week7 day3 记录相关操作之单表查询

1.1 单表查询的用法

select 字段1,字段2,字段3...
from 表名
where 条件
group by field
having 筛选
order by field
limit 限制条数

1.2 关键字的执行优先级(重点)

重点中的重点:关键字的执行优先级
from
where
group by
having
select
distinct
order by
limit

  1. 找到表from
  2. 拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录
  3. 将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体为一组
  4. 将分组结果进行having过滤
  5. 执行select
  6. 去重
  7. 将结果按照条件排序order by
  8. 限制结果的显示条数

1.3 简单查询

# 准备表和记录
company.employee
    员工id      id                  int             
    姓名        emp_name            varchar
    性别        sex                 enum
    年龄        age                 int
    入职日期     hire_date           date
    岗位        post                varchar
    职位描述     post_comment        varchar
    薪水        salary              double
    办公室       office              int
    部门编号     depart_id           int



#创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
);


#查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field        | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id           | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name         | varchar(20)           | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sex          | enum('male','female') | NO   |     | male    |                |
| age          | int(3) unsigned       | NO   |     | 28      |                |
| hire_date    | date                  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| post         | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| post_comment | varchar(100)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| salary       | double(15,2)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| office       | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| depart_id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

#插入记录
#三个部门:教学,销售,运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;

#ps:如果在windows系统中,插入中文字符,select的结果为空白,可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk

准备表和记录
# 简单查询
select * from employee;
select name,salary from employee;

# 避免重复
select distinct post from employee;

# 通过四则运算查询
select name,salary*12 from employee;
select name,salary*12 as Annual_salary from employee;
select name,salary*12 Annual_salary from employee;

# 定义显示格式
concat() 函数用于连接字符串
select concat('姓名:',name,'年薪:',salary*12) as Annul_salary
from employee;

concat_ws() 第一个参数为分隔符
select concat_ws(':',name,salary*12) as Annual_salary
from employee;

结合case语句
select(
	case
	when name = 'egon' then
		name
	when name = 'alex' then
		concat(name,'_BIGsb')
	else
		concat(NAME,'SB')
	end)
	as new_name
from employee;

小练习:

  1. 查出所有员工的名字,薪资,格式为
    <名字:egon> <薪资:3000>
  2. 查出所有的岗位(去掉重复)
  3. 查出所有员工名字,以及他们的年薪,年薪的字段名为annual_year
select concat('<名字:',name,'>    ','<薪资:',salary,'>') from employee;
select distinct depart_id from employee;
select name,salary*12 annual_salary from employee;

1.4 WHERE约束

where字句中可以使用:

  1. 比较运算符:> < = <= >= <> !=
  2. between 80 and 100/值在10到20之间
  3. in(80,90,100)/值是10或20或30
  4. like ‘egon%’,
    pattern可以实%或_,
    %表示任意多字符
    _表示一个字符
  5. 逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可与使用逻辑运算符 and or not
# 1 单条件查询
select name from employee
where post='sale';

# 2 多条件查询
select name,salary
from employee
where post='teacher' and salary>1000;

# 3 关键字between and
select name,salary from employee
where salary between 1000 and 20000;

select name,salary from employee
where salary not between 1000 and 20000;

# 4 关键字is null(判断某个字段是否为null不能用等号,需要用is)
select name,post_comment from employee
where post_comment is null;

select name,post_comment from employee
where post_comment is not null;

select name,post_comment from employee
where post_comment='';  注意''是空字符串而不是null

ps:执行
	update employee set post_comment='' where id =2;
	再用上条查看,就知道结果了

# 5 关键字in集合查询
select name,salary from employee
where salary=3000 or salary=4000 or salary=5000;

select name,salary from employee
where salary in (3000,4000,5000);

select name,salary from employee
where salary not in (3000,4000,5000);

# 6 关键字like模糊查询
	通配符 %
	select name ,salary from employee
	where name like 'eg%';
	
	通配符 _
	select name,salary from employee
	where name like 'eg_';

小练习:

  1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄
  2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄
  3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
  4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
  5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
  6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
  7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪
select name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';
select name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30; 
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%';

1.5 分组查询GROUP BY

  1. 什么是分组?为什么要分组?
    一. 首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的。
    二. 分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等。
    三. 为何要分组呢?取每个部门最高工资 / 取每个部门的员工数 / 取男人和女人数
    小窍门:需求中的 “每”、“平均”、“最高”、“最低” 后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据
    四. 大前提:可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助聚合函数,但使用聚合函数只能查看数字类型字段。想查看字符串类型字段用group_concat(xxx)

  2. ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY(修改一下配置)

    #查看MySQL 5.7默认的sql_mode如下:
    mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
    ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
    
    #!!!注意
    ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY的语义就是确定select target list中的所有列的值都是明确语义,简单的说来,在ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式下,target list中的值要么是来自于聚集函数的结果,要么是来自于group by list中的表达式的值。
    
    
    #设置sql_mole如下操作(我们可以去掉ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式):
    mysql> set global sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION';
    
    !!!SQL_MODE设置!!!
    
    mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
    +-------------------+
    | @@global.sql_mode |
    +-------------------+
    |                   |
    +-------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from emp group by post; 
    +----+------+--------+-----+------------+----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name | sex    | age | hire_date  | post                       | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
    +----+------+--------+-----+------------+----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
    | 14 | 张野 | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation                  | NULL         |   10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
    |  9 | 歪歪 | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale                       | NULL         |    3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
    |  2 | alex | male   |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                    | NULL         | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
    |  1 | egon | male   |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
    +----+------+--------+-----+------------+----------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    
    #由于没有设置ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,于是也可以有结果,默认都是组内的第一条记录,但其实这是没有意义的
    
    mysql> set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> quit #设置成功后,一定要退出,然后重新登录方可生效
    Bye
    
    mysql> use db1;
    Database changed
    mysql> select * from emp group by post; #报错
    ERROR 1055 (42000): 'db1.emp.id' isn't in GROUP BY
    mysql> select post,count(id) from emp group by post; #只能查看分组依据和使用聚合函数
    +----------------------------+-----------+
    | post                       | count(id) |
    +----------------------------+-----------+
    | operation                  |         5 |
    | sale                       |         5 |
    | teacher                    |         7 |
    | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使      |         1 |
    +----------------------------+-----------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
  3. GROUP BY

    单独使用group by关键字分组
    	select post from employee group by post;
    	注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获得组内的其他相关值信息,需要借助函数
    
    group by 关键字和group_concat() 函数一起使用
    	select post,group_concat(name) from enployee group by post; # 按照岗位分组
    	select post,group_concat(name) as emp_menbers from employee group by post;
    
    group by与聚合函数一起使用
    	select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post; # 按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人
    

    强调:
    如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据,则每一条记录自成一组,这种分组没有意义
    多条记录之间的某个字段值相同,该字段通常用来作为分组的依据

  4. 聚合函数

    # 强调:聚合函数聚合的是组内的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组
    select count(*) from employee;
    select count(*) from employee where depart_id=1;
    select max(salary) from employee;
    select min(salary) from employee;
    select avg(salary) from employee;
    select sum(salary) from employee;
    
  5. 小练习

    1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
    2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数
    3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数
    4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资
    5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资
    6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资
    7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资,女员工与女员工的平均薪资
#题1:分组
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| post                                    | group_concat(name)                                      |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| operation                               | 张野,程咬金,程咬银,程咬铜,程咬铁                        |
| sale                                    | 歪歪,丫丫,丁丁,星星,格格                                |
| teacher                                 | alex,wupeiqi,yuanhao,liwenzhou,jingliyang,jinxin,成龙   |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | egon                                                    |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+


#题目2:
mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| post                                    | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| operation                               |         5 |
| sale                                    |         5 |
| teacher                                 |         7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |         1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+


#题目3:
mysql> select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex;
+--------+-----------+
| sex    | count(id) |
+--------+-----------+
| male   |        10 |
| female |         8 |
+--------+-----------+

#题目4:
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| post                                    | avg(salary)   |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| operation                               |  16800.026000 |
| sale                                    |   2600.294000 |
| teacher                                 | 151842.901429 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |   7300.330000 |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+

#题目5
mysql> select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post                                    | max(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation                               |    20000.00 |
| sale                                    |     4000.33 |
| teacher                                 |  1000000.31 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |     7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+

#题目6
mysql> select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post                                    | min(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation                               |    10000.13 |
| sale                                    |     1000.37 |
| teacher                                 |     2100.00 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使                   |     7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+

#题目七
mysql> select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
+--------+---------------+
| sex    | avg(salary)   |
+--------+---------------+
| male   | 110920.077000 |
| female |   7250.183750 |
+--------+---------------+

1.6 HAVING过滤

HAVINGWHERE不一样的地方在于
执行顺序从高到低:where > group by > having

  1. where发生在分组group by之前,因而where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
  2. having发生在group by分组之后,因而having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
# 验证
mysql> select @@sql_mode;
+--------------------+
| @@sql_mode         |
+--------------------+
| ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp where salary > 100000;
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex  | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
|  2 | alex | male |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | NULL         | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp having salary > 100000;
ERROR 1463 (42000): Non-grouping field 'salary' is used in HAVING clause

mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post having salary > 10000;#错误,分组后无法直接取到salary字段
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'salary' in 'having clause'
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| post | group_concat(name) |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| operation | 程咬铁,程咬铜,程咬银,程咬金,张野 |
| teacher | 成龙,jinxin,jingliyang,liwenzhou,yuanhao,wupeiqi,alex |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

验证

小练习:

  1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
  2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
  3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
#题1:
mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2;
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| post                                    | group_concat(name) | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使                  | egon               |         1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+

#题目2:
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
+-----------+---------------+
| post      | avg(salary)   |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation |  16800.026000 |
| teacher   | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+

#题目3:
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;
+-----------+--------------+
| post      | avg(salary)  |
+-----------+--------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
+-----------+--------------+

1.7 查询排序ORDER BY

按单列排序
select * from employee order by salary; 不写默认是升序
select * from employee order by salary ASC;
select * from employee order by salary DESC;

按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序
select * from employee
order by age,salary DESC; # 年龄升序,薪资降序

小练习:

  1. 查询所有员工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
  2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
  3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列
#题目1
mysql> select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc;

#题目2
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;
+-----------+---------------+
| post      | avg(salary)   |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation |  16800.026000 |
| teacher   | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+

#题目3
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;
+-----------+---------------+
| post      | avg(salary)   |
+-----------+---------------+
| teacher   | 151842.901429 |
| operation |  16800.026000 |
+-----------+---------------+

1.8 限制查询的记录数LIMIT

示例:
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
        LIMIT 3;                    #默认初始位置为0 
    
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

小练习:

  1. 分页显示,每页五条
mysql> select * from  employee limit 0,5;
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | sex  | age | hire_date  | post                                    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | egon      | male |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
|  2 | alex      | male |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                                 |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
|  3 | wupeiqi   | male |  81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    8300.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  4 | yuanhao   | male |  73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    3500.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  5 | liwenzhou | male |  28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    2100.00 |    401 |         1 |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from  employee limit 5,5;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name       | sex    | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
|  6 | jingliyang | female |  18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL         |  9000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  7 | jinxin     | male   |  18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL         | 30000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  8 | 成龙       | male   |  48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL         | 10000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  9 | 歪歪       | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale    | NULL         |  3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
| 10 | 丫丫       | female |  38 | 2010-11-01 | sale    | NULL         |  2000.35 |    402 |         2 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from  employee limit 10,5;
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | sex    | age | hire_date  | post      | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| 11 | 丁丁      | female |  18 | 2011-03-12 | sale      | NULL         |  1000.37 |    402 |         2 |
| 12 | 星星      | female |  18 | 2016-05-13 | sale      | NULL         |  3000.29 |    402 |         2 |
| 13 | 格格      | female |  28 | 2017-01-27 | sale      | NULL         |  4000.33 |    402 |         2 |
| 14 | 张野      | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL         | 10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
| 15 | 程咬金    | male   |  18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL         | 20000.00 |    403 |         3 |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.9 使用正则表达式查询

select * from employee where name regexp '^ale'; ^:以xxx开头
select * from employee where name regexp 'on$'; $:以xxx结尾
select * from employee where name regexp 'm{2}';

小结:对字符串匹配的方式
where name = 'egon';
where name like 'egon%'/'_egon';
where name regexp 'on$';

小练习:

  1. 查看所有员工中名字是jin开头,n或者g结果的员工信息
select * from employee where name regexp '^jin.*[gn]$';
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