1、数据解析原理概述
- 解析的局部的文本内容都会在标签之间或者标签对应的属性中进行存储
- 1、进行指定标签的定位
- 2、标签或者标签对应的属性中存储的数据值进行提取(解析)
2、数据解析–正则表达式
【注】图片响应数据应该用requests.get(url=url).content来实现,返回的是一组二进制图片数据
import requests
import re
import os
if __name__ == "__main__":
if not os.path.exists('./img_all'):
os.mkdir('./img_all')
url = "https://www.qiushibaike.com/"
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:96.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/96.0'
}
page_text = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers).text
ex = '<div class="thumb">.*?<img src="(.*?)" alt.*?</div>'
img_src_list = re.findall(ex, page_text, re.S)
for src in img_src_list:
src = 'https:' + src
img_data = requests.get(url=src, headers=headers).content
img_name = src.split('/')[-1]
img_path = './img_all/' + img_name
with open(img_path, 'wb') as fp:
fp.write(img_data)
3、数据解析–bs4
- 1、实例化一个BeautifulSoup对象,并且将页面源码数据加载到该对象中
- 2、通过调用BeautifulSoup对象中的相关的属性或者方法进行标签定位和数据提取
pip install bs4
pip install lxml
对象的实例化
-- 1、将本地的html文档中的数据加载到该对象中
fp = open('./test.html', 'r', encoding='UTF-8')
soup = BeautifulSoup(fp, 'lxml')
-- 2、将互联网获取到的页面源码加载到该对象中
page_text = response.text
soup = BeautifulSoup(page_text, 'lxml')
- 提供的用于数据解析的方法和属性:
- soup.tagName: 返回的是文档中第一次出现的tagName对应的标签
- soup.find(): # find出来的直接是一堆标签,而不是select用数组包裹的标签
- find('div'):等同于soup.div
- 属性定位:soup.find('div', class_='song') # 寻找带class为song的div
- soup.find_all('div'): 返回所有的div标签
- select # 选择出来的是含有标签的数组
- soup.select('') # 里面可以写选择器,比如说id选择器#id,返回的是一整个
- 层级选择器
- soup.select('.tang > ul > li > a')[0] # 表示class=tang里的ul标签里的li标签里面的第一个a标签
- 获取标签之间的文本数据:
- soup.a.text/get_text() # 获得标签下的所有内容
- soup.a.string # 获得标签下面的直系文本内容
- 获取标签的属性值:- soup.select('.tang > ul > li > a')[0]['herf'] # 获取herf属性值
4、爬虫小案例
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import os
if __name__ == "__main__":
if not os.path.exists('./sanguoyanyi'):
os.mkdir('./sanguoyanyi')
url = "https://www.shicimingju.com/book/sanguoyanyi.html"
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:96.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/96.0'
}
page_text = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers)
page_text.encoding = 'UTF-8'
soup = BeautifulSoup(page_text.text, 'lxml')
for li in soup.select('.book-mulu > ul > li'):
title = li.a.string
detail_url = 'https://www.shicimingju.com' + li.a['href']
detail_page_text = requests.get(url=detail_url, headers=headers)
detail_page_text.encoding = 'UTF-8'
detail_soup = BeautifulSoup(detail_page_text.text, 'lxml')
div_tag = detail_soup.find('div', class_='chapter_content')
content = div_tag.text
path = './sanguoyanyi/' + title + '.txt'
with open(path, 'w', encoding='UTF-8') as fp:
fp.write(content)
fp.close()