JPEG原理分析及 JPEG 解码器的调试

一、实验原理

JPEG文件格式

JPEG(Joint Photographic Experts Group)是JPEG标准的产物,该标准由国际标准化组织(ISO)制订,是面向连续色调静止图像的一种压缩标准。

  • 主要采用预测编码(DPCM)、离散余弦变换(DCT)以及熵编码的联合编码方式,以去除冗余的图像和彩色数据,属于有损压缩格式,它能够将图像压缩在很小的储存空间,一定程度上会造成图像数据的损伤。尤其是使用过高的压缩比例,将使最终解压缩后恢复的图像质量降低,如果追求高品质图像,则不宜采用过高的压缩比例。

JPEG文件大体可以分为两个部分:
(1)标记码:由两个字节构成。前一个字节是固定值0XFF,代表了一个标记码的开始:后一个字节不同的值代表着不同的含义。需要提醒的是,连续的多个0XFF可以理解为同一个0XFF,并表示一个标记码的开始。另外,标记码在文件中一般是以标记代码的形式出现的。例如,SOI的标记代码是0XFFD8,即,如果JPEG文件中出现了0XFFD8,则代表此处是一个SOI标记。
(2)压缩数据;一个完整的两字节标记码的后面,就是该标记码对应的压缩数据了,它记录了关于文件的若干信息。
下面给出一些典型的标记码,及其所代表的含义:

SOI,Start Of Image图像开始,标记代码为固定值0XFFD8,用2字节表示
APP0,Application 0应用程序保留标记0,标记代码为固定值0XFFE0,用2字节表示。该标记码之后包含了9个具体的字段:(1)数据长度:2个字节,用来表示(1)–(9)的9个字段的总长度,即不包含标记代码但包含本字段;(2)标示符:5个字节,固定值0X4A6494600,表示了字符串“JFIF0”;(3)版本号:2个字节,一般为0X0102,表示JFIF的版本号为1.2;但也可能为其它数值,从而代表了其它版本号;(4)X,Y方向的密度单位:1个字节,只有三个值可选,0:无单位;1:点数每英寸;2:点数每厘米;(5)X方向像素密度:2个字节,取值范围未知;(6)Y方向像素密度:2个字节,取值范围未知;(7)缩略图水平像素数目:1个字节,取值范围未知;(8)缩略图垂直像素数目:1个字节,取值范围未知;(9)缩略图RGB位图:长度可能是3的倍数,保存了一个24位的RGB位图;如果没有缩略位图(这种情况更常见),则字段(7)(8)的取值均为0;
APPn, Application n应用程序保留标记n(n=1—15),标记代码为2个字节,取值为0XFFE1–0XFFFF;包含了两个字段:(1)数据长度,2个字节,表示(1)(2)两个字段的总长度;即,不包含标记代码,但包含本字段;(2)详细信息:数据长度-2个字节,内容不定;
DQT,Define Quantization Table定义量化表;标记代码为固定值0XFFDB;包含9个具体字段:(1)数据长度:2个字节,表示(1)和多个(2)字段的总长度;即,不包含标记代码,但包含本字段;(2)量化表:数据长度-2个字节,其中包括以下内容:(a)精度及量化表ID,1个字节,高4位表示精度,只有两个可选值,0:8位;1:16位;低4位表示量化表ID,取值范围为0–3;(b)表项,64*(精度取值+1)个字节,例如,8位精度的量化表,其表项长度为64*(0+1)=64字节;本标记段中,(2)可以重复出现,表示多个量化表,但最多只能出现4次
SOFO,Start Of Frame帧图像开始,标记代码为固定值0XFFC0;包含9个具体字段:(1)数据长度:2个字节,(1)–(6)共6个字段的总长度;即,不包含标记代码,但包含本字段;(2)精度:1个字节,代表每个数据样本的位数;通常是8位;(3)图像高度:2个字节,表示以像素为单位的图像高度,如果不支持DNL就必须大于0;(4)图像宽度:2个字节,表示以像素为单位的图像宽度,如果不支持DNL就必须大于0;(5)颜色分量个数:1个字节,由于JPEG采用YCrCb颜色空间,这里恒定为3;(6)颜色分量信息:颜色分量个数*3个字节,这里通常为9个字节;并依此表示如下一些信息:(a)颜色分量ID: 1个字节;(b)水平/垂直采样因子:1个字节,高4位代表水平采样因子,低4位代表垂直采样因子;(c)量化表:1个字节,当前分量使用的量化表ID;本标记段中,字段(6)应该重复出现3次,因为这里有3个颜色分量;
DHT,Define Huffman Table定义Huffman表,标记码为0XFFC4;包含2个字段:(1)数据长度,2个字节,表示(1)–(2)的总长度,即,不包含标记代码,但包含本字段;(2)Huffman表,数据长度-2个字节,包含以下字段:(a)表ID和表类型,1个字节,高4位表示表的类型,取值只有两个;0:DC直流;1:AC交流;低4位,Huffman表ID;需要提醒的是,DC表和AC表分开进行编码;(b)不同位数的码字数量,16个字节;(c)编码内容,16个不同位数的码字数量之和(字节);本标记段中,字段(2)可以重复出现,一般需要重复4次。
DRI,Define Restart Interva定义差分编码累计复位的间隔,标记码为固定值0XFFDD;包含2个具体字段:(1)数据长度:2个字节,取值为固定值0X0004,表示(1)(2)两个字段的总长度;即,不包含标记代码,但包含本字段;(2)MCU块的单元中重新开始间隔:2个字节,如果取值为n,就代表每n个MCU块就有一个RSTn标记;第一个标记是RST0,第二个是RST1,RST7之后再从RST0开始重复;如果没有本标记段,或者间隔值为0,就表示不存在重开始间隔和标记RST;
SOS,Start Of Scan扫描开始;标记码为0XFFDA,包含2个具体字段:(1)数据长度:2个字节,表示(1)–(4)字段的总长度;(2)颜色分量数目:1个字节,只有3个可选值,1:灰度图;3:YCrCb或YIQ;4:CMYK;(3)颜色分量信息:包括以下字段,(a)颜色分量ID:1个字节;(b)直流/交流系数表ID,1个字节,高4位表示直流分量的Huffman表的ID;低4位表示交流分量的Huffman表的ID;(4)压缩图像数据(a)谱选择开始:1个字节,固定值0X00;(b)谱选择结束:1个字节,固定值0X3F;(c)谱选择:1个字节,固定值0X00;本标记段中,(3)应该重复出现,有多少个颜色分量,就重复出现几次;本段结束之后,就是真正的图像信息了;图像信息直到遇到EOI标记就结束了;
EOI,End Of Image图像结束;标记代码为0XFFD9;

在JPEG中0XFF具有标记的意思,所以在压缩数据流(真正的图像信息)中,如果出现了0XFF,就需要做特别处理了。方法是,如果在图像数据流中遇到0XFF,应该检测其紧接着的字符,如果是:

(1)0X00,表示0XFF是图像流的组成部分;需要进行译码;

(2)0XD9,表示与0XFF组成标记EOI,即,代表图像流的结束,同时,图像文件结束;

(3)0XD0–0XD7,组成RSTn标记,需要忽视整个RSTn标记,即不对当前0XFF和紧接着的0XDn两个字节进行译码,并按RST标记的规则调整译码变量;

(4)0XFF,忽略当前0XFF,对后一个0XFF进行判断;

(5)其它数值,忽略当前0XFF,并保留紧接着此数值用于译码;
参考博客:JPEG文件格式介绍

JPEG编码原理分析

编码过程如图所示,解码即为编码的逆过程。
在这里插入图片描述

  • 零偏置(level offset)
    对于灰度级是 2n 的像素,通过减去 2n-1,将无符号的整数值变成有符号数;对于 n=8,即将 0~255 的值域,通过减去 128,转换为值域在-128~127 之间的值。这样做的目的是: 使像素的绝对值出现 3 位 10 进制的概率大大减少。
  • 8x8 DCT 变换
    DCT 变换是指对每个单独的彩色图像分量,把整个分量图像分成 8×8 的图像块,再以
    8x8 的图像块为一个单位进行量化和编码处理。我们可以利用 DCT 变换去相关的特性,去除冗余信息,提高编码效率。
  • 量化
    我们可以通过量化减少数据的编码位数,提高编码效率;因为人眼对亮度信号比对色差
    信号更敏感,因此使用了两种量化表:亮度量化值和色差量化值;根据人眼的视觉特性(对
    低频敏感,对高频不太敏感)对低频分量采取较细的量化,对高频分量采取较粗的量化。
  • DC 系数差分编码
    8×8 图像块经过 DCT 变换之后得到的 DC 直流系数有两个特点:系数的数值比较大和相邻 8×8 图像块的 DC 系数值变化不大:冗余;根据这个特点, JPEG 算法使用了差分脉冲调制编码(DPCM)技术,对相邻图像块之间量化 DC 系数的差值 DIFF 进行编码:DIFFk=DCK−DCK−1DIFFk=DCK−DCK−1,再对 DIFF 进行 Huffman 编码。
  • AC 系数的之字形扫描与游程编码
    由于经 DCT 变换后,系数大多数集中在左上角,即低频分量区,因此采用 Z 字形按频率的高低顺序读出,可以出现很多连零的机会。可以使用游程编码。尤其在最后,如果都是零,给出 EOB (End of Block)即可。zigzag 扫描如下图:在经过之字形扫描排序后的 AC 系数,存在很多连 0。为了进一步提高编码效率,因此对 AC 系数进行游程编码(RLC)处理之后,再进一步进行 Huffman 编码。在这里插入图片描述
  • AC 和 DC 系数分别进行 Huffman 编码
    JPEG 中共采用了四张 Huffman 码表:亮度 DC、亮度 AC、色度 DC、色度 AC,即分别对图像的亮度和色度,直流和交流数据进行编码处理。

二、代码分析调试

三个重要结构体

  • struct huffman_table:用于存储Huffman码表
struct huffman_table
{
  /* Fast look up table, using HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS bits we can have directly the symbol,
   * if the symbol is <0, then we need to look into the tree table */
  short int lookup[HUFFMAN_HASH_SIZE];
  /* code size: give the number of bits of a symbol is encoded */
  unsigned char code_size[HUFFMAN_HASH_SIZE];
  /* some place to store value that is not encoded in the lookup table 
   * FIXME: Calculate if 256 value is enough to store all values
   */
  uint16_t slowtable[16-HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS][256];
};
  • struct jdec_private :用于指示解码过程中的所有信息
struct jdec_private
{
  /* Public variables */
  uint8_t *components[COMPONENTS];
  unsigned int width, height;	/* Size of the image */
  unsigned int flags;

  /* Private variables */
  const unsigned char *stream_begin, *stream_end;
  unsigned int stream_length;

  const unsigned char *stream;	/* Pointer to the current stream */
  unsigned int reservoir, nbits_in_reservoir;

  struct component component_infos[COMPONENTS];
  float Q_tables[COMPONENTS][64];		/* quantization tables */
  struct huffman_table HTDC[HUFFMAN_TABLES];	/* DC huffman tables   */
  struct huffman_table HTAC[HUFFMAN_TABLES];	/* AC huffman tables   */
  int default_huffman_table_initialized;
  int restart_interval;
  int restarts_to_go;				/* MCUs left in this restart interval */
  int last_rst_marker_seen;			/* Rst marker is incremented each time */

  /* Temp space used after the IDCT to store each components */
  uint8_t Y[64*4], Cr[64], Cb[64];

  jmp_buf jump_state;
  /* Internal Pointer use for colorspace conversion, do not modify it !!! */
  uint8_t *plane[COMPONENTS];

};
  • struct component :用于存储当前8*8像块中关于解码的信息
struct component 
{
  unsigned int Hfactor;
  unsigned int Vfactor;
  float *Q_table;		/* Pointer to the quantisation table to use */
  struct huffman_table *AC_table;
  struct huffman_table *DC_table;
  short int previous_DC;	/* Previous DC coefficient */
  short int DCT[64];		/* DCT coef */
#if SANITY_CHECK
  unsigned int cid;
#endif
};

JPEG解码

int convert_one_image(const char *infilename, const char *outfilename, int output_format)
{
  FILE *fp;
  unsigned int length_of_file;
  unsigned int width, height;
  unsigned char *buf;
  struct jdec_private *jdec;
  unsigned char *components[3];

  /* Load the Jpeg into memory */
  fp = fopen(infilename, "rb");
  if (fp == NULL)
    exitmessage("Cannot open filename\n");
  length_of_file = filesize(fp);
  buf = (unsigned char *)malloc(length_of_file + 4);
  if (buf == NULL)
    exitmessage("Not enough memory for loading file\n");
  fread(buf, length_of_file, 1, fp);
  fclose(fp);

  /* Decompress it */
  jdec = tinyjpeg_init();
  if (jdec == NULL)
    exitmessage("Not enough memory to alloc the structure need for decompressing\n");

  if (tinyjpeg_parse_header(jdec, buf, length_of_file)<0)
    exitmessage(tinyjpeg_get_errorstring(jdec));

  /* Get the size of the image */
  tinyjpeg_get_size(jdec, &width, &height);

  snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Decoding JPEG image...\n");
  if (tinyjpeg_decode(jdec, output_format) < 0)
    exitmessage(tinyjpeg_get_errorstring(jdec));

  /* 
   * Get address for each plane (not only max 3 planes is supported), and
   * depending of the output mode, only some components will be filled 
   * RGB: 1 plane, YUV420P: 3 planes, GREY: 1 plane
   */
  tinyjpeg_get_components(jdec, components);

  /* Save it */
  switch (output_format)
   {
    case TINYJPEG_FMT_RGB24:
    case TINYJPEG_FMT_BGR24:
      write_tga(outfilename, output_format, width, height, components);
      break;
    case TINYJPEG_FMT_YUV420P:
      write_yuv(outfilename, width, height, components);
      break;
    case TINYJPEG_FMT_GREY:
      write_pgm(outfilename, width, height, components);
      break;
   }

  /* Only called this if the buffers were allocated by tinyjpeg_decode() */
  tinyjpeg_free(jdec);
  /* else called just free(jdec); */

  free(buf);
  return 0;
}

其中涉及到函数:
tinyjpeg_parse_header:JPEG文件头解析

int tinyjpeg_parse_header(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *buf, unsigned int size)
{
  int ret;

  /* Identify the file */
  if ((buf[0] != 0xFF) || (buf[1] != SOI))
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Not a JPG file ?\n");
    //JPEG文件规定以SOI marker为起始

  priv->stream_begin = buf+2;  //跳过2字节的标识符
  priv->stream_length = size-2;
  priv->stream_end = priv->stream_begin + priv->stream_length;

  ret = parse_JFIF(priv, priv->stream_begin);  // 开始解析

  return ret;
}

parse_JFIF:解析marker标识

static int parse_JFIF(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
  int chuck_len;
  int marker;
  int sos_marker_found = 0;
  int dht_marker_found = 0;
  const unsigned char *next_chunck;

  /* Parse marker */
  while (!sos_marker_found)
   {
     if (*stream++ != 0xff)
       goto bogus_jpeg_format;
     /* Skip any padding ff byte (this is normal) */
     while (*stream == 0xff)
       stream++;

     marker = *stream++;
     chuck_len = be16_to_cpu(stream);
     next_chunck = stream + chuck_len;
     switch (marker)
      {
       case SOF:
	 if (parse_SOF(priv, stream) < 0)
	   return -1;
	 break;
       case DQT:
	 if (parse_DQT(priv, stream) < 0)
	   return -1;
	 break;
       case SOS:
	 if (parse_SOS(priv, stream) < 0)
	   return -1;
	 sos_marker_found = 1;
	 break;
       case DHT:
	 if (parse_DHT(priv, stream) < 0)
	   return -1;
	 dht_marker_found = 1;
	 break;
       case DRI:
	 if (parse_DRI(priv, stream) < 0)
	   return -1;
	 break;
       default:
#if TRACE
	fprintf(p_trace,"> Unknown marker %2.2x\n", marker);
	fflush(p_trace);
#endif
	 break;
      }

     stream = next_chunck;
   }

  if (!dht_marker_found) {
#if TRACE
	  fprintf(p_trace,"No Huffman table loaded, using the default one\n");
	  fflush(p_trace);
#endif
    build_default_huffman_tables(priv);
  }

#ifdef SANITY_CHECK
  if (   (priv->component_infos[cY].Hfactor < priv->component_infos[cCb].Hfactor)
      || (priv->component_infos[cY].Hfactor < priv->component_infos[cCr].Hfactor))
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Horizontal sampling factor for Y should be greater than horitontal sampling factor for Cb or Cr\n");
  if (   (priv->component_infos[cY].Vfactor < priv->component_infos[cCb].Vfactor)
      || (priv->component_infos[cY].Vfactor < priv->component_infos[cCr].Vfactor))
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Vertical sampling factor for Y should be greater than vertical sampling factor for Cb or Cr\n");
  if (   (priv->component_infos[cCb].Hfactor!=1) 
      || (priv->component_infos[cCr].Hfactor!=1)
      || (priv->component_infos[cCb].Vfactor!=1)
      || (priv->component_infos[cCr].Vfactor!=1))
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Sampling other than 1x1 for Cr and Cb is not supported");
#endif

  return 0;
bogus_jpeg_format:
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"Bogus jpeg format\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  return -1;
}

parse_DQT:解析量化表

static int parse_DQT(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
  int qi;
  float *table;
  const unsigned char *dqt_block_end;
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"> DQT marker\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  dqt_block_end = stream + be16_to_cpu(stream);
  stream += 2;	/* Skip length */

  while (stream < dqt_block_end)
   {
     qi = *stream++;
#if SANITY_CHECK
     if (qi>>4)
       snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"16 bits quantization table is not supported\n");
     if (qi>4)
       snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"No more 4 quantization table is supported (got %d)\n", qi);
#endif
     table = priv->Q_tables[qi];
     build_quantization_table(table, stream);
     stream += 64;
   }
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"< DQT marker\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  return 0;
}

build_quantization_table:建立量化表

static void build_quantization_table(float *qtable, const unsigned char *ref_table)
{
  /* Taken from libjpeg. Copyright Independent JPEG Group's LLM idct.
   * For float AA&N IDCT method, divisors are equal to quantization
   * coefficients scaled by scalefactor[row]*scalefactor[col], where
   *   scalefactor[0] = 1
   *   scalefactor[k] = cos(k*PI/16) * sqrt(2)    for k=1..7
   * We apply a further scale factor of 8.
   * What's actually stored is 1/divisor so that the inner loop can
   * use a multiplication rather than a division.
   */
  int i, j;
  static const double aanscalefactor[8] = {
     1.0, 1.387039845, 1.306562965, 1.175875602,
     1.0, 0.785694958, 0.541196100, 0.275899379
  };
  const unsigned char *zz = zigzag;
  const unsigned char *zz2 = zigzag;
  for (i=0; i<8; i++) {
     for (j=0; j<8; j++) {
       *qtable++ = ref_table[*zz++] * aanscalefactor[i] * aanscalefactor[j];
     }
   }

 #if TRACE
  for (i=0; i<8; i++)
  {
   for (j=0; j<8; j++)
   {
    fprintf(p_trace,"%-6d",ref_table[*zz2++]);
   }
   fprintf(p_trace,"\n");
  }
#endif
}

parse_DHT:解析Huffman码表

static int parse_DHT(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
  unsigned int count, i;
  unsigned char huff_bits[17];
  int length, index;

  length = be16_to_cpu(stream) - 2;
  stream += 2;	/* Skip length */
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"> DHT marker (length=%d)\n", length);
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif

  while (length>0) {
     index = *stream++;

     /* We need to calculate the number of bytes 'vals' will takes */
     huff_bits[0] = 0;
     count = 0;
     for (i=1; i<17; i++) {
	huff_bits[i] = *stream++;
	count += huff_bits[i];
     }
#if SANITY_CHECK
     if (count >= HUFFMAN_BITS_SIZE)
       snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"No more than %d bytes is allowed to describe a huffman table", HUFFMAN_BITS_SIZE);
     if ( (index &0xf) >= HUFFMAN_TABLES)
       snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"No more than %d Huffman tables is supported (got %d)\n", HUFFMAN_TABLES, index&0xf);
#if TRACE
     fprintf(p_trace,"Huffman table %s[%d] length=%d\n", (index&0xf0)?"AC":"DC", index&0xf, count);
	 fflush(p_trace);
#endif
#endif

     if (index & 0xf0 )
       build_huffman_table(huff_bits, stream, &priv->HTAC[index&0xf]);
     else
       build_huffman_table(huff_bits, stream, &priv->HTDC[index&0xf]);

     length -= 1;
     length -= 16;
     length -= count;
     stream += count;
  }
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"< DHT marker\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  return 0;
}

build_huffman_table:建立Huffman码表

static void build_huffman_table(const unsigned char *bits, const unsigned char *vals, struct huffman_table *table)
{
  unsigned int i, j, code, code_size, val, nbits;
  unsigned char huffsize[HUFFMAN_BITS_SIZE+1], *hz;  //码字长度
  unsigned int huffcode[HUFFMAN_BITS_SIZE+1], *hc;  //码字
  int next_free_entry;

  /*
 * Build a temp array 
 *   huffsize[X] => numbers of bits to write vals[X]
   */
  hz = huffsize;  //初始化
  for (i=1; i<=16; i++)
   {
     for (j=1; j<=bits[i]; j++)
       *hz++ = i;
   }
  *hz = 0;

  memset(table->lookup, 0xff, sizeof(table->lookup));
  for (i=0; i<(16-HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS); i++)
    table->slowtable[i][0] = 0;

  /* Build a temp array
 *   huffcode[X] => code used to write vals[X]
   */
  code = 0;
  hc = huffcode;
  hz = huffsize;
  nbits = *hz;
  while (*hz)
   {
     while (*hz == nbits)
      {
	*hc++ = code++;
	hz++;
      }
     code <<= 1;
     nbits++;
   }

  /*
 * Build the lookup table, and the slowtable if needed.
   */
  next_free_entry = -1;
  for (i=0; huffsize[i]; i++)
   {
     val = vals[i];
     code = huffcode[i];
     code_size = huffsize[i];
	#if TRACE
     fprintf(p_trace,"val=%2.2x code=%8.8x codesize=%2.2d\n", val, code, code_size);
	 fflush(p_trace);
    #endif
     table->code_size[val] = code_size;
     if (code_size <= HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS)
      {
	/*
	 * Good: val can be put in the lookup table, so fill all value of this
	 * column with value val 
	 */
	int repeat = 1UL<<(HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS - code_size);
	code <<= HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS - code_size;
	while ( repeat-- )
	  table->lookup[code++] = val;

      }
     else
      {
	/* Perhaps sorting the array will be an optimization */
	uint16_t *slowtable = table->slowtable[code_size-HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS-1];
	while(slowtable[0])
	  slowtable+=2;
	slowtable[0] = code;
	slowtable[1] = val;
	slowtable[2] = 0;
	/* TODO: NEED TO CHECK FOR AN OVERFLOW OF THE TABLE */
      }

   }
}

parse_SOS:解析SOS

static int parse_SOS(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
  unsigned int i, cid, table;
  unsigned int nr_components = stream[2];  //颜色分量数
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"> SOS marker\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif

#if SANITY_CHECK
  if (nr_components != 3)  
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"We only support YCbCr image\n");
#endif

  stream += 3;  //解析使用的Huffman码表号
  for (i=0;i<nr_components;i++) {
     cid = *stream++;
     table = *stream++;
#if SANITY_CHECK
     if ((table&0xf)>=4)
	snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"We do not support more than 2 AC Huffman table\n");
     if ((table>>4)>=4)
	snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"We do not support more than 2 DC Huffman table\n");
     if (cid != priv->component_infos[i].cid)
        snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"SOS cid order (%d:%d) isn't compatible with the SOF marker (%d:%d)\n",
	      i, cid, i, priv->component_infos[i].cid);
#if TRACE
     fprintf(p_trace,"ComponentId:%d  tableAC:%d tableDC:%d\n", cid, table&0xf, table>>4);
	 fflush(p_trace);
#endif
#endif
     priv->component_infos[i].AC_table = &priv->HTAC[table&0xf];
     priv->component_infos[i].DC_table = &priv->HTDC[table>>4];
  }
  priv->stream = stream+3;
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"< SOS marker\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  return 0;
}

parse_SOF:解析SOF

static int parse_SOF(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
  int i, width, height, nr_components, cid, sampling_factor;
  int Q_table;
  struct component *c;
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"> SOF marker\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  print_SOF(stream);

  height = be16_to_cpu(stream+3);  //图像高度
  width  = be16_to_cpu(stream+5);  /图像宽度/
  nr_components = stream[7];   //颜色分量数
#if SANITY_CHECK
  if (stream[2] != 8)
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Precision other than 8 is not supported\n");
  if (width>JPEG_MAX_WIDTH || height>JPEG_MAX_HEIGHT)
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Width and Height (%dx%d) seems suspicious\n", width, height);
  if (nr_components != 3)
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"We only support YUV images\n");
  if (height%16)
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Height need to be a multiple of 16 (current height is %d)\n", height);
  if (width%16)
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Width need to be a multiple of 16 (current Width is %d)\n", width);
#endif
  stream += 8;   //依次解析各分量
  for (i=0; i<nr_components; i++) {
     cid = *stream++;   //获得分量id
     sampling_factor = *stream++;    //采样因子
     Q_table = *stream++;
     c = &priv->component_infos[i];
#if SANITY_CHECK
     c->cid = cid;
     if (Q_table >= COMPONENTS)
       snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Bad Quantization table index (got %d, max allowed %d)\n", Q_table, COMPONENTS-1);
#endif
     c->Vfactor = sampling_factor&0xf;   //垂直
     c->Hfactor = sampling_factor>>4;   //水平
     c->Q_table = priv->Q_tables[Q_table];   //量化表
#if TRACE
     fprintf(p_trace,"Component:%d  factor:%dx%d  Quantization table:%d\n",
           cid, c->Hfactor, c->Hfactor, Q_table );
	 fflush(p_trace);
#endif

  }
  priv->width = width;
  priv->height = height;
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"< SOF marker\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif

  return 0;
}

tinyjpeg_decode:解析实际图像数据

int tinyjpeg_decode(struct jdec_private *priv, int pixfmt)
{
  unsigned int x, y, xstride_by_mcu, ystride_by_mcu;
  unsigned int bytes_per_blocklines[3], bytes_per_mcu[3];
  decode_MCU_fct decode_MCU;
  const decode_MCU_fct *decode_mcu_table;
  const convert_colorspace_fct *colorspace_array_conv;
  convert_colorspace_fct convert_to_pixfmt;

  if (setjmp(priv->jump_state))
    return -1;

  /* To keep gcc happy initialize some array */
  bytes_per_mcu[1] = 0;
  bytes_per_mcu[2] = 0;
  bytes_per_blocklines[1] = 0;
  bytes_per_blocklines[2] = 0;

  decode_mcu_table = decode_mcu_3comp_table;
  //根据输出格式计算MCU
  switch (pixfmt) {
     case TINYJPEG_FMT_YUV420P:
       colorspace_array_conv = convert_colorspace_yuv420p;
       if (priv->components[0] == NULL)
	 priv->components[0] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height);
       if (priv->components[1] == NULL)
	 priv->components[1] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height/4);
       if (priv->components[2] == NULL)
	 priv->components[2] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height/4);
       bytes_per_blocklines[0] = priv->width;
       bytes_per_blocklines[1] = priv->width/4;
       bytes_per_blocklines[2] = priv->width/4;
       bytes_per_mcu[0] = 8;
       bytes_per_mcu[1] = 4;
       bytes_per_mcu[2] = 4;
       break;

     case TINYJPEG_FMT_RGB24:
       colorspace_array_conv = convert_colorspace_rgb24;
       if (priv->components[0] == NULL)
	 priv->components[0] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height * 3);
       bytes_per_blocklines[0] = priv->width * 3;
       bytes_per_mcu[0] = 3*8;
       break;

     case TINYJPEG_FMT_BGR24:
       colorspace_array_conv = convert_colorspace_bgr24;
       if (priv->components[0] == NULL)
	 priv->components[0] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height * 3);
       bytes_per_blocklines[0] = priv->width * 3;
       bytes_per_mcu[0] = 3*8;
       break;

     case TINYJPEG_FMT_GREY:
       decode_mcu_table = decode_mcu_1comp_table;
       colorspace_array_conv = convert_colorspace_grey;
       if (priv->components[0] == NULL)
	 priv->components[0] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height);
       bytes_per_blocklines[0] = priv->width;
       bytes_per_mcu[0] = 8;
       break;

     default:
#if TRACE
		 fprintf(p_trace,"Bad pixel format\n");
		 fflush(p_trace);
#endif
       return -1;
  }

  xstride_by_mcu = ystride_by_mcu = 8;  //初始化-MCU的宽和高都为8
  if ((priv->component_infos[cY].Hfactor | priv->component_infos[cY].Vfactor) == 1) {
     decode_MCU = decode_mcu_table[0];
     convert_to_pixfmt = colorspace_array_conv[0]; //水平和垂直采样因子均为1,则MCU含有1个Y
#if TRACE
     fprintf(p_trace,"Use decode 1x1 sampling\n");
	 fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  } else if (priv->component_infos[cY].Hfactor == 1) {
     decode_MCU = decode_mcu_table[1];
     convert_to_pixfmt = colorspace_array_conv[1];
     ystride_by_mcu = 16; //水平采样因子为1,垂直采样因子为2,则MCU含有2个Y-高16px,宽8px
#if TRACE
     fprintf(p_trace,"Use decode 1x2 sampling (not supported)\n");
	 fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  } else if (priv->component_infos[cY].Vfactor == 2) {
     decode_MCU = decode_mcu_table[3];
     convert_to_pixfmt = colorspace_array_conv[3];
     xstride_by_mcu = 16;
     ystride_by_mcu = 16; //水平和垂直采样因子均为2,则MCU含有4个Y-高16px,宽16px
#if TRACE 
	 fprintf(p_trace,"Use decode 2x2 sampling\n");
	 fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  } else {
     decode_MCU = decode_mcu_table[2];
     convert_to_pixfmt = colorspace_array_conv[2];
     xstride_by_mcu = 16; //水平采样因子为2,垂直采样因子为1,则MCU含有2个Y-高8px,宽16px
#if TRACE
     fprintf(p_trace,"Use decode 2x1 sampling\n");
	 fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  }

  resync(priv);

  /* Don't forget to that block can be either 8 or 16 lines */
  bytes_per_blocklines[0] *= ystride_by_mcu;
  bytes_per_blocklines[1] *= ystride_by_mcu;
  bytes_per_blocklines[2] *= ystride_by_mcu;

  bytes_per_mcu[0] *= xstride_by_mcu/8;
  bytes_per_mcu[1] *= xstride_by_mcu/8;
  bytes_per_mcu[2] *= xstride_by_mcu/8;

  /* Just the decode the image by macroblock (size is 8x8, 8x16, or 16x16) */
  for (y=0; y < priv->height/ystride_by_mcu; y++)
   {
     //trace("Decoding row %d\n", y);
     priv->plane[0] = priv->components[0] + (y * bytes_per_blocklines[0]);
     priv->plane[1] = priv->components[1] + (y * bytes_per_blocklines[1]);
     priv->plane[2] = priv->components[2] + (y * bytes_per_blocklines[2]);
     for (x=0; x < priv->width; x+=xstride_by_mcu)
      {
	decode_MCU(priv);
	convert_to_pixfmt(priv);
	priv->plane[0] += bytes_per_mcu[0];
	priv->plane[1] += bytes_per_mcu[1];
	priv->plane[2] += bytes_per_mcu[2];
	if (priv->restarts_to_go>0)
	 {
	   priv->restarts_to_go--;
	   if (priv->restarts_to_go == 0)
	    {
	      priv->stream -= (priv->nbits_in_reservoir/8);
	      resync(priv);
	      if (find_next_rst_marker(priv) < 0)
		return -1;
	    }
	 }
      }
   }
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"Input file size: %d\n", priv->stream_length+2);
  fprintf(p_trace,"Input bytes actually read: %d\n", priv->stream - priv->stream_begin + 2);
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif

  return 0;
}

运行结果

以老师给的test.jpg为输入,得到输出output.U output.V output.Y和trace_jpeg,打开trace_jpeg内容如下:
在这里插入图片描述

  • 修改代码,将输出文件保存为可以用YUV Viewer查看的YUV文件。在write_yuv部分增加代码如下:
  snprintf(temp, 1024, "%s.YUV", filename);
  F = fopen(temp, "wb");
  fwrite(components[0], width, height, F);
  fwrite(components[1], width*height/4, 1, F);
  fwrite(components[2], width*height/4, 1, F);

再次运行,得到新输出文件output.yuv,用yuv查看器打开显示如图在这里插入图片描述

  • 修改代码,输出含有所有的量化矩阵的TXT文件。在build_quantization_table部分添加代码如下:
  for (i=0; i<8; i++) 
  {
     for (j=0; j<8; j++)
	 {
       *qtable++ = ref_table[*zz++] * aanscalefactor[i] * aanscalefactor[j];
	   //增加代码如下
	   #if TRACE
		  *zz--;
		  fprintf(p_trace,"%-6d",ref_table[*zz++]);
		  if (j == 7)
		  {
			  fprintf(p_trace, "\n");
		  }
	   #endif
	 }
}

输出的trace_jpeg更新:
在这里插入图片描述

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