重载，一个矢量类

Vector

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
namespace VECTOR
{
    class Vector
    {
    public:
        enum Mode { RECT, POL };
        // RECT for rectangular, POL for Polar modes
    private:
        double x;      // horizontal value
        double y;      // vertical value
        double mag;    // length of vector
        double ang;    // direction of vector in degrees
        Mode mode;     // RECT or POL
    // private methods for setting values
        void set_mag();
        void set_ang();
        void set_x();
        void set_y();
    public:
        Vector();
        Vector(double n1, double n2, Mode form = RECT);
        void reset(double n1, double n2, Mode form = RECT);
        ~Vector();
        double xval() const { return x; }      // report x value
        double yval() const { return y; }      // report y value
        double magval() const { return mag; } // report magnitude
        double angval() const { return ang; } // report angle
        void polar_mode();                      // set mode to POL
        void rect_mode();                       // set mode to RECT
   // operator overloading
        Vector operator+(const Vector& b) const;
        Vector operator-(const Vector& b) const;
        Vector operator-() const;
        Vector operator*(double n) const;
        // friends
        friend Vector operator*(double n, const Vector& a);
        friend std::ostream&
            operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Vector& v);
    };
using std::sqrt;
using std::sin;
using std::cos;
using std::atan;
using std::atan2;
using std::cout;

namespace VECTOR
{
    // compute degrees in one radian
    const double Rad_to_deg = 45.0 / atan(1.0);
    // should be about 57.2957795130823

    // private methods
    // calculates magnitude from x and y
    void Vector::set_mag()
    {
        mag = sqrt(x * x + y * y);
    }

    void Vector::set_ang()
    {
        if (x == 0.0 && y == 0.0)
            ang = 0.0;
        else
            ang = atan2(y, x);
    }

    // set x from polar coordinate
    void Vector::set_x()
    {
        x = mag * cos(ang);
    }

    // set y from polar coordinate
    void Vector::set_y()
    {

        y = mag * sin(ang);
    }
// public methods
Vector::Vector() // default constructor
{
    x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;
    mode = RECT;
}

// construct vector from rectangular coordinates if form is r
// (the default) or else from polar coordinates if form is p
Vector::Vector(double n1, double n2, Mode form)
{
    mode = form;
    if (form == RECT)
     {
        x = n1;
        y = n2;
        set_mag();
        set_ang();
    }
    else if (form == POL)
    {
        mag = n1;
        ang = n2 / Rad_to_deg;
        set_x();
        set_y();
    }
    else
    {
        cout << "Incorrect 3rd argument to Vector() -- ";
        cout << "vector set to 0\n";
        x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;
        mode = RECT;
    }
}

// reset vector from rectangular coordinates if form is
// RECT (the default) or else from polar coordinates if
// form is POL
void Vector:: reset(double n1, double n2, Mode form)
{
    mode = form;
    if (form == RECT)
     {
        x = n1;
        y = n2;
        set_mag();
        set_ang();
    }
    else if (form == POL)
    {
        mag = n1;
        ang = n2 / Rad_to_deg;
        set_x();
        set_y();
    }
    else
    {
        cout << "Incorrect 3rd argument to Vector() -- ";
        cout << "vector set to 0\n";
        x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;
        mode = RECT;
    }
}

Vector::~Vector() // destructor
{
}

void Vector::polar_mode() // set to polar mode
{
    mode = POL;
}

void Vector::rect_mode() // set to rectangular mode
{
    mode = RECT;
}

// operator overloading
// add two Vectors
Vector Vector::operator+(const Vector & b) const
{
    return Vector(x + b.x, y + b.y);
}

// subtract Vector b from a
Vector Vector::operator-(const Vector & b) const
{
    return Vector(x - b.x, y - b.y);
}

// reverse sign of Vector
    Vector Vector::operator-() const
    {
        return Vector(-x, -y);
    }

    // multiply vector by n
    Vector Vector::operator*(double n) const
    {
        return Vector(n * x, n * y);
    }

    // friend methods
    // multiply n by Vector a
    Vector operator*(double n, const Vector & a)
    {
        return a * n;
    }

    // display rectangular coordinates if mode is RECT,
    // else display polar coordinates if mode is POL
    std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Vector & v)
    {
        if (v.mode == Vector::RECT)
            os << "(x,y) = (" << v.x << ", " << v.y << ")";
        else if (v.mode == Vector::POL)
        {
            os << "(m,a) = (" << v.mag << ", "
                << v.ang * Rad_to_deg << ")";
        }
        else
            os << "Vector object mode is invalid";
        return os;
    }

} 
using std::sqrt;
using std::sin;
using std::cos;
using std::atan;
using std::atan2;
using std::cout;

namespace VECTOR
{
    // compute degrees in one radian
    const double Rad_to_deg = 45.0 / atan(1.0);
    // should be about 57.2957795130823

    // private methods
    // calculates magnitude from x and y
    void Vector::set_mag()
    {
        mag = sqrt(x * x + y * y);
    }

    void Vector::set_ang()
    {
        if (x == 0.0 && y == 0.0)
            ang = 0.0;
        else
            ang = atan2(y, x);
    }

    // set x from polar coordinate
    void Vector::set_x()
    {
        x = mag * cos(ang);
    }

    // set y from polar coordinate
    void Vector::set_y()
    {

        y = mag * sin(ang);
    }
    // public methods
    Vector::Vector() // default constructor
    {
        x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;
        mode = RECT;
    }

    // construct vector from rectangular coordinates if form is r
    // (the default) or else from polar coordinates if form is p
    Vector::Vector(double n1, double n2, Mode form)
    {
        mode = form;
        if (form == RECT)
        {
            x = n1;
            y = n2;
            set_mag();
            set_ang();
        }
        else if (form == POL)
        {
            mag = n1;
            ang = n2 / Rad_to_deg;
            set_x();
            set_y();
        }
        else
        {
            cout << "Incorrect 3rd argument to Vector() -- ";
            cout << "vector set to 0\n";
            x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;
            mode = RECT;
        }
    }

    // reset vector from rectangular coordinates if form is
    // RECT (the default) or else from polar coordinates if
    // form is POL
    void Vector::reset(double n1, double n2, Mode form)
    {
        mode = form;
        if (form == RECT)
        {
            x = n1;
            y = n2;
            set_mag();
            set_ang();
        }
        else if (form == POL)
        {
            mag = n1;
            ang = n2 / Rad_to_deg;
            set_x();
            set_y();
        }
        else
        {
            cout << "Incorrect 3rd argument to Vector() -- ";
            cout << "vector set to 0\n";
            x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;
            mode = RECT;
        }
    }

    Vector::~Vector() // destructor
    {
    }

    void Vector::polar_mode() // set to polar mode
    {
        mode = POL;
    }

    void Vector::rect_mode() // set to rectangular mode
    {
        mode = RECT;
    }

    // operator overloading
    // add two Vectors
    Vector Vector::operator+(const Vector& b) const
    {
        return Vector(x + b.x, y + b.y);
    }

    // subtract Vector b from a
    Vector Vector::operator-(const Vector& b) const
    {
        return Vector(x - b.x, y - b.y);
    }

    // reverse sign of Vector
    Vector Vector::operator-() const
    {
        return Vector(-x, -y);
    }

    // multiply vector by n
    Vector Vector::operator*(double n) const
    {
        return Vector(n * x, n * y);
    }

    // friend methods
    // multiply n by Vector a
    Vector operator*(double n, const Vector& a)
    {
        return a * n;
    }

    // display rectangular coordinates if mode is RECT,
    // else display polar coordinates if mode is POL
    std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Vector& v)
    {
        if (v.mode == Vector::RECT)
            os << "(x,y) = (" << v.x << ", " << v.y << ")";
        else if (v.mode == Vector::POL)
        {
            os << "(m,a) = (" << v.mag << ", "
                << v.ang * Rad_to_deg << ")";
        }
        else
            os << "Vector object mode is invalid";
        return os;
    }
}

没有主函数，程序不完整。
如果是RECT则输出直角坐标
否则是POL极坐标
里面重载了乘法，除法，加减法
运用了友元
是一个重载的总结，值得好好分析
注重返回值
下一章是关于Vector的应用