NetScaler AppFirewall Citrix Systems
Newdefend NewDefend
NexusGuard Firewall NexusGuard
NinjaFirewall NinTechNet
NullDDoS Protection NullDDoS
NSFocus NSFocus Global Inc.
OnMessage Shield BlackBaud
Palo Alto Next Gen Firewall Palo Alto Networks
PerimeterX PerimeterX
PentaWAF Global Network Services
pkSecurity IDS pkSec
PT Application Firewall Positive Technologies
PowerCDN PowerCDN
Profense ArmorLogic
Puhui Puhui
Qiniu Qiniu CDN
Reblaze Reblaze
RSFirewall RSJoomla!
RequestValidationMode Microsoft
Sabre Firewall Sabre
Safe3 Web Firewall Safe3
Safedog SafeDog
Safeline Chaitin Tech.
SecKing SecKing
eEye SecureIIS BeyondTrust
SecuPress WP Security SecuPress
SecureSphere Imperva Inc.
Secure Entry United Security Providers
SEnginx Neusoft
ServerDefender VP Port80 Software
Shield Security One Dollar Plugin
Shadow Daemon Zecure
SiteGround SiteGround
SiteGuard Sakura Inc.
Sitelock TrueShield
SonicWall Dell
UTM Web Protection Sophos
Squarespace Squarespace
SquidProxy IDS SquidProxy
StackPath StackPath
Sucuri CloudProxy Sucuri Inc.
Tencent Cloud Firewall Tencent Technologies
Teros Citrix Systems
Trafficshield F5 Networks
TransIP Web Firewall TransIP
URLMaster SecurityCheck iFinity/DotNetNuke
URLScan Microsoft
UEWaf UCloud
Varnish OWASP
Viettel Cloudrity
VirusDie VirusDie LLC
Wallarm Wallarm Inc.
WatchGuard WatchGuard Technologies
WebARX WebARX Security Solutions
WebKnight AQTRONIX
WebLand WebLand
RayWAF WebRay Solutions
WebSEAL IBM
WebTotem WebTotem
West263 CDN West263CDN
Wordfence Defiant
WP Cerber Security Cerber Tech
WTS-WAF WTS
360WangZhanBao 360 Technologies
XLabs Security WAF XLabs
Xuanwudun Xuanwudun
Yundun Yundun
Yunsuo Yunsuo
Yunjiasu Baidu Cloud Computing
YXLink YxLink Technologies
Zenedge Zenedge
ZScaler Accenture
探测web站点是否存在waf和一些细节
例子1：wafw00f https://www.baidu.com(百度肯定有waf）
这里还能看出它用的服务器应该是BWS/1.1，但是它的响应包中返回的服务器是Apache，这里我们自己用burp抓包也能看出：
应该是修改了响应包头的返回。比如：进入org/apache/catalina/util 编辑配置文件ServerInfo.properties字段来实现来更改我们tomcat的版本信息
修改为:
server.info=Apache Tomcat
server.number=0.0.0.0
server.built=Apr 2 2017 07:25:00 UTC
将修改后的信息压缩回jar包:
# cd /tomcat/lib
# jar uvf catalina.jar org/apache/catalina/util/ServerInfo.properties
重启tomcat，验证前后截图如下所示：
例子2：wafw00f https://bbs.ichunqiu.com/
这里可以看出来是JiasuleWAF。百度一下就得出是知道创宇云WAF了。
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