文章目录
13.1 简介
查询 : (要)连接数据库,(会)耗资源!
解决查询耗资源问题?
一次查询的结果,给他暂存一个可以直接取到的地方 --> 内存:(放在内存里就叫做),缓存
我们再次查询的相同数据的时候,直接走缓存,不走数据库了。
缓存
解决三高(高并发、高可用、高性能)问题:架构,没有什么是加一层解决不了的
- 什么是缓存[Cache]?
- 存在内存中的临时数据
- 将用户经常查询的数据放在缓存(内存)中,用户去查询数据就不用从磁盘上(关系型数据库文件)查询,从缓存中查询,从而提高查询效率,解决了高并发系统的性能问题
- 为什么使用缓存?
- 减少和数据库的交互次数,减少系统开销,提高系统效率
- 什么样的数据可以使用缓存?
- 经常查询并且不经常改变的数据 【可以使用缓存】
- 不 经常查询 并且 经常改变的数据【不可以使用缓存】
13.2 MyBatis缓存
- MyBatis包含一个非常强大的查询缓存特性,它可以非常方便的定制和配置缓存,缓存可以极大的提高查询效率。
- MyBatis系统中默认定义了两级缓存:一级缓存和二级缓存
- 默认情况下,只有一级缓存开启(SqlSession级别的缓存,也称为本地缓存)
- 二级缓存需要手动开启和配置,他是基于namespace(接口)级别的缓存。
- 为了提高可扩展性,MyBatis定义了缓存接口Cache。我们可以通过实现Cache接口来定义二级缓存。
13.3 一级缓存
- 一级缓存也叫本地缓存:SqlSession级别的
- 与数据库同一次会话期间查询到的数据会放在本地缓存中
- 以后如果需要获取相同的数据,直接从缓存中拿,没必要再去查询数据库
测试
测试步骤:
-
开启日志
-
测试在一个Session中查询两次相同的记录
// 查询指定用户 User queryUserById(@Param("id") int id);
<select id="queryUserById" resultType="User" useCache="true"> select * from user where id = #{id} </select>
@Test public void queryUserById(){ SqlSession sqlSession = MybatisUtils.getSqlSession(); UserMapper mapper = sqlSession.getMapper(UserMapper.class); User user = mapper.queryUserById(1); System.out.println(user); System.out.println("======================="); User user2 = mapper.queryUserById(1); System.out.println(user2); System.out.println(user == user2); sqlSession.close(); }
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查看日志输出
Opening JDBC Connection Created connection 1970436060. ==> Preparing: select * from user where id = ? ==> Parameters: 1(Integer) <== Columns: id, name, pwd <== Row: 1, 张三, 123 <== Total: 1 User(id=1, name=张三, pwd=123) ======================= User(id=1, name=张三, pwd=123) true Closing JDBC Connection [com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl@757277dc] Returned connection 1970436060 to pool.
缓存失效的情况:
-
查询不同的东西
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增删改操作,可能会改变原来的数据,所以必定会刷新缓存
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中间加了,修改操作
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int upDateUser(User user);
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<update id="upDateUser" parameterType="User"> update user set name = #{name}, pwd = #{pwd} where id = #{id} </update>
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@Test public void test1() { SqlSession sqlSession = MybatisUtils.getSqlSession(); UserMapper mapper = sqlSession.getMapper(UserMapper.class); User user = mapper.getUserById(1); System.out.println(user); System.out.println("====================================="); User user2 = mapper.getUserById(1); System.out.println(user2 == user); }
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Opening JDBC Connection Created connection 1970436060. ==> Preparing: select * from user where id = ? ==> Parameters: 1(Integer) <== Columns: id, name, pwd <== Row: 1, 张三, 123 <== Total: 1 User(id=1, name=张三, pwd=123) ==> Preparing: update user set name = ?, pwd = ? where id = ? ==> Parameters: AAA(String), BBB(String), 2(Integer) <== Updates: 1 ======================= ==> Preparing: select * from user where id = ? ==> Parameters: 1(Integer) <== Columns: id, name, pwd <== Row: 1, 张三, 123 <== Total: 1 User(id=1, name=张三, pwd=123) false Closing JDBC Connection [com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl@757277dc] Returned connection 1970436060 to pool.
-
-
查询不同的Mapper.xml
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手动清理缓存
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sqlSession.clearCache();//手动清理缓存
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Opening JDBC Connection Created connection 1970436060. ==> Preparing: select * from user where id = ? ==> Parameters: 1(Integer) <== Columns: id, name, pwd <== Row: 1, 张三, 123 <== Total: 1 User(id=1, name=张三, pwd=123) ======================= ==> Preparing: select * from user where id = ? ==> Parameters: 1(Integer) <== Columns: id, name, pwd <== Row: 1, 张三, 123 <== Total: 1 User(id=1, name=张三, pwd=123) false Closing JDBC Connection [com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl@757277dc] Returned connection 1970436060 to pool. Process finished with exit code 0
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小结
一级缓存默认是开启的,只在一次SqlSession中有效,拿到连接 一直到 关闭连接 这个区间段有效!
一级缓存是一个:map集合,用的时候在map里放东西,取的时候,在map中取
13.4 二级缓存
- 二级缓存也叫全局缓存,一级缓存作用域太低了,所以诞生了二级缓存
- 基于namespace级别的缓存,一个名称空间,对应一个二级缓存
- 工作机制
- 一个会话查询一条数据,这个数据就会被放在当前会话的一级缓存中
- 如果会话关闭了,这个会话对应的一级缓存就没了;但是我们想要的是,会话关闭了,一级缓存中的数据被保存到二级缓存中
- 新的会话查询信息,就可以从二级缓存中获取内容
- 不同的mapper查询出的数据会放在自己对应的缓存(map)中
一级缓存开启(SqlSession级别的缓存,也称为本地缓存)
- 二级缓存需要手动开启和配置,他是基于namespace级别的缓存。
- 为了提高可扩展性,MyBatis定义了缓存接口Cache。我们可以通过实现Cache接口来定义二级缓存。
步骤:
-
开启全局缓存
<settings> <!--显示开启全局缓存--> <setting name="cacheEnabled" value="true"/> </settings>
-
在Mapper.xml中使用缓存
-
<!--在mapper.xml中使用二级缓存--> <cache/>
-
也可以自定义参数
<!--在mapper.xml中使用二级缓存 使用FIFO输入输出策略 每隔60000秒自动刷新缓存 最大缓存:512 是否只读:true --> <cache eviction="FIFO" flushInterval="60000" size="512" readOnly="true" />
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-
测试
-
问题:我们需要将实体类序列化,否则就会报错
-
caused by: java.io.NotserializableException: com.kuang.pojo.user
-
代码实现
@Test
public void queryUserById(){
//创建两个sqlSession
SqlSession sqlSession = MybatisUtils.getSqlSession();
UserMapper mapper = sqlSession.getMapper(UserMapper.class);
User user = mapper.queryUserById(1);
System.out.println(user);
sqlSession.close();
SqlSession sqlSession2 = MybatisUtils.getSqlSession();
UserMapper mapper2 = sqlSession2.getMapper(UserMapper.class);
User user2 = mapper2.queryUserById(1);
System.out.println(user2);
System.out.println(user == user2);
sqlSession2.close();
}
Opening JDBC Connection
Created connection 689654773.
==> Preparing: select * from user where id = ?
==> Parameters: 1(Integer)
<== Columns: id, name, pwd
<== Row: 1, 张三, 123
<== Total: 1
User(id=1, name=张三, pwd=123)
Closing JDBC Connection [com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl@291b4bf5]
Returned connection 689654773 to pool.
As you are using functionality that deserializes object streams, it is recommended to define the JEP-290 serial filter. Please refer to https://docs.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=javase15&id=GUID-8296D8E8-2B93-4B9A-856E-0A65AF9B8C66
Cache Hit Ratio [com.yin.dao.UserMapper]: 0.5
User(id=1, name=张三, pwd=123)
false
Process finished with exit code 0
小结:
- 只要开启了二级缓存,在同一个Mapper下就有效
- 所有的数据都会先放在一级缓存中
- 只有当前会话提交,或者关闭的时候,才会提交到二级缓存中
13.5 缓存原理
流程图
代码实现
@Test
public void queryUserById(){
//创建两个sqlSession
SqlSession sqlSession = MybatisUtils.getSqlSession();
UserMapper mapper = sqlSession.getMapper(UserMapper.class);
User user = mapper.queryUserById(1);
System.out.println(user);
sqlSession.close();
System.out.println("=============================");
SqlSession sqlSession2 = MybatisUtils.getSqlSession();
UserMapper mapper2 = sqlSession2.getMapper(UserMapper.class);
User user2 = mapper2.queryUserById(1);
System.out.println(user2);
System.out.println("=============================");
User user3 = mapper2.queryUserById(2);
System.out.println(user2);
System.out.println(user3);
System.out.println("=============================");
User user4 = mapper2.queryUserById(2);
System.out.println(user3);
sqlSession2.close();
}
输出结果
Cache Hit Ratio [com.yin.dao.UserMapper]: 0.0
Opening JDBC Connection
Created connection 689654773.
==> Preparing: select * from user where id = ?
==> Parameters: 1(Integer)
<== Columns: id, name, pwd
<== Row: 1, 张三, 123
<== Total: 1
User(id=1, name=张三, pwd=123)
Closing JDBC Connection [com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl@291b4bf5]
Returned connection 689654773 to pool.
=============================
As you are using functionality that deserializes object streams, it is recommended to define the JEP-290 serial filter. Please refer to https://docs.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=javase15&id=GUID-8296D8E8-2B93-4B9A-856E-0A65AF9B8C66
Cache Hit Ratio [com.yin.dao.UserMapper]: 0.5
User(id=1, name=张三, pwd=123)
=============================
Cache Hit Ratio [com.yin.dao.UserMapper]: 0.3333333333333333
Opening JDBC Connection
Checked out connection 689654773 from pool.
==> Preparing: select * from user where id = ?
==> Parameters: 2(Integer)
<== Columns: id, name, pwd
<== Row: 2, AAA, BBB
<== Total: 1
User(id=1, name=张三, pwd=123)
User(id=2, name=AAA, pwd=BBB)
=============================
Cache Hit Ratio [com.yin.dao.UserMapper]: 0.25
User(id=2, name=AAA, pwd=BBB)
Closing JDBC Connection [com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl@291b4bf5]
Returned connection 689654773 to pool.
Process finished with exit code 0
代码讲解
Cache Hit Ratio [com.yin.dao.UserMapper]: 0.0
Opening JDBC Connection
Created connection 689654773.
//第一次查询 获取第一个用户
==> Preparing: select * from user where id = ?
==> Parameters: 1(Integer)
<== Columns: id, name, pwd
<== Row: 1, 张三, 123
<== Total: 1
User(id=1, name=张三, pwd=123)
Closing JDBC Connection [com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl@291b4bf5]
//关闭连接,提交到二级缓存
Returned connection 689654773 to pool.
=============================
As you are using functionality that deserializes object streams, it is recommended to define the JEP-290 serial filter. Please refer to https://docs.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=javase15&id=GUID-8296D8E8-2B93-4B9A-856E-0A65AF9B8C66
//二号用户查用户时,直接从缓存中查
Cache Hit Ratio [com.yin.dao.UserMapper]: 0.5
User(id=1, name=张三, pwd=123)
=============================
//查二号用户的时候,缓存中没有,打开JDBC连接,从数据库中查
Cache Hit Ratio [com.yin.dao.UserMapper]: 0.3333333333333333
Opening JDBC Connection
Checked out connection 689654773 from pool.
==> Preparing: select * from user where id = ?
==> Parameters: 2(Integer)
<== Columns: id, name, pwd
<== Row: 2, AAA, BBB
<== Total: 1
User(id=1, name=张三, pwd=123)
User(id=2, name=AAA, pwd=BBB)
=============================
//第二次查二号用户,缓存中有二号用户
Cache Hit Ratio [com.yin.dao.UserMapper]: 0.25
User(id=2, name=AAA, pwd=BBB)
Closing JDBC Connection [com.mysql.cj.jdbc.ConnectionImpl@291b4bf5]
Returned connection 689654773 to pool.
总结
缓存:提高查询的效率
13.6 自定义缓存-ehcache
Ehcache是一种广泛使用的开源Java分布式缓存。主要面向通用缓存
- 导包
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.mybatis.caches/mybatis-ehcache -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mybatis.caches</groupId>
<artifactId>mybatis-ehcache</artifactId>
<version>1.2.1</version>
</dependency>
-
在mapper中指定使用我们的ehcache缓存实现
<!--Ehcache:可以自定义配置东西--> <cache type="org.mybatis.caches.ehcache.EhcacheCache" />
-
ehcache.xml配置文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <ehcache xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="http://ehcache.org/ehcache.xsd" updateCheck="false"> <diskStore path="./tmpdir/Tmp_EhCache"/> <defaultCache eternal="false" maxElementsInMemory="10000" overflowToDisk="false" diskPersistent="false" timeToIdleSeconds="1800" timeToLiveSeconds="259200" memoryStoreEvictionPolicy="LRU"/> <cache name="cloud_user" eternal="false" maxElementsInMemory="5000" overflowToDisk="false" diskPersistent="false" timeToIdleSeconds="1800" timeToLiveSeconds="1800" memoryStoreEvictionPolicy="LRU"/> </ehcache>
Redis数据库做缓存