STL——3.迭代器

 1.迭代器的基本概念

作用：迭代器是用于遍历容器元素的对象。

分类：

• 输入迭代器
• 输出迭代器
• 前向迭代器
• 双向迭代器
• 随机访问迭代器

2.迭代器的用法

2.1输入迭代器

#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <vector>
 
int main() {
    std::cout << "Enter integers separated by spaces (Ctrl+D to end): ";
    std::istream_iterator<int> input_it(std::cin);  //输入迭代器
    std::istream_iterator<int> end_of_stream;       //输入流结束标志
 
    std::vector<int> vec(input_it, end_of_stream);  //从输入流中读取数据并存入向量
 
    std::cout << "You entered: ";
    for (const auto& elem : vec) {
        std::cout << elem << " ";
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
 
    return 0;
}

2.2输出迭代器

#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <vector>
 
int main() {
    std::vector<int> vec = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
 
    std::cout << "Vector elements: ";
    std::ostream_iterator<int> output_it(std::cout, " ");  //输出迭代器
    std::copy(vec.begin(), vec.end(), output_it); //将向量元素写入到标准输出
 
    std::cout << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

2.3前向迭代器

#include <iostream>
#include <forward_list>
 
int main() {
    std::forward_list<int> flist = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
 
    std::cout << "Forward list elements: ";
    for (auto it = flist.begin(); it != flist.end(); ++it) {
        std::cout << *it << " ";  // 通过解引用操作符访问元素
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
 
    return 0;
}

2.4双向迭代器

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
 
int main() {
    std::list<int> lst = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
 
    std::cout << "List elements in forward order: ";
    for (auto it = lst.begin(); it != lst.end(); ++it) {
        std::cout << *it << " ";  // 向前遍历并访问元素
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
 
    std::cout << "List elements in reverse order: ";
    for (auto it = lst.rbegin(); it != lst.rend(); ++it) {
        std::cout << *it << " ";  // 向后遍历并访问元素
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
 
    return 0;
}

2.5随机访问迭代器

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
 
int main() {
    std::vector<int> vec = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
 
    std::cout << "Vector elements: ";
    for (auto it = vec.begin(); it != vec.end(); ++it) {
        std::cout << *it << " ";  // 向前遍历并访问元素
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
 
    std::cout << "Third element: " << vec[2] << std::endl;  // 随机访问第三个元素
 
    return 0;
}

3.常见迭代器的高级操作

 3.1std::advance

移动迭代器

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <iterator>
 
int main() {
    std::vector<int> vec = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    auto it = vec.begin();
    
    std::advance(it, 2);  // 将迭代器移动两个位置
    
    std::cout << "Element at position 3: " << *it << std::endl;
 
    return 0;
}

3.2std::prev和std::next

获取起一个和后一个迭代器

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <iterator>
 
int main() {
    std::vector<int> vec = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    auto it = vec.begin();
    std::advance(it, 2); // 移动到第三个位置
    
    // 使用 std::prev 获取前一个迭代器
    auto prev_it = std::prev(it);
    std::cout << "Previous element: " << *prev_it << std::endl;
 
    // 使用 std::next 获取后一个迭代器
    auto next_it = std::next(it);
    std::cout << "Next element: " << *next_it << std::endl;
 
    return 0;
}