MySQL第9章子查询

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已于 2022-04-04 15:49:11 修改

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分类专栏： MySQL笔记文章标签：数据库 mysql

于 2022-03-28 20:53:37 首次发布

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# 第09章_子查询

#1. 由一个具体的需求，引入子查询

#需求：谁的工资比Abel的高？
#方式1：（效率不高，查询了两次）
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel';

SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 11000;

#方式2：自连接（有时候并不是所有的方法都可以用自连接来解决，所以才有了子查询的出现）
SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salary
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e2.`salary` > e1.`salary` #多表的连接条件
AND e1.last_name = 'Abel';

#方式3：子查询（效率比分次查询的效率要高）
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
       SELECT salary
       FROM employees
       WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
       );

#2. 称谓的规范：外查询（或主查询）、内查询（或子查询）

/*
- 子查询（内查询）在主查询之前一次执行完成。
- 子查询的结果被主查询（外查询）使用。
- 注意事项
- 子查询要包含在括号内
- 将子查询放在比较条件的右侧
- 单行操作符对应单行子查询，多行操作符对应多行子查询

#不推荐：
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE (
   SELECT salary
   FROM employees
   WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
       ) < salary;

/*

3. 子查询的分类

角度1：从内查询返回的结果的条目数
单行子查询 vs 多行子查询

角度2：内查询是否被执行多次
相关子查询 vs 不相关子查询

比如：相关子查询的需求：查询工资大于本部门平均工资的员工信息。
不相关子查询的需求：查询工资大于本公司平均工资的员工信息。

*/

#子查询的编写技巧（或步骤）：① 从里往外写 ② 从外往里写

#4. 单行子查询

#4.1 单行操作符： = != > >= < <=

#题目：查询工资大于149号员工工资的员工的信息

SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
       SELECT salary
       FROM employees
       WHERE employee_id = 149
       );

#题目：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工姓名，job_id和工资

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
       SELECT job_id
       FROM employees
       WHERE employee_id = 141
       )
AND salary > (
       SELECT salary
       FROM employees
       WHERE employee_id = 143
       );

#题目：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
       SELECT MIN(salary)
       FROM employees
       );

#题目：查询与141号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工
#的employee_id，manager_id，department_id。
#方式1：（不成对比较）
SELECT employee_id,manager_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = (
       SELECT manager_id
       FROM employees
       WHERE employee_id = 141
       )
AND department_id = (
       SELECT department_id
       FROM employees
       WHERE employee_id = 141
       )
AND employee_id <> 141;

#方式2：了解（成对比较）
SELECT employee_id,manager_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE (manager_id,department_id) = (
               SELECT manager_id,department_id
           FROM employees
               WHERE employee_id = 141
               )
AND employee_id <> 141;

HAVING中的子查询

#题目：查询最低工资大于110号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > (
           SELECT MIN(salary)
           FROM employees
           WHERE department_id = 110
       );

CASE中的子查询

在CASE表达式中使用单列子查询：

#题目：显式员工的employee_id,last_name和location。
#其中，若员工department_id与location_id为1800的department_id相同，
#则location为’Canada’，其余则为’USA’。

SELECT employee_id,last_name,CASE department_id WHEN (SELECT department_id FROM departments WHERE location_id = 1800) THEN 'Canada'
ELSE 'USA' END "location"
FROM employees;

#4.2 子查询中的空值问题

（不会报错，但是没有出现数值）

子查询不返回任何行
SELECT last_name, job_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id =
(SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Haas');

#4.3 非法使用子查询

#错误：Subquery returns more than 1 row
SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE salary =
(SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id);

多行子查询使用单行比较符

#5.多行子查询

#5.1 多行子查询的操作符： IN ANY ALL SOME(同ANY)

#5.2举例：
# IN:
SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE salary IN
(SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id);

# ANY / ALL:
#题目：返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的员工号、
#姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ANY (
       SELECT salary
       FROM employees
       WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
       );

#题目：返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资低的员工的员工号、
#姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ALL (
       SELECT salary
       FROM employees
       WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
       );

#题目：查询平均工资最低的部门id

（解决得方法：把先查询的平均最低工资当做成一张新的表，在从这个表中的再查询最小的平均工资的部门

或者有排序，然后再用limit进行分页显示最小的部门id

）
#MySQL中聚合函数是不能嵌套使用的。
#方式1：
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
           SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
           FROM(
               SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
               FROM employees
               GROUP BY department_id
               ) t_dept_avg_sal
           );

#方式2：
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL(
           SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
           FROM employees
           GROUP BY department_id
           )

#5.3 空值问题

SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id NOT IN (
           SELECT manager_id
           FROM employees
           );（里面有一个空值NULL的出现）

#6. 相关子查询(动态查询)

#回顾：查询员工中工资大于公司平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id
#6.1
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
       SELECT AVG(salary)
       FROM employees
       );

#题目：查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id
#方式1：使用相关子查询
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
       SELECT AVG(salary)
       FROM employees e2
       WHERE department_id = e1.`department_id`
       );

#方式2：在FROM中声明子查询（多表查询）（AVG(salary）后面必须有别名，因为是一张的表中的数据）
SELECT e.last_name,e.salary,e.department_id
FROM employees e,(
       SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
       FROM employees
       GROUP BY department_id) t_dept_avg_sal
WHERE e.department_id = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id
AND e.salary > t_dept_avg_sal.avg_sal

在ORDER BY 中使用子查询：
#题目：查询员工的id,salary,按照department_name 排序

SELECT employee_id,salary
FROM employees e
ORDER BY (
   SELECT department_name
   FROM departments d
   WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
   ) ASC;

#结论：在SELECT中，除了GROUP BY 和 LIMIT之外，其他位置都可以声明子查询！
/*
SELECT ....,....,....(存在聚合函数)
FROM ... (LEFT / RIGHT)JOIN ....ON 多表的连接条件
(LEFT / RIGHT)JOIN ... ON ....
WHERE 不包含聚合函数的过滤条件
GROUP BY ...,....
HAVING 包含聚合函数的过滤条件
ORDER BY ....,...(ASC / DESC )
LIMIT ...,....
*/

#题目：若employees表中employee_id与job_history表中employee_id相同的数目不小于2，
#输出这些相同id的员工的employee_id,last_name和其job_id

SELECT *
FROM job_history;

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id
FROM employees e
WHERE 2 <= (
   SELECT COUNT(*)
   FROM job_history j
   WHERE e.`employee_id` = j.`employee_id`
       )

#6.2 EXISTS 与 NOT EXISTS关键字

#题目：查询公司管理者的employee_id，last_name，job_id，department_id信息
#方式1：自连接
SELECT DISTINCT mgr.employee_id,mgr.last_name,mgr.job_id,mgr.department_id
FROM employees emp JOIN employees mgr
ON emp.manager_id = mgr.employee_id;

#方式2：子查询

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
           SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
           FROM employees
           );

#方式3：使用EXISTS
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (
   SELECT *
   FROM employees e2
   WHERE e1.`employee_id` = e2.`manager_id`
   );

#题目：查询departments表中，不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name

#方式1：
SELECT d.department_id,d.department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;

#方式2：
SELECT department_id,department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
       SELECT *
       FROM employees e
       WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
       );

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM departments;