Mysql的高阶语句——排序、分组、别名、通配符、子查询、视图、null值

最新推荐文章于 2022-09-02 14:36:55 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2022-09-02 14:36:55 发布

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分类专栏：数据库文章标签： mysql

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_55299423/article/details/118811831

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1. 常用查询

1.1 排序

1.1.1 按照关键字排序

##order by 语法结构
select 字段1，字段2，字段3…… from 表名 where 条件表达式 order by 字段1，字段2 asc或desc;
查看某表的字段1，2，3，并根据字段1，2进行排序

ASC 是按照升序进行排序的，是默认的排序方式，即 ASC 可以省略。SELECT 语句中如果没有指定具体的排序方式，则默认按 ASC方式进行排序。
DESC 是按降序方式进行排列。当然 ORDER BY 前面也可以使用 WHERE 子句对查询结果进一步过滤。

mysql> create table fenshu (
    -> id int(5),
    -> name varchar(10) primary key not null ,
    -> score decimal(5,2),
    -> address varchar(20),
    -> hobbid int(5));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

insert into fenshu values(1,'a',90,'nanjing',1);
insert into fenshu values(2,'h',90,'shanghai',2);
insert into fenshu values(3,'d',70,'shanghai',3);
insert into fenshu values(4,'e',99,'xuzhou',5);
insert into fenshu values(5,'w',98,'xuzhou',4);
insert into fenshu values(6,'c',10,'wuxi',3);
insert into v values(7,'z',11,'wuxi',5);

mysql> select *from fenshu;
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    1 | a    | 90.00 | nanjing  |      1 |
|    6 | c    | 10.00 | wuxi     |      3 |
|    3 | d    | 70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
|    4 | e    | 99.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
|    2 | h    | 90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    5 | w    | 98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#按hobbid升序
mysql> select *from fenshu order by hobbid asc;
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    1 | a    | 90.00 | nanjing  |      1 |
|    2 | h    | 90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    6 | c    | 10.00 | wuxi     |      3 |
|    3 | d    | 70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
|    5 | w    | 98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 |
|    4 | e    | 99.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#按hobbid降序
mysql> select *from fenshu order by hobbid desc;
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    4 | e    | 99.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
|    5 | w    | 98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 |
|    6 | c    | 10.00 | wuxi     |      3 |
|    3 | d    | 70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
|    2 | h    | 90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    1 | a    | 90.00 | nanjing  |      1 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.1.2 多字段排序

#可以结合where进行条件过滤
#对上海的学生的成绩做降序排列
mysql> select *from fenshu where address='shanghai' order by score desc;
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    2 | h    | 90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    3 | d    | 70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

#查询学生信息先按hobbid降序排列，在这基础上id也按降序排列
mysql> select *from fenshu order by hobbid desc,id desc;
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    4 | e    | 99.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
|    5 | w    | 98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 |
|    6 | c    | 10.00 | wuxi     |      3 |
|    3 | d    | 70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
|    2 | h    | 90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    1 | a    | 90.00 | nanjing  |      1 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.1.3 区间判断及查询不重复记录

1.1.3.1 AND/OR ——且/或

and：同时满足
or：只要满足一个条件都会进行匹配

##查询www表内分数大于60且小于90分
mysql> select *from fenshu where score > 60 and score <90;
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    3 | d    | 70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

1.1.3.2 嵌套/多条件

##筛选出来的是大于70的所有分数
mysql> select *from fenshu where score > 70 or (score > 75 and score < 90);
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    1 | a    | 90.00 | nanjing  |      1 |
|    4 | e    | 99.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
|    2 | h    | 90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    5 | w    | 98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.1.3.3 添加-distinct

distinct 查询不重复记录

语法格式：
select distinct 字段 from 表名;

#查询表内不重复的数据，
mysql> select distinct hobbid from fenshu;
+--------+
| hobbid |
+--------+
|      1 |
|      3 |
|      5 |
|      2 |
|      4 |
+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select distinct hobbid,id,name from fenshu;
+--------+------+------+
| hobbid | id   | name |
+--------+------+------+
|      1 |    1 | a    |
|      3 |    6 | c    |
|      3 |    3 | d    |
|      5 |    4 | e    |
|      2 |    2 | h    |
|      4 |    5 | w    |
+--------+------+------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)

1.1.4 对结果进行分组

语法格式：
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator valueGROUP BY column_name;

#按hobbid相同的分组，计算相同分数的学生个数（基于name个数进行计数）
mysql> select count(name),hobbid from fenshu group by hobbid;
+-------------+--------+
| count(name) | hobbid |
+-------------+--------+
|           1 |      1 |
|           1 |      2 |
|           2 |      3 |
|           1 |      4 |
|           1 |      5 |
+-------------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#结合where语句，筛选分数大于等于80的分组，计算学生个数
mysql> select count(name),hobbid from fenshu where score >80 group by hobbid; 
+-------------+--------+
| count(name) | hobbid |
+-------------+--------+
|           1 |      1 |
|           1 |      2 |
|           1 |      4 |
|           1 |      5 |
+-------------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#结合order by把计算出的学生个数按升序排列
mysql> select count(name),score,hobbid from fenshu where score >= 80 group by hobbid order by count(name) asc;
+-------------+-------+--------+
| count(name) | score | hobbid |
+-------------+-------+--------+
|           1 | 90.00 |      1 |
|           1 | 99.00 |      5 |
|           1 | 90.00 |      2 |
|           1 | 98.00 |      4 |
+-------------+-------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.1.5 限制结果条目

语法格式：
SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name LIMIT [offset,] number

mysql> select *from fenshu;
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    1 | a    | 90.00 | nanjing  |      1 |
|    6 | c    | 10.00 | wuxi     |      3 |
|    3 | d    | 70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
|    4 | e    | 99.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
|    2 | h    | 90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    5 | w    | 98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

##查询所有信息显示前四行记录
mysql> select *from fenshu limit 3;	
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    1 | a    | 90.00 | nanjing  |      1 |
|    6 | c    | 10.00 | wuxi     |      3 |
|    3 | d    | 70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#从第4行开始，往后显示3行内容
mysql> select *from fenshu limit 3,3;
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    4 | e    | 99.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
|    2 | h    | 90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    5 | w    | 98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#成绩大于80的且显示第二行开始的后两条记录
mysql> select id,name,score from fenshu where score >=80 limit 2;
+------+------+-------+
| id   | name | score |
+------+------+-------+
|    1 | a    | 90.00 |
|    4 | e    | 99.00 |
+------+------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

##结合order by语句，按id的大小升序排列显示前三行
mysql> select id,name from fenshu order by id limit 3;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | a    |
|    2 | h    |
|    3 | d    |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.2 设置别名–alias

在 MySQL 查询时，当表的名字比较长或者表内某些字段比较长时，为了方便书写或者多次使用相同的表，可以给字段列或表设置别名。使用的时候直接使用别名，简洁明了，增强可读性

语法格式：
对于列的别名：SELECT column_name AS alias_nameFROM table_name;

对于表的别名：SELECT column_name(s)FROM table_name AS alias_name;

#查询info表的字段数量，以number显示
mysql> select count(*) as number from fenshu;
+--------+
| number |
+--------+
|      6 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

#给表临时设置一个别名i ，进行查看
mysql> select i.id,i.name from fenshu as i;
+------+------+
| id   | name |
+------+------+
|    1 | a    |
|    6 | c    |
|    3 | d    |
|    4 | e    |
|    2 | h    |
|    5 | w    |
+------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#设置别名的优点在于
对复杂的表进行查询的时候，别名可以缩短查询语句的长度
多表相连查询的时候（通俗易懂、减短sql语句）
此外，AS 还可以作为连接语句的操作符。

#创建f1表，将fenshu表的查询记录全部插入f1表
mysql> create table f1 as select *from fenshu;
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 6  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select *from f1;
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    1 | a    | 90.00 | nanjing  |      1 |
|    6 | c    | 10.00 | wuxi     |      3 |
|    3 | d    | 70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
|    4 | e    | 99.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
|    2 | h    | 90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    5 | w    | 98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.3 通配符

通配符主要用于替换字符串中的部分字符，通过部分字符的匹配将相关结果查询出来。

通常通配符都是跟 LIKE 一起使用的，并协同 WHERE 子句共同来完成查询任务。常用的通配符有两个，分别是：

%：百分号表示零个、一个或多个字符
_：下划线表示单个字符

#查询地址中带n的字幕
mysql> select id,name,address from fenshu where address like '%n%';
+------+------+----------+
| id   | name | address  |
+------+------+----------+
|    1 | a    | nanjing  |
|    3 | d    | shanghai |
|    2 | h    | shanghai |
+------+------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

#查询地址中w和g中间有2个字符的记录
mysql> select id,name,address from f1 where address like 's_ang_%';
+------+------+----------+
| id   | name | address  |
+------+------+----------+
|    3 | d    | shanghai |
|    2 | h    | shanghai |
+------+------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#查询xu后面4个字符的名字记录
mysql> select id,name,address from f1 where address like 'xu____';
+------+------+---------+
| id   | name | address |
+------+------+---------+
|    4 | e    | xuzhou  |
|    5 | w    | xuzhou  |
+------+------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

1.4 子查询

子查询也被称作内查询或者嵌套查询，是指在一个查询语句里面还嵌套着另一个查询语句。子查询语句是先于主查询语句被执行的，其结果作为外层的条件返回给主查询进行下一步的查询过滤。子查询不仅可以在 SELECT 语句中使用，在 INERT、UPDATE、DELETE 中也同样适用。在嵌套的时候，子查询内部还可以再次嵌套新的子查询，也就是说可以多层嵌套

当表达式与子查询返回的结果集中的某个值相等时，返回 TRUE，否则返回 FALSE。若启用了 NOT 关键字，则返回值相反。需要注意的是，子查询只能返回一列数据，如果需求比较复杂，一列解决不了问题，可以使用多层嵌套的方式来应对。多数情况下，子查询都是与 SELECT 语句一起使用的

子查询还可以用在 INSERT 语句中。子查询的结果集可以通过 INSERT 语句插入到其他的表中

1.4.1 select 语句的使用

语法格式：
IN 用来判断某个值是否在给定的结果集中，通常结合子查询来使用

语法：
<表达式> [NOT] IN <子查询>

#查询分数大于80的记录
mysql> select name,score from fenshu where id in (select id from fenshu where score >80);
+------+-------+
| name | score |
+------+-------+
| a    | 90.00 |
| e    | 99.00 |
| h    | 90.00 |
| w    | 98.00 |
+------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#新建一个表，达到多表查询
mysql> create table f2(id int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into f2 values(1),(2),(3),(4);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from f2;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
|    4 |
+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select id,name score from fenshu where id in (select *from f2);
+------+-------+
| id   | score |
+------+-------+
|    1 | a     |
|    3 | d     |
|    4 | e     |
|    2 | h     |
+------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

1.4.2 多层嵌套

#查询分数大于80的记录
mysql> select name,score from fenshu where id in (select id from fenshu where score > 80);
+------+-------+
| name | score |
+------+-------+
| a    | 90.00 |
| e    | 99.00 |
| h    | 90.00 |
| w    | 98.00 |
+------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> delete from f1;
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into f1 select *from fenshu where id in (select id from fenshu);
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 6  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select *from f1;
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    1 | a    | 90.00 | nanjing  |      1 |
|    6 | c    | 10.00 | wuxi     |      3 |
|    3 | d    | 70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
|    4 | e    | 99.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
|    2 | h    | 90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    5 | w    | 98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)


#UPDATE 内的子查询，在 set 更新内容时，可以是单独的一列，也可以是多列
mysql> update fenshu set score =50 where id in (select *from f2 where id=4);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select *from fenshu;
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    1 | a    | 90.00 | nanjing  |      1 |
|    6 | c    | 10.00 | wuxi     |      3 |
|    3 | d    | 70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
|    4 | e    | 50.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
|    2 | h    | 90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    5 | w    | 98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#在 IN 前面还可以添加 NOT，其作用与 IN 相反，表示否定（即不在子查询的结果集里面）
#表示 先匹配出f2表内的id字段为基础匹配的结果集（2,3,4)
#然后再执行主语句，以主语句的id为基础 进行where 条件判断/过滤
mysql> update fenshu set score =100 where id not in (select *from f2 where id > 1);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 3  Changed: 3  Warnings: 0

mysql> select *from fenshu;
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score  | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+
|    1 | a    | 100.00 | nanjing  |      1 |
|    6 | c    | 100.00 | wuxi     |      3 |
|    3 | d    |  70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
|    4 | e    |  50.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
|    2 | h    |  90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    5 | w    | 100.00 | xuzhou   |      4 |
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#删除大于80分
mysql> delete from fenshu where id in ( select id where score > 80);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select *from fenshu;
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    3 | d    | 70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
|    4 | e    | 50.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#EXISTS 这个关键字在子查询时，主要用于判断子查询的结果集是否为空。如果不为空， 则返回 TRUE；反之，则返回 FALSE
mysql> select *from fenshu;
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    3 | d    | 70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
|    4 | e    | 50.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select count(*) from fenshu where exists(select id from fenshu where score=70);
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|        2 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select count(*) from fenshu where exists(select id from fenshu where score>100);
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|        0 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

2. 视图

2.1 视图概述

视图是一张虚拟的表，数据不存在视图中，视图是真实表的映射数据。例如：水中捞月是典型的视图
利用条件筛选，分组，排序等产生出一个结果集（结果集保存在内存中），并且做成持久化保存（保存映射）
视图占用资源小，真实表中数据产生变化，会影响到视图。

特点：
安全性高
简化sql操作
可以针对不同用户创建不同的视图（不同权限的用户浏览不同的信息）

2.2 视图和表的区别和联系

区别
视图是已经编译好的sql语句；而表不是
视图没有实际的物理记录；而表有
表只用物理空间而视图不占用物理空间，视图只是逻辑概念的存在，表可以及时对它进行修改，但视图只能有创建的语句来修改
视图是查看数据表的一种方法，可以查询数据表中某些字段构成的数据，只是一些SQL语句的集合。从安全的角度说，视图可以不给用户接触数据表，从而不知道表结构。
表属于全局模式中的表，是实表；视图属于局部模式的表，是虚表
视图的建立和删除只影响视图本身，不影响对应的基本表。
联系
视图(view)是在基本表之上建立的表，它的结构(即所定义的列)和内容(即所有数据行)都来自表，它依据基本表存在而存在
一个视图可以对应一个基本表，也可以对应多个基本表。视图本表的抽象和在逻辑意义上建立的新关系。

2.3 创建和查询视图

创建视图
create view <视图名称>
create view info_view as select id,name,age from info 条件
多表相连的条件是on
单表相连的条件是where
查询视图
select * from info_view;
select name,age from info_view;

2.3.1 单表创建视图


mysql> create view v_score as select *from f1 where score >=80;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> select *from v_score;
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
|    1 | a    | 90.00 | nanjing  |      1 |
|    4 | e    | 99.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
|    2 | h    | 90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    5 | w    | 98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 |
+------+------+-------+----------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update f1 set score = '100' where name = 'e';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select *from v_score;
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score  | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+
|    1 | a    |  90.00 | nanjing  |      1 |
|    4 | e    | 100.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
|    2 | h    |  90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    5 | w    |  98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 |
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.3.2 多表创建视图

mysql> create view v_f1(id,name,score,age) as select f1.id,f1.name,f1.score,f11.age from f1,f11 where f1.name=f11.name;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
#创建视图 视图叫v_组合，字段是id、name、score、test01.age来源于f1.id、f1.name、f1.score、f11.age，来自于f1和f11表，同时where判断f1表中的name等于f11表内的name字段

mysql> select *from v_f1;                                                              
+------+------+-------+------+
| id   | name | score | age  |
+------+------+-------+------+
|    1 | a    | 90.00 | 10   |
|    2 | h    | 90.00 | 30   |
+------+------+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.3.3 修改表update

mysql> update f1 set score=95 where name ='a';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select *from v_f1;
+------+------+-------+------+
| id   | name | score | age  |
+------+------+-------+------+
|    1 | a    | 95.00 | 10   |
|    2 | h    | 90.00 | 30   |
+------+------+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select *from f1;
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+
| id   | name | score  | address  | hobbid |
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+
|    1 | a    |  95.00 | nanjing  |      1 |
|    6 | c    |  10.00 | wuxi     |      3 |
|    3 | d    |  70.00 | shanghai |      3 |
|    4 | e    | 100.00 | xuzhou   |      5 |
|    2 | h    |  90.00 | shanghai |      2 |
|    5 | w    |  98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 |
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#更改视图，源文件里面的内容也会进行更改

3. NULL 值

在 SQL 语句使用过程中，经常会碰到 NULL 这几个字符。通常使用 NULL 来表示缺失的值，也就是在表中该字段是没有值的。如果在创建表时，限制某些字段不为空，则可以使用 NOT NULL 关键字，不使用则默认可以为空。在向表内插入记录或者更新记录时，如果该字段没有 NOT NULL 并且没有值，这时候新记录的该字段将被保存为 NULL。需要注意的是，NULL 值与数字 0 或者空白（spaces）的字段是不同的，值为 NULL 的字段是没有值的。在 SQL 语句中，使用 IS NULL 可以判断表内的某个字段是不是 NULL 值，相反的用 IS NOT NULL 可以判断不是 NULL 值

#插入一个记录，查看下显示出来的是否为null 值
mysql> alter table f1 add column age char(20);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc f1;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(5)       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(10)  | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| score   | decimal(5,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| address | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hobbid  | int(5)       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age     | char(20)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#将分数小于60的改为age 是100
mysql> update f1 set age=100 where score <60;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select *from f1;
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+------+
| id   | name | score  | address  | hobbid | age  |
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+------+
|    1 | a    |  95.00 | nanjing  |      1 | NULL |
|    6 | c    |  10.00 | wuxi     |      3 | 100  |
|    3 | d    |  70.00 | shanghai |      3 | NULL |
|    4 | e    | 100.00 | xuzhou   |      5 | NULL |
|    2 | h    |  90.00 | shanghai |      2 | NULL |
|    5 | w    |  98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 | NULL |
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#统计数量：检测null不会加入统计中
mysql> select count(age) from f1;
+------------+
| count(age) |
+------------+
|          1 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

#查询是否为null值
mysql> select *from f1 where age is null;
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+------+
| id   | name | score  | address  | hobbid | age  |
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+------+
|    1 | a    |  95.00 | nanjing  |      1 | NULL |
|    3 | d    |  70.00 | shanghai |      3 | NULL |
|    4 | e    | 100.00 | xuzhou   |      5 | NULL |
|    2 | h    |  90.00 | shanghai |      2 | NULL |
|    5 | w    |  98.00 | xuzhou   |      4 | NULL |
+------+------+--------+----------+--------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select *from f1 where age is not null;
+------+------+-------+---------+--------+------+
| id   | name | score | address | hobbid | age  |
+------+------+-------+---------+--------+------+
|    6 | c    | 10.00 | wuxi    |      3 | 100  |
+------+------+-------+---------+--------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

#空值长度为0，不占空间，NULL值的长度为null，占用空间
#is null无法判断空值
#空值使用"=“或者”<>"来处理（！=）
#以count() 统计行数的时候，null值的记录行反而不会被统计在内，而空值的记录行会被统计在内