计算机毕业设计 基于Django的在线考试系统的设计与实现 Python+Django+Vue 前后端分离 附源码 讲解 文档

🍊作者:计算机编程-吉哥
🍊简介:专业从事JavaWeb程序开发,微信小程序开发,定制化项目、 源码、代码讲解、文档撰写、ppt制作。做自己喜欢的事,生活就是快乐的。
🍊心愿:点赞 👍 收藏 ⭐评论 📝
🍅 文末获取源码联系

👇🏻 精彩专栏推荐订阅 👇🏻 不然下次找不到哟~
Java毕业设计项目~热门选题推荐《1000套》

Python毕业设计精品项目《1000套》

微信小程序毕业设计精品项目《1000套》

大数据/机器学习毕业设计精品项目《1000套》

目录

1.技术选型

2.开发工具

3.功能

3.1【角色】

3.2【前台功能模块】

3.3【后台功能模块】

4.项目演示截图

4.1 首页

4.2 课程信息

4.3 试卷

4.4 注册

4.5 考试

4.6 系统首页

4.7 课程成绩管理

4.8 试题库管理

4.9 课程信息管理

5.核心代码

5.1 Settings.py

5.2 Urls.py

5.3 Users_v.py

5.4 Auth.py

6.LW文档大纲参考


背景意义介绍:

基于Python的在线考试系统是一种利用现代信息技术来提升教育质量和效率的工具。随着互联网技术的发展和教育信息化的推进,传统的线下考试模式已经无法满足教育的多样化需求。在线考试系统以其高效、便捷的特点,为学生提供了灵活的学习方式,为教师提供了便捷的考试管理工具。

该系统通常包括用户管理、题库管理、考试管理、成绩管理等多个功能模块。它能够实现考试流程的自动化,减轻教师的工作负担,提高考试效率,同时通过技术手段确保考试的公平性和安全性。此外,系统还能够根据学生的学习情况提供个性化的学习建议,有助于提升教学质量。

1.技术选型

Python、Django、vue、elementui、html、css、js、mysql

2.开发工具

pycharm、navicat

3.功能

3.1【角色】

管理员、用户

3.2【前台功能模块】

  • 登录
  • 注册
  • 首页
  • 课程信息
  • 试卷
  • 公告
  • 个人中心(个人中心、修改密码、课程成绩、考试记录、错题本、我的收藏)

3.3【后台功能模块】

  • 登录
  • 系统首页(报表统计)
  • 教师管理
  • 学生管理
  • 课程分类管理
  • 课程成绩管理
  • 班级管理
  • 课程信息管理
  • 试卷管理
  • 试题管理
  • 系统管理
  • 考试管理
  • 用户信息
     

4.项目演示截图

4.1 首页

4.2 课程信息

4.3 试卷

4.4 注册

4.5 考试

4.6 系统首页

4.7 课程成绩管理

4.8 试题库管理

4.9 课程信息管理

5.核心代码

5.1 Settings.py

"""
Django settings for dj2 project.

Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 2.0.

For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/settings/

For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/settings/
"""

import os
from concurrent.futures.thread import ThreadPoolExecutor
executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(20)
from util.configread import config_read

# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))

# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/howto/deployment/checklist/

# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = 'w5yn#0gn2tt7pvu%hvwt0!lt=!$6+eqp4%m8)u3u#gknm@jm)k'

# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True

ALLOWED_HOSTS = ["*"]

# Application definition

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    "main",
    'corsheaders',
]

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    # 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
    'threadlocals.middleware.ThreadLocalMiddleware',
    "xmiddleware.xparam.Xparam",
    "xmiddleware.xauth.Xauth",
    'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',

]
CORS_ALLOW_CREDENTIALS = True
CORS_ORIGIN_ALLOW_ALL = True
CORS_ALLOW_HEADERS = ('*')

SESSION_ENGINE = "django.contrib.sessions.backends.cache"
SESSION_COOKIE_NAME  = "sessionid"
SESSION_COOKIE_PATH  = "/"
SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN = None
SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = False
SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = True
SESSION_COOKIE_AGE = 1209600
SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE = False
SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST = False

ROOT_URLCONF = 'dj2.urls'
TEMPLATES_DIR = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "templates")
TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': [TEMPLATES_DIR],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },
]

WSGI_APPLICATION = 'dj2.wsgi.application'

EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend'
EMAIL_USE_TLS = False
EMAIL_USE_SSL = True
EMAIL_HOST = 'smtp.qq.com'
EMAIL_PORT = 465
EMAIL_HOST_USER = 'yclw9@qq.com'
EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = 'mhbrkuayvkkgbijd'

# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/settings/#databases

# DATABASES = {
#     'default': {
#         'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
#         'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
#     }
# }

dbtype, host, port, user, passwd, dbName, charset,hasHadoop = config_read("config.ini")
dbName=dbName.replace(" ","").strip()
print(dbtype, host, port, user, passwd, dbName, charset)

if dbtype == 'mysql':
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            # 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
            # 'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
            'OPTIONS': {
                'sql_mode': 'traditional',
                'init_command': "SET sql_mode='traditional'",  # STRICT_TRANS_TABLES
            },
            'NAME': dbName,
            'USER': user,
            'PASSWORD': passwd,
            'HOST': host,
            'PORT': port,
            'charset': charset,
            'TEST': {
                'CHARSET': charset,
                'COLLATION': 'utf8_general_ci',
            },
            'CONN_MAX_AGE':60
        },
    }
else:
    print("请使用mysql5.5数据库")
    os._exit(1)

# Password validation
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators

AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
    },
]

# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/i18n/

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-Hans'

# TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

USE_I18N = True

USE_L10N = True

# USE_TZ = True
USE_TZ = False

# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/howto/static-files/



STATIC_URL = '/assets/'
STATICFILES_DIRS =[
os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "templates/front/assets"),
]

# media
MEDIA_URL = "/media/"  # 自定义
MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media')  # 自定义
if os.path.isdir(MEDIA_ROOT) == False:
    os.mkdir(MEDIA_ROOT)

ALIPAY_APP_ID = '9021000132629452'
APP_PRIVATE_KEY_STRING = open('{}/util/alipay_key/app_private_2048.txt'.format(BASE_DIR)).read()
ALIPAY_PUBLIC_KEY_STRING = open('{}/util/alipay_key/alipay_public_2048.txt'.format(BASE_DIR)).read()
ALIPAY_SIGN_TYPE = 'RSA2'

5.2 Urls.py

"""dj2 URL Configuration

The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
    1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
import os
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,include,re_path
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.views.static import serve
from django.views.generic import TemplateView


from . import views
from dj2.settings import dbName as schemaName

urlpatterns = [
    path('xadmin/', admin.site.urls),
    path(r'index/',views.index),
    path('{}/'.format(schemaName),include('main.urls')),#导入schemaName
    re_path(r'admin/lib/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)$', views.admin_lib2),
    re_path(r'admin/lib/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)/(?P<p3>.*)$', views.admin_lib3),
    re_path(r'admin/lib/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)/(?P<p3>.*)/(?P<p4>.*)$', views.admin_lib4),
    re_path(r'admin/page/(?P<p1>.*)$', views.admin_page),
    re_path(r'admin/page/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)$', views.admin_page2),
    re_path(r'admin/pages/(?P<p1>.*)$', views.admin_pages),
    re_path(r'admin/pages/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)$', views.admin_pages2),
    
    re_path(r'front/(?P<p1>.*)$', views.schema_front1),
    re_path(r'front/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)$', views.schema_front2),
    re_path(r'front/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)/(?P<p3>.*)$', views.schema_front3),
    re_path(r'front/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)/(?P<p3>.*)/(?P<p4>.*)$', views.schema_front4),
    re_path(r'{}/front/(?P<p1>.*)$'.format(schemaName), views.schema_front1),
    re_path(r'{}/front/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)$'.format(schemaName), views.schema_front2),
    re_path(r'{}/front/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)/(?P<p3>.*)$'.format(schemaName), views.schema_front3),
    re_path(r'{}/front/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)/(?P<p3>.*)/(?P<p4>.*)$'.format(schemaName), views.schema_front4),
    # re_path(r'assets/(?P<p1>.*)$', views.assets1),
    # re_path(r'assets/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)$',  views.assets2),
    # re_path(r'assets/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)/(?P<p3>.*)$',  views.assets3),
    # re_path(r'assets/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)/(?P<p3>.*)/(?P<p4>.*)$',  views.assets4),
    #re_path(r'admin/(?P<p1>.*)$', views.admin_file1),
    re_path(r'admin/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)$', views.admin_file2),
    re_path(r'admin/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)/(?P<p3>.*)$', views.admin_file3),
    re_path(r'admin/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)/(?P<p3>.*)/(?P<p4>.*)$', views.admin_file4),
    re_path(r'layui/(?P<p1>.*)$', views.layui1),
    re_path(r'layui/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)$',  views.layui2),
    re_path(r'layui/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)/(?P<p3>.*)$',  views.layui3),
    re_path(r'layui/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)/(?P<p3>.*)/(?P<p4>.*)$',  views.layui4),
    re_path(r'pages/(?P<p1>.*)$', views.front_pages),
    re_path(r'pages/(?P<p1>.*)/(?P<p2>.*)$',  views.front_pages2),
    # re_path(r'pages/(?P<p1>.*)$',  views.front_file1),
    # re_path(r'(?P<p1>css|jss|img|image|iamges|font|fonts)/(?P<p2>.*)$', views.front_file2),
    re_path(r'modules/(?P<p1>.*)$', views.front_modules),
    re_path(r'css/(?P<p1>.*)$', views.css1),
    re_path(r'js/(?P<p1>.*)$', views.js1),
    re_path(r'img/(?P<p1>.*)$', views.img1),
    path(r'test/<str:p1>/',views.test),
    path(r'null',views.null),
]

#判断admin使用vue还是jquery
if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(os.getcwd(),"templates/front/admin/dist/")):
    urlpatterns.extend([
        path(r'{}/admin/dist/index.html'.format(schemaName),
             TemplateView.as_view(template_name='front/admin/dist/index.html')),
        path(r'{}/admin/'.format(schemaName), TemplateView.as_view(template_name='front/admin/dist/index.html')),
        # 以下是后台admin的url匹配规则
        path(r'admin/dist/index.html'.format(schemaName),
             TemplateView.as_view(template_name='front/admin/dist/index.html')),
        path(r'admin/', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='front/admin/dist/index.html')),
    ])
else:
    urlpatterns.extend([
        path(r'{}/admin/index.html'.format(schemaName),
             TemplateView.as_view(template_name='front/admin/index.html')),
        path(r'{}/admin/'.format(schemaName), TemplateView.as_view(template_name='front/admin/index.html')),
        # 以下是后台admin的url匹配规则
        path(r'admin/index.html'.format(schemaName),
             TemplateView.as_view(template_name='front/admin/index.html')),
        path(r'admin/', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='front/admin/index.html')),

    ])


if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(os.getcwd(),"templates/front/index.html")):
    urlpatterns.extend([
    path(r'index.html', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='front/index.html')),
     path(r'{}/index.html'.format(schemaName), TemplateView.as_view(template_name='front/index.html')),
     path(r'{}/front/index.html'.format(schemaName), TemplateView.as_view(template_name='front/index.html')),
    path(r'', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='front/index.html')),
    ])

5.3 Users_v.py

# coding:utf-8
__author__ = "ila"

from django.http import JsonResponse

from .users_model import users
from util.codes import *
from util.auth import Auth
import util.message as mes
from dj2.settings import host,port,user,passwd,dbName,hasHadoop

def users_login(request):
    if request.method in ["POST", "GET"]:
        msg = {'code': normal_code, "msg": mes.normal_code}
        req_dict = request.session.get("req_dict")
        if req_dict.get('role')!=None:
            del req_dict['role']
        
        datas = users.getbyparams(users, users, req_dict)
        if not datas:
            msg['code'] = password_error_code
            msg['msg'] = mes.password_error_code
            return JsonResponse(msg)

        req_dict['id'] = datas[0].get('id')
        return Auth.authenticate(Auth, users, req_dict)


def users_register(request):
    if request.method in ["POST", "GET"]:
        msg = {'code': normal_code, "msg": mes.normal_code}
        req_dict = request.session.get("req_dict")

        error = users.createbyreq(users, users, req_dict)
        if error != None:
            msg['code'] = crud_error_code
            msg['msg'] = error
        return JsonResponse(msg)


def users_session(request):
    '''
    '''
    if request.method in ["POST", "GET"]:
        msg = {"code": normal_code,"msg":mes.normal_code, "data": {}}

        req_dict = {"id": request.session.get('params').get("id")}
        msg['data'] = users.getbyparams(users, users, req_dict)[0]

        return JsonResponse(msg)


def users_logout(request):
    if request.method in ["POST", "GET"]:
        msg = {
            "msg": "退出成功",
            "code": 0
        }

        return JsonResponse(msg)


def users_page(request):
    '''
    '''
    if request.method in ["POST", "GET"]:
        msg = {"code": normal_code, "msg": mes.normal_code,
               "data": {"currPage": 1, "totalPage": 1, "total": 1, "pageSize": 10, "list": []}}
        req_dict = request.session.get("req_dict")
        tablename = request.session.get("tablename")
        try:
            __hasMessage__ = users.__hasMessage__
        except:
            __hasMessage__ = None
        if __hasMessage__ and __hasMessage__ != "否":

            if tablename != "users":
                req_dict["userid"] = request.session.get("params").get("id")
        if tablename == "users":
            msg['data']['list'], msg['data']['currPage'], msg['data']['totalPage'], msg['data']['total'], \
            msg['data']['pageSize'] = users.page(users, users, req_dict)
        else:
            msg['data']['list'], msg['data']['currPage'], msg['data']['totalPage'], msg['data']['total'], \
            msg['data']['pageSize'] = [],1,0,0,10

        return JsonResponse(msg)


def users_info(request, id_):
    '''
    '''
    if request.method in ["POST", "GET"]:
        msg = {"code": normal_code, "msg": mes.normal_code, "data": {}}

        data = users.getbyid(users, users, int(id_))
        if len(data) > 0:
            msg['data'] = data[0]
        # 浏览点击次数
        try:
            __browseClick__ = users.__browseClick__
        except:
            __browseClick__ = None

        if __browseClick__ and "clicknum" in users.getallcolumn(users, users):
            click_dict = {"id": int(id_), "clicknum": str(int(data[0].get("clicknum", 0)) + 1)}
            ret = users.updatebyparams(users, users, click_dict)
            if ret != None:
                msg['code'] = crud_error_code
                msg['msg'] = ret
        return JsonResponse(msg)


def users_save(request):
    '''
    '''
    if request.method in ["POST", "GET"]:
        msg = {"code": normal_code, "msg": mes.normal_code, "data": {}}
        req_dict = request.session.get("req_dict")
        req_dict['role'] = '管理员'
        error = users.createbyreq(users, users, req_dict)
        if error != None:
            msg['code'] = crud_error_code
            msg['msg'] = error
        return JsonResponse(msg)


def users_update(request):
    '''
    '''
    if request.method in ["POST", "GET"]:
        msg = {"code": normal_code, "msg": mes.normal_code, "data": {}}
        req_dict = request.session.get("req_dict")
        if req_dict.get("mima") and req_dict.get("password"):
            if "mima" not in users.getallcolumn(users,users):
                del req_dict["mima"]
            if "password" not in users.getallcolumn(users,users):
                del req_dict["password"]
        try:
            del req_dict["clicknum"]
        except:
            pass
        error = users.updatebyparams(users, users, req_dict)
        if error != None:
            msg['code'] = crud_error_code
            msg['msg'] = error
        return JsonResponse(msg)


def users_delete(request):
    '''
    '''
    if request.method in ["POST", "GET"]:
        msg = {"code": normal_code, "msg": mes.normal_code, "data": {}}
        req_dict = request.session.get("req_dict")

        error = users.deletes(users,
            users,
            req_dict.get("ids")
        )
        if error != None:
            msg['code'] = crud_error_code
            msg['msg'] = error
        return JsonResponse(msg)

5.4 Auth.py

# coding:utf-8
# author:ila
import base64, copy
from django.http import JsonResponse
from django.apps import apps

from util.codes import *
from util import message as mes


class Auth(object):
    def authenticate(self, model, req_dict):
        """
        用户登录,登录成功返回token;登录失败返回失败原因
        :param username:账号
        :param password:密码
        :return: json
        """
        msg = {'code': normal_code, 'msg': mes.normal_code, 'data': {}}
        tablename = model.__tablename__
        encode_dict = {"tablename": tablename, "params": req_dict}

        encode_str = base64.b64encode(str(encode_dict).encode("utf-8"))
        msg['data']["id"] = req_dict.get("id")
        msg["id"] = req_dict.get("id")
        msg['token'] = encode_str.decode('utf-8')
        return JsonResponse(msg)

    def identify(self, request):
        """
        用户鉴权
        :param request:本次请求对象
        :return: list
        """

        msg = {'code': normal_code, 'msg': mes.normal_code, 'data': {}}
        # django的header被处理过了
        token = request.META.get('HTTP_TOKEN')

        if token  and token !="null":

            auth_token = copy.deepcopy(token)

            decode_str = base64.b64decode(auth_token).decode("utf8")
            decode_str=decode_str.replace('"null"','""').replace('null','""')
            decode_dict = eval(decode_str)

            tablename2 = decode_dict.get("tablename")

            params2 = decode_dict.get("params",{})

            datas=None
            allModels = apps.get_app_config('main').get_models()
            for model in allModels:
                if model.__tablename__ == tablename2:
                    datas = model.getbyparams(model, model, params2)

            if not datas:
                msg['code'] = username_error_code
                msg['msg'] = '找不到该用户信息'
                result = msg
            else:
                request.session['tablename'] = tablename2
                request.session['params'] = params2
                msg['msg'] = '身份验证通过。'
                result = msg
        else:
            msg['code'] = 401
            msg['msg'] = 'headers未包含认证信息。'
            result = msg
        return result

6.LW文档大纲参考

具体LW如何写法,可以咨询博主,耐心分享! 

你可能还有感兴趣的项目👇🏻👇🏻👇🏻

更多项目推荐:计算机毕业设计项目

Python毕业设计精品项目《1000套》

微信小程序毕业设计精品项目《1000套》

大数据/机器学习毕业设计精品项目《1000套》

如果大家有任何疑虑,请在下方咨询或评论

Python毕业设计是指使用Python编程语言完成的一项毕业设计项目。根据引用中的内容,Python技术可以适用于所有电子商务系统的搭建。因此,在Python毕业设计中,可以选择开发一个基于Python的电子商务系统。该系统可以包括班级管理系统,如引用所述。在设计实现过程中,需要考虑系统的需求分析、总体设计、页面设计和业务逻辑实现等方面。可以参考引用中提供的链接,该链接提供了关于Python算法类毕设选题的信息。总之,Python毕业设计是利用Python编程语言完成的一项设计项目,可以是基于Python的班级管理系统或其他类型的系统。<span class="em">1</span><span class="em">2</span><span class="em">3</span> #### 引用[.reference_title] - *1* *2* [基于Python班级管理系统毕业设计-源码171809](https://blog.csdn.net/yuyuxun/article/details/126498632)[target="_blank" data-report-click={"spm":"1018.2226.3001.9630","extra":{"utm_source":"vip_chatgpt_common_search_pc_result","utm_medium":"distribute.pc_search_result.none-task-cask-2~all~insert_cask~default-1-null.142^v93^chatsearchT3_2"}}] [.reference_item style="max-width: 50%"] - *3* [python毕业设计选题推荐100例](https://blog.csdn.net/kooerr/article/details/131152195)[target="_blank" data-report-click={"spm":"1018.2226.3001.9630","extra":{"utm_source":"vip_chatgpt_common_search_pc_result","utm_medium":"distribute.pc_search_result.none-task-cask-2~all~insert_cask~default-1-null.142^v93^chatsearchT3_2"}}] [.reference_item style="max-width: 50%"] [ .reference_list ]
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包

打赏作者

计算机编程-吉哥

你的鼓励将是我创作的最大动力

¥1 ¥2 ¥4 ¥6 ¥10 ¥20
扫码支付:¥1
获取中
扫码支付

您的余额不足,请更换扫码支付或充值

打赏作者

实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值