2022-01-09周报

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-17 21:05:05 发布

zeng-233

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-17 21:05:05 发布

阅读量473

点赞数

文章标签： python 开发语言后端

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_57178683/article/details/122380736

版权

python

第九章类

1.创建类

根据dog类创建的每个实例都将存储名字和年龄，赋予每条小狗蹲下sit（）和打滚roll_over（）

class Dog:
    def __init__ (self,name,age):
        self.name=name
        self.age=age

    def sit(self):
        print(f"{self.name} is now sitting.")

    def roll_over(self):
        print(f"{self.name} rolled over!")

方法_init_() 类中的函数称为方法。

将方法_init_()定义成包含三个形参：self、name和age。

self必不可少，而且必须位于其他形参的前面。因为python调用这个方法来创建Dog实例时，将自动传入实参self

1.1根据类创建实例

my_dog = Dog('Willie', 6)
print(f"my dog name's is {my_dog.name}.")
print(f"my dog is {my_dog.age} years old.")

调用类中的定义：

my_dog = Dog('Willie', 6)
my_dog.sit()
my_dog.roll_over()

创建多个实例

print("\n")
my_dog=Dog('Willie',6)
your_dog=Dog('lucy',3)

print(f"my dog name's is {my_dog.name}.")
print(f"my dog is {my_dog.age} years old.")
my_dog.sit()

print(f"your dog name's is {your_dog.name}.")
print(f"your dog is {your_dog.age} years old.")
your_dog.sit()

2.使用类和实例

2.1car类

class Car:
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        self.make=make
        self.model=model
        self.year=year

    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name=f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
        return long_name.title()

print("\n")
my_new_car = Car ('audi','a4',2019)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

2.2给属性指定默认值

在上面的基础上添加一条属性和一个方法

class Car:
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        self.make=make
        self.model=model
        self.year=year
        self.odometer_reading=0

    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name=f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
        return long_name.title()

    def read_odometer(self):
        print(f"this car has {self.odometer_reading} miles on it")

print("\n")
my_new_car = Car ('audi','a4',2019)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.read_odometer()

2.3修改属性的值

1.直接修改属性的值

--snip--
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.odometer_reading=23  # 让python找到odometer_reading,并修改
my_new_car.read_odometer()

2.通过方法修改属性的值

class Car:
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        self.make=make
        self.model=model
        self.year=year
        self.odometer_reading=0

    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name=f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
        return long_name.title()

    def read_odometer(self):
        print(f"this car has {self.odometer_reading} miles on it")

    def update_odometer(self,mileage):
        self.odometer_reading=mileage

print("\n")
my_new_car = Car ('audi','a4',2019)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_new_car.update_odometer(23)
my_new_car.read_odometer()

设置一个方法update_odometer,用来更新里程

在对方法update_odometer进行扩展，修改里程表时，禁止任何人将里程表读数往回调

class Car:
    # --snip--
    def update_odometer(self,mileage):
        if mileage>=self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("you can't roll back an odometer")

通过方法对属性的值进行递增

class Car:
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        self.make=make
        self.model=model
        self.year=year
        self.odometer_reading=0

    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name=f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
        return long_name.title()

    def read_odometer(self):
        print(f"this car has {self.odometer_reading} miles on it")


    def update_odometer(self, mileage):
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("you can't roll back an odometer")

    def increment_odometer(self,miles):
        self.odometer_reading +=  miles

print("\n")
my_used_car = Car('subaru','outback',2015)
print(my_used_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_used_car.update_odometer(23_500)
my_used_car.read_odometer()

my_used_car.increment_odometer(100)
my_used_car.read_odometer()

3.继承

编写的类是另一个现成类的特殊版本，可使用继承

原有的类成为父类，新类称为子类

3.1编写子类的方法

在原有car的基础上，模拟电动汽车

class Car:
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        self.make=make
        self.model=model
        self.year=year
        self.odometer_reading=0

    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name=f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
        return long_name.title()

    def read_odometer(self):
        print(f"this car has {self.odometer_reading} miles on it")


    def update_odometer(self, mileage):
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("you can't roll back an odometer")

    def increment_odometer(self,miles):
        self.odometer_reading +=  miles

class ElectricCar(Car):
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        super().__init__(make,model,year)  # 调用父类的方法，也就是调用父类中的__init__(make,model,year)

print("\n")
my_tesla=ElectricCar('tesla','models',2019)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

3.2给子类定义属性和方法

class Car:
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        self.make=make
        self.model=model
        self.year=year
        self.odometer_reading=0

    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name=f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
        return long_name.title()

    def read_odometer(self):
        print(f"this car has {self.odometer_reading} miles on it")


    def update_odometer(self, mileage):
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("you can't roll back an odometer")

    def increment_odometer(self,miles):
        self.odometer_reading +=  miles

class ElectricCar(Car):
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        super().__init__(make,model,year)
        self.battery_size=75
    def describe_battery(self):
        print(f"this car has a {self.battery_size}-Kwh battery")


print("\n")
my_tesla=ElectricCar('tesla','models',2019)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla.describe_battery()

3.3重写父类的方法

假设Car类里有一个名为fill_gas_tank()的方法，它对电动汽车毫无意义，因此可以重写这个方法

class ElectircCar(Car):
    # --snip--
    def fill_gas_tank(self):
        print("This car doesn't need a gas tank!")

3.4将实例用作属性

将大类拆分成多个协同工作的小类

定义了一个battery的新类

class Car:
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        self.make=make
        self.model=model
        self.year=year

    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name=f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
        return long_name.title()

class Battery:
    def __init__(self,battery_size=75):       # 如果battery_size 没有被提供值，将被设置为75
        self.battery_size=battery_size
    def describe_battery(self):
        print(f"This car has a {self.battery_size}-KWh battery.")

    def get_range(self):
        if self.battery_size==75:
            range=260
        elif self.battery_size==100:
            range=315

        print(f"This car can go about {range} miles on a full charge.")


class ElectricCar(Car):
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        super().__init__(make,model,year)
        self.battery=Battery()  # 添加self_battery属性，让python创建一个新的Battery实例，并赋值给self_battery属性

my_tesla=ElectricCar('tesla','model',2019)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()
my_tesla.battery.get_range()

4.导入类

python允许将类存储在模块中，然后在主程序中导入所需的模块

4.1在一个模块中存储多个类

"""一个可用于表示汽车的类"""
class Car:
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        self.make=make
        self.model=model
        self.year=year
        self.odometer_reading=0

    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        long_name=f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
        return long_name.title()

    def read_odometer(self):
        """打印一条消息，支出汽车的里程"""
        print(f"this car has {self.odometer_reading} miles on it")


    def update_odometer(self, mileage):
        """
        将里程表设置为指定的值
        拒绝将里程表回调
        """
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("you can't roll back an odometer")

    def increment_odometer(self,miles):
        """将里程表读数增加指定的量"""
        self.odometer_reading +=  miles


class Battery:
    def __init__(self,battery_size=75):       # 如果battery_size 没有被提供值，将被设置为75
        self.battery_size=battery_size
    def describe_battery(self):
        print(f"This car has a {self.battery_size}-KWh battery.")

    def get_range(self):
        if self.battery_size==75:
            range=260
        elif self.battery_size==100:
            range=315

        print(f"This car can go about {range} miles on a full charge.")



class ElectricCar(Car):
    """模拟电动汽车的独特之处"""
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        """
        初始化父类的属性
        再初始化电动汽车特有的属性
        """
        super().__init__(make,model,year)
        self.battery=Battery()  # 添加self_battery属性，让python创建一个新的Battery实例，并赋值给self_battery属性

4.2导入单个类

from car import Car

my_new_car=Car('audi','a4',2019)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_new_car.odometer_reading=23
my_new_car.read_odometer()

4.3在一个模块中导入多个类

from car import Car,ElectricCar

my_beetle=Car('volkswagen','beetle',2019)
print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name())

my_tesla=ElectricCar('tasla','roadster',2019)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

4.4导入整个模块

import car

my_beetle=car.Car('volkswagen','beetle',2019)
print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name())

my_tesla=car.ElectricCar('tasla','roadster',2019)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

4.5导入模块中的所有类

from  car import*
my_beetle=Car('volkswagen','beetle',2019)
print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name())

my_tesla=ElectricCar('tasla','roadster',2019)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

4.6在一个模块中导入另一个模块

将类存储在多模块中时，可能会发现一个模块中的类依赖于另一个模块中的类，在这种情况下，可在前一个模块中导入必要的类

electric_car.py

从每个模块中分别导入类

from car import Car
# 需要让car.py中只包含Car类
class Battery:
    def __init__(self,battery_size=75):       # 如果battery_size 没有被提供值，将被设置为75
        self.battery_size=battery_size
    def describe_battery(self):
        print(f"This car has a {self.battery_size}-KWh battery.")

    def get_range(self):
        if self.battery_size==75:
            range=260
        elif self.battery_size==100:
            range=315

        print(f"This car can go about {range} miles on a full charge.")

class ElectricCar(Car):
    """模拟电动汽车的独特之处"""
    def __init__(self,make,model,year):
        """
        初始化父类的属性
        再初始化电动汽车特有的属性
        """
        super().__init__(make,model,year)
        self.battery=Battery()  # 添加self_battery属性，让python创建一个新的Battery实例，并赋值给self_battery属性

from car import Car
from electirc_car import ElectricCar
my_beetle=Car('volkswagen','beetle',2019)
print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name())

my_tesla=ElectricCar('tasla','roadster',2019)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

4.7使用别名

from electirc_car import ElectricCar as EC
my_tesla=EC('tasla','roadster',2019)

5.python标准库

6.类编写风格

类名中的每个单词的首字母都大写，而不使用下划线。

实例名和模块名都采用小写格式，并在单词之间加上下划线。

zeng-233

关注

0
点赞
踩
0

收藏

觉得还不错? 一键收藏
0
评论
2022-01-09周报

python第九章类1.创建类根据dog类创建的每个实例都将存储名字和年龄，赋予每条小狗蹲下sit（）和打滚roll_over（）class Dog: def __init__ (self,name,age): self.name=name self.age=age def sit(self): print(f"{self.name} is now sitting.") def roll_over(self):.
复制链接

扫一扫