北邮 电信系统 期末 死记硬背

Week 1

三个影响信号的因素

Attenuation

• means the loss of energy

Distortion

• signal changes in its form or shape

Noise

• is the main source of a signal being corrupted

Circuit Switching vs Pkt Switching

先说分别是什么

Circuit Switching：

• a dedicated path connecting source and destination is establish.

Pkt Switching:

• data is split into pkt that can follow different paths to reach their destination

两者的对比

Cicuit switching

• resources are guarenteed but they must be wasted

Pkt switching

• resouces are not guaranted but they can be shared

Souce coding

Principles of source coding with the designed code

• the event with high probability use short code
• the event with low probability use long code

Sampling

Explain the Sampling Theorem with appropriate diagrams (explain in both from time domain and frequency domain)

• Given $f_{max}$ is the highest frequenct present in the origin signal and $f_s$ is the sampling frequency (解释接下来用到的变量)
• Sampling theorem states: To prevent aliasing and hence to allow the original signal to be recovered the sampling frequency $f_s$ must be given by: $fs>=2f_{max}$
• In frequency domain, the frequency relicas repeat around multiples of the sampling frequency.
• Frequency domain and easy to implement filter

加上时域离散化的图，和频域周期化的图

Entropy / Huffman

average code length

• 加权平均数

information content

• $I=lo{g}_2(1/p_i)$

source entropy

• 不同概率Symbol下的entropy

maximum entropy

• 方法1：等概率算
• 方法2：$lo{g}_2(N)$ , N 为所需比特数

source efficiency

• ${\eta }_{source}=H/H_{max}$

code efficiency

• ${\eta }_{code}=H/AverageCodeLength$

Channel Capacity

maximum symbol rate

• $2W$

maximum bit rate

• $C$

最大的bit/sym

• $C_{bit/sym}=\frac{C_{bit/sec}}{2W}$

Spectral efficiency

• $\eta =R_b/W$

Week 3

Synchronisation

Digital communication usually need at least three types of synchronisation signals:

• Bit sync, to distinguish one bit interval from another
• Frame sync, to distinguish groups of data
• Carrier sync, for bandpass signalling with coherent detection

ISI

How to reduce ISI

• can be reduce by increasing the channel bandwidth
• Reshape the pulse from the transmitter to minimise the ISI

Eye pattern

What eye patterns provide?

• Time error, given by width insigh the eye
• Sensitivity to timing error, given by the slope of the open eye
• Noise margin, given by the height of the eye opening

Week 4

Modulation

Characteristics of ASK

• Amplitude difference of carrier frequency

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Characteristics of FSK

• Frequency difference near carrier frequency

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Characteristics of QSK

• Phase of carrier signal shifted

Multiple Access [FDMA/TDMA/CDMA/OFDMA]

What is FDMA, key feature and application

• Frequency Division Multiple Access
• Key feature: different frequency bands are assigned to different users
  • Assign each user to a particular channel
  • Transmit signals simultaneously and continuously to enable multiple users to share the same channel simultaneously
• Application: 1G system

Advantages and Disadvantages of FDMA

• Ad

  • Low overhead

  • Simple hardware at users and base stations

• DisAd

  • If no talking, channel resource waste
  • Require tight radio frequency filter

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What is TDMA, key feature and application

• Time Division Multi Access
• Key feature: different time slots are assigned to different users
  • Single carrier frequency with multiple users
  • Non-continuous transmission
  • Each user occupies a cyclically repeating time slot
• Application: 2G

Advantages and Disadvantages of TDMA

• Ad

  • Interference-free technique

  • Low battery consumption

  • Slots can be assigned on demand

• DisAd

  • CLOCK required
  • Large synchronization overheads

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What is GSM Multiple Access

• TDMA on each carrier
• FDMA on multiple carrier

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What is CDMA, key feature and application

• Code division multiple access

• Key feature: different codes are assigned to different users

  • All users user same time and frequency
  • Narrowband signals multiplied by wideband spread codes

• Application: some 2G and 3G

Advantages and Disadvantages of TDMA

• Ad

  • Each addition of more users

  • No absolute limit on the number of users

• DisAd

  • QoS decreases as the number of the users increase
  • Near-far problem exists (Power control is required)

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CDMA for 3G Multiple Access (相当于总结)

• FDMA: different frequency bands are assigned to different users
• TDMA: different time slot are assigned to different users
• CDMA: different codes are assigned to different users

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What is OFDMA, key feature and application

• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

• OFMDA is a multi-user version of the popular OFDM digital modulation scheme.

• Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarrieres to individual users

• Application: 4G and 5G system

Why OFDM popular (Advantages)

• Thousands of PSK/QAM symbol can be simultaneously transimitted in one OFDM symbol
• higher spectral efficiency in real-life time dispersive channels
• More robust
• Easy to integrate MIMO technologies
• lower cost

Cyclic Prefix (Guard Interval)

中间那行字：By adding the Guard Interval Period, ISI can be avoided

OFDM modulator

OFDM demodulator

Cluster

What is the effect of the cluster size for frequency reuse in the cellular communication systems

• Bigger cluster will result in
  • Less interference from the next cell using the same frequency （好）
  • lower capacity - bandwidth available in cell is $F_A/N$ （不好）