以行为单位对文件内容进行排序，也可以根据不同的数据类型来排序 语法格式 sort 选项 参数
cat file | sort 选项
-f 忽略大小写，默认会大写字母排在前面 -b 忽略每行前面的空格 -n 按照数字进行排序 -r 反向排序 -u 等同uniq，表示相同的数据仅显示一行 -t 指定字段分隔符，默认使用tab键分隔 -k 指定排序字段 -o<输出文件> 将排序后的结果转存至指定文件
sort 文件
/ / 如果文件内容为数字，会根据首个数字进行升序排列，如果文件为英文字母，会根据首个字母进行排序
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
[ root @ localhost 1 ] # sort test1
five
four
one
seven
six
three
two
sort -n test2 / / 相当于冒泡排序升序排序
sort -n -r test2 / / 降序排序
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
[ root @ localhost 1 ] # sort -n test2 / / -n
11
22
33
34
45
55
56
66
77
[ root @ localhost 1 ] # sort -n -r test2 / / -n -r
77
66
56
55
45
34
33
22
11
[ root @ localhost 1 ] # sort -n test2
11
22
22
33
34
45
55
55
56
66
66
77
[ root @ localhost 1 ] # sort -n -u test2 / / sort -u 去除重复 ，数字排序就加-n
11
22
33
34
45
55
56
66
77
[ root @ localhost 1 ] # cat / etc / passwd | sort -n -t ":" -k 3 -r
/ / -n：数字排序 -t：以：为分隔符，-k 3 ：指定第三个字段进行排序 -r：降序排序
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
nfsnobody:x: 65534 : 65534 :Anonymous NFS User: / var / lib / nfs: / sbin / nologin
test1:x: 1000 : 1000 :test1: / home / test1: / bin / bash
polkitd:x: 999 : 997 :User for polkitd: / : / sbin / nologin
libstoragemgmt:x: 998 : 995 :daemon account for libstoragemgmt: / var / run / lsm: / sbin / nologin
colord:x: 997 : 994 :User for colord: / var / lib / colord: / sbin / nologin
saslauth:x: 996 : 76 :Saslauthd user: / run / saslauthd: / sbin / nologin
uniq 选项 参数
cat file | uniq 选项
-c 进行计数，并删除文件中重复出现的行 -d 仅显示连续的重复行 -u 仅显示出现一次的行
[ root @ localhost 1 ] # cat test2
11
34
56
77
45
33
55
66
22
22
55
66
[ root @ localhost 1 ] # sort -n test2 | uniq -c / / 删除重复并统计重复的行数
1 11
2 22
1 33
1 34
1 45
2 55
1 56
2 66
1 77
tr 选项 参数
-c 保留字符集1的字符，其他的字符（包括换行符\n）用字符集2替换 -d 删除所有属于字符集1的字符 -s 将重复出现的字符串压缩为一个字符串，用字符集2 替换 字符集1 -t 字符集2 替换 字符集1，不加选项同结果
参数 字符集1 字符集2
echo "abc" | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
echo -e "abc\ncabcdab" | tr -C "ab\n" "0"
echo -e "abc\ncabcdab" | tr -c "ab" "0"
echo 'hello world' | tr -d 'od'
echo "thissss is a text 1 innnnnnne." | tr -s 'sn'
删除空行
echo -e "aa\n\n\n\n\nbb" | tr -s "\n"
cat testfile4 | tr -s "\n"
把路径变量中的冒号 ":" ，替换成换行符 "\n"
echo $PATH | tr -s ":" "\n"
echo -e "aa\n\n\n\n\nbb" | tr -s "\n" ":"
格式：
cut 选项 参数
或
cat file | cut 选项
-f 通过指定哪一个字段进行提取。cut命令使用“TAB”作为默认的字段分割符 -d “TAB”是默认的分隔符，使用此选项可更改为其他的分隔符 –complement 用于排除所指定的字段 –output-delimiter 更改输出内容的分隔符
命令验证 cut 和 expr substr 起始位置都是从1开始 三种不同截取方法：
[ root@localhost ~ ] # i = 123456789
[ root@localhost ~ ] # echo $ { i: 0 : 3 }
123
[ root@localhost ~ ] # echo $i | cut -b 1 - 3
123
[ root@localhost ~ ] # expr substr $i 1 3
123
通常用于判断语句中，用于检查某一字符串是否满足某一格式 正则表达式是由普通字符与元字符组成 普通字符包括大小写字母、数字、标点符号及一些其他符号 元字符是指在正则表达式中具有特殊意义的专用字符，可以用来规定其前导字符（即位于元字符前面的字符）在目标对象中的出现模式 基础正则表达式常见元字符：
\ ：转义字符，用于取消特殊符号的含义，例：\! 、\n、\$等
^ ：匹配字符串开始的位置，例：^ a、^ the、^ #、^ [ a- z]
$ ：匹配字符串结束的位置，例：word$、^ $匹配空行
. ：匹配除\n之外的任意的一个字符，例：go . d、g. . d
* ：匹配前面子表达式0 次或者多次，例：goo* d、go . * d
[ list] ：匹配list列表中的一个字符，例：go [ ola] d，[ abc] 、[ a- z] 、[ a- z0- 9 ] 、[ 0 - 9 ] 匹配任意一位数字
[ ^ list] ：匹配任意非list列表中的一个字符，例：[ ^ 0 - 9 ] 、[ ^ A- Z0- 9 ] 、[ ^ a- z] 匹配任意一位非小写字母
\{ n\} ：匹配前面的子表达式n次，例：go \{ 2 \} d、'[0-9]\{2\}' 匹配两位数字
\{ n, \} ：匹配前面的子表达式不少于n次，例：go \{ 2 , \} d、'[0-9]\{2,\}' 匹配两位及两位以上数字
\{ n, m\} ：匹配前面的子表达式n到m次，例：go \{ 2 , 3 \} d、'[0-9]\{2,3\}' 匹配两位到三位数字
注：egrep、awk使用{ n} 、{ n, } 、{ n, m} 匹配时“{ } ”前不用加“\”
支持的工具：egrep、awk 或 grep -E 和 sed -r 扩展正则表达式元字符：
+ ：匹配前面子表达式1 次以上，例：go + d，将匹配至少一个o，如god、good、goood等
? ：匹配前面子表达式0 次或者1 次，例：go ?d，将匹配gd或god
( ) ：将括号中的字符串作为一个整体，例1 ：g ( oo) + d，将匹配oo整体1 次以上，如good、gooood等
| ：以或的方式匹配字条串，例：g ( oo| la) d，将匹配good或者glad
先创建一个文件存放座机号码
[ root @ localhost 1 ] # vim dianhua
02588888888
025 - 5555555555
025 - 12345678
( 025 ) 88551234
025 54321678
025 ABC88888
01012345678
0125 12345678
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 执行命令及运行结果 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
[ root @ localhost 1 ] # egrep "^(\(?025\)?)[ -]?[58][0-9]{7}$" dianhua
02588888888
( 025 ) 88551234
025 54321678
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 注释 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
注：因为dianhua数据里包含 ( 025 ) -- > \ ( ? 转义符匹配 0 次或 1 次，后面的 ) 也是一样的 ;
[ - ] 列表里可以是空格或者 "-" 匹配 0 次或 1 次
[ 58 ] 以 5 或 8 开头
[ 0 - 9 ] { 7 } $以 0 - 9 里面的任意一位数结尾
[ root @ localhost 1 ] # vim youx
wang_wu @ 163. com
18606257399 @ 163. com
lili_123 @ qq . com
aa-aa @ nihao . com
zhao # si @ 163. com
zhang * san @ sina . com
li . si @ qq . com
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 执行命令及运行结果 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
[ root @ localhost 1 ] # egrep "^([a-zA-Z0-9\.\-\#\!\_]+)@([a-zA-Z0-9\-\.\_]+)\.([a-zA-Z]{2,5})$" youx
wang_wu @ 163. com
18606257399 @ 163. com
lili_123 @ qq . com
zhao # si @ 163. com
li . si @ qq . com
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 注释 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
( [ a-zA-Z0- 9 \ . \ - \ # \ ! \ _ ] + ) / / + 表示匹配一次以上，用记名可以是字母（大小写），数字且中间可以带特殊符号等
( [ a-zA-Z ] { 2 , 5 } ) $ / / 顶级域以字母开头（大小写），一般长度为 2 - 5 位
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