saltstack配置管理

1. YAML语言

YAML是一种直观的能够被电脑识别的数据序列化格式，是一个可读性高并且容易被人类阅读，容易和脚本语言交互，用来表达资料序列的编程语言。

它类似于标准通用标记语言的子集XML的数据描述语言，语法比XML简单很多。

AML的基本规则：

• 使用缩进来表示层级关系，每层2个空格，禁止使用TAB键
• 当冒号不是处于最后时，冒号后面必须有一个空格
• 用 - 表示列表，- 的后面必须有一个空格
• 用 # 表示注释

YAML配置文件要放到SaltStack让我们放的位置，可以在SaltStack的 Master 配置文件中查找file_roots即可看到。

[root@master ~]# vim /etc/salt/master
...此处省略N行
file_roots:
  base:
    - /srv/salt/base
  test:
    - /srv/salt/test
  dev:
    - /srv/salt/dev
  prod:
    - /srv/salt/prod
...此处省略N行
[root@master ~]# mkdir -p /srv/salt/{base,test,dev,prod}
[root@master ~]# tree /srv
/srv
└── salt
    ├── base
    ├── dev
    ├── prod
    └── test

5 directories, 0 files

[root@master ~]# systemctl restart salt-master

各环境说明：

• base：基础环境
• test：测试环境
• dev：开发环境
• prod：生产环境

需要注意：

• base是默认的位置，如果file_roots只有一个，则base是必备的且必须叫base，不能改名

2. 用SaltStack配置一个apache实例

2.1 在Master上部署sls配置文件并执行

[root@master ~]# cd /srv/salt/base/
[root@master base]# ls
[root@master base]# mkdir -p /web/apache
[root@master base]# cd /web/apache/
[root@master apache]# touch apache.sls
[root@master apache]# vim apache.sls 
apache-install:
  pkg.installed:
    - name: httpd

apache-service:
  service.running:
    - name: httpd
    - enable: True

YAML 配置文件中顶格写的被称作ID，必须全局唯一，不能重复 SaltStack 读 YAML

配置文件时是从上往下读，所以要把先执行的写在前面

执行状态描述文件

[root@master salt]# salt 'minion' state.sls web.apache.apache
minion:
----------
          ID: apache-insall
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: The following packages were installed/updated: httpd
     Started: 15:56:52.291205
    Duration: 48802.394 ms
     Changes:   
              ----------
              apr:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      1.6.3-12.el8
                  old:
              apr-util:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      1.6.1-6.el8
                  old:
              apr-util-bdb:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      1.6.1-6.el8
                  old:
              apr-util-openssl:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      1.6.1-6.el8
                  old:
              centos-logos-httpd:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      85.8-1.el8
                  old:
              httpd:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      2.4.37-40.module_el8.5.0+852+0aafc63b
                  old:
              httpd-filesystem:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      2.4.37-40.module_el8.5.0+852+0aafc63b
                  old:
              httpd-tools:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      2.4.37-40.module_el8.5.0+852+0aafc63b
                  old:
              mod_http2:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      1.15.7-3.module_el8.4.0+778+c970deab
                  old:
----------
          ID: apache-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: Service httpd has been enabled, and is running
     Started: 15:57:41.119739
    Duration: 512.161 ms
     Changes:   
              ----------
              httpd:
                  True

Summary for minion
------------
Succeeded: 2 (changed=2)
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time:  49.315 s

2.2 在Minion上检查

[root@minion ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2021-11-02 15:57:41 CST; 1min 31s ago
     Docs: man:httpd.service(8)

由以上内容可知apache确实已部署成功。

执行状态文件的技巧：

• 先用test.ping测试需要执行状态文件的主机是否能正常通信，然后再执行状态文件

2.3 当在其他环境下执行时

当在除base外环境下执行任务时，需在后面跟上“saltenv=测试环境”

[root@master salt]# mv base/web/ test/
[root@master salt]# tree test
test
└── web
    └── apache
        └── apache.sls

2 directories, 1 file
[root@master salt]# salt 'minion' state.sls web.apache.apache saltenv=test
minion:
----------
          ID: apache-insall
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: All specified packages are already installed
     Started: 16:03:41.065613
    Duration: 1344.854 ms
     Changes:   
----------
          ID: apache-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: The service httpd is already running
     Started: 16:03:42.412110
    Duration: 40.868 ms
     Changes:   

Summary for minion
------------
Succeeded: 2
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time:   1.386 s

3. top file

3.1 top file介绍

直接通过命令执行sls文件时够自动化吗？答案是否定的，因为我们还要告诉某台主机要执行某个任务，自动化应该是我们让它干活时，它自己就知道哪台主机要干什么活，但是直接通过命令执行sls文件并不能达到这个目的，为了解决这个问题，top file 应运而生。

top file就是一个入口，top file的文件名可通过在 Master的配置文件中搜索top.sls找出，且此文件必须在 base 环境中，默认情况下此文件必须叫top.sls。

top file的作用就是告诉对应的主机要干什么活，比如让web服务器启动web服务，让数据库服务器安装mysql等等。

top file 实例：

//检查环境
[root@master base]# salt '*' test.ping
master:
    True
node2:
    True
minion:
    True

//创建两个需要安装的任务
[root@master base]# mkdir -p database/mariadb
[root@master base]# vim database/mariadb/install.sls 
mysql-install:
  pkg.installed:
    - name: mariadb-server
mysql-service:
  service.running:
    - name: mariadb
    - enable: Ture

[root@master base]# mkdir -p web/apache
[root@master base]# vim web/apache/install.sls 
apache-insall:
  pkg.installed:
    - name: httpd
apache-service:
  service.running:
    - name: httpd
    - enable: True
[root@master base]# tree
.
├── database
│   └── mariadb
│       └── install.sls
└── web
    └── apache
        └── install.sls

4 directories, 2 files
[root@master base]# vim top.sls 		//创建top文件
base:  			//要执行状态文件的环境
  minion:   	//要执行状态文件的目标
    - web.apache.install   		//要执行的状态文件

  node2:
    - database.mariadb.install


[root@master base]# tree
.
├── database
│   └── mariadb
│       └── install.sls
├── top.sls
└── web
    └── apache
        └── install.sls

4 directories, 3 files
[root@master base]# salt '*' state.highstate   //使用高级状态来执行
master:
----------
          ID: states
    Function: no.None			//在top file里没找到它要干啥
      Result: False
     Comment: No Top file or master_tops data matches found. Please see master log for details.
     Changes:   

Summary for master
------------
Succeeded: 0
Failed:    1
------------
Total states run:     1
Total run time:   0.000 ms
minion:
----------
          ID: apache-insall
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: The following packages were installed/updated: httpd
     Started: 16:44:02.095545
    Duration: 32090.535 ms
     Changes:   
              ----------
              apr:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      1.6.3-12.el8
                  old:
              apr-util:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      1.6.1-6.el8
                  old:
              apr-util-bdb:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      1.6.1-6.el8
                  old:
              apr-util-openssl:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      1.6.1-6.el8
                  old:
              centos-logos-httpd:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      85.8-1.el8
                  old:
              httpd:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      2.4.37-40.module_el8.5.0+852+0aafc63b
                  old:
              httpd-filesystem:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      2.4.37-40.module_el8.5.0+852+0aafc63b
                  old:
              httpd-tools:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      2.4.37-40.module_el8.5.0+852+0aafc63b
                  old:
              mod_http2:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      1.15.7-3.module_el8.4.0+778+c970deab
                  old:
----------
          ID: apache-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: Service httpd has been enabled, and is running
     Started: 16:44:34.200523
    Duration: 416.931 ms
     Changes:   
              ----------
              httpd:
                  True

Summary for minion
------------
Succeeded: 2 (changed=2)
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time:  32.507 s
node2:
----------
          ID: mysql-install
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: mariadb-server
      Result: True
     Comment: The following packages were installed/updated: mariadb-server
     Started: 16:44:02.154907
    Duration: 73259.03 ms
     Changes:   
              ----------
              mariadb:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d
                  old:
              mariadb-backup:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d
                  old:
              mariadb-common:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d
                  old:
              mariadb-connector-c:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      3.1.11-2.el8_3
                  old:
              mariadb-connector-c-config:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      3.1.11-2.el8_3
                  old:
              mariadb-errmsg:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d
                  old:
              mariadb-gssapi-server:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d
                  old:
              mariadb-server:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d
                  old:
              mariadb-server-utils:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      3:10.3.28-1.module_el8.3.0+757+d382997d
                  old:
              perl-DBD-MySQL:
                  ----------
                  new:
                      4.046-3.module_el8.3.0+419+c2dec72b
                  old:
----------
          ID: mysql-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: mariadb
      Result: True
     Comment: Service mariadb is already disabled, and is running
     Started: 16:45:15.433392
    Duration: 359.886 ms
     Changes:   
              ----------
              mariadb:
                  True

Summary for node2
------------
Succeeded: 2 (changed=2)
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time:  73.619 s
ERROR: Minions returned with non-zero exit code
// 查看另外两个客户端服务是否安装
[root@minion ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2021-11-02 16:44:34 CST; 11min ago
     Docs: man:httpd.service(8)
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mariadb.service 
● mariadb.service - MariaDB 10.3 database server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2021-11-02 16:45:15 CST; 10min ago
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)

注意：

若top file里面的目标是用 * 表示的，要注意的是，top file里面的 * 表示的是所有要执行状态的目标，而 salt ‘*’ state.highstate 里面的 * 表示通知所有机器干活，而是否要干活则是由top file来指定的

3.2 高级状态highstate的使用

管理SaltStack时一般最常用的管理操作就是执行高级状态

[root@master ~]# salt '*' state.highstate   //生产环境禁止这样使用salt命令

注意：
上面让所有人执行高级状态，但实际工作当中，一般不会这么用，工作当中一般都是通知某台或某些台目标主机来执行高级状态，具体是否执行则是由top file来决定的。

若在执行高级状态时加上参数test=True，则它会告诉我们它将会做什么，但是它不会真的去执行这个操作。

//停掉minon上的httpd服务
[root@minion ~]# systemctl stop httpd.service 
[root@minion ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead) since Tue 2021-11-02 17:13:56 CST; 6s ago
     Docs: man:httpd.service(8)
  Process: 250275 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/httpd $OPTIONS -DFOREGROUND (code=exited, status=0/SUCCE>
 Main PID: 250275 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Status: "Running, listening on: port 80"
//在master上执行高级状态的测试
[root@master base]# salt 'minion' state.highstate test=True
minion:
----------
          ID: apache-insall
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: All specified packages are already installed
     Started: 17:15:21.012368
    Duration: 1406.057 ms
     Changes:   
----------
          ID: apache-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: httpd
      Result: None
     Comment: Service httpd is set to start
     Started: 17:15:22.420278
    Duration: 49.561 ms
     Changes:   

Summary for minion
------------
Succeeded: 2 (unchanged=1)
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time:   1.456 s
//在minion上查看httpd是否启动
[root@minion ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead) since Tue 2021-11-02 17:13:56 CST; 2min 8s ago
     Docs: man:httpd.service(8)
  Process: 250275 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/httpd $OPTIONS -DFOREGROUND (code=exited, status=0/SUCCE>
 Main PID: 250275 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Status: "Running, listening on: port 80"
//由此可见高级状态并没有执行，因为httpd并没有启动