6. Servlet
Servlet接口Sun公司有两个默认实现类:HttpServlet,GenericServlet
6.1 Servlet简介
-
Selvet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
-
sun在这些api中提供了一些接口叫做Selvet,如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤
- 编写一个类,实现Servlet
- 把开发好的Java类部署到web服务器中
把实现了Servlet接口的java程序叫做Servlet
6.2 HelloServlet
-
构建一个普通的Maven项目,删掉里面的src目录,以后就在这个项目里建立model,这个空的工程就是Maven主工程
-
关于maven父子工程的理解:
父项目会有:
<modules> <module>servlte</module> </modules>
子项目会有:
<parent> <artifactId>javaweb-02-servlet</artifactId> <groupId>org.example</groupId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </parent>
父项目中的Java子项目可以直接使用
-
Maven环境优化
- 修改web.xml为最新(4.0就别改了)
- 将maven的结构搭建完整(新版idea自动搭建)
-
编写Servlet程序
-
编写一个普通类
-
实现Servlet,直接继承HttpServlet
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet { //由于get post只是请求实现的不同的方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样 @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();//响应流 writer.print("Hello,Servlet"); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
-
-
编写Servlet的映射
为什么需要映射:我们写的是Java程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web服务中注册我们写的Servlet,还需要给他一个浏览器能够访问路径
<!--注册Servlet--> <servlet> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.Yurrize.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <!--Servlet的请求路径--> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> 注意一定要加/ </servlet-mapping>
-
配置Tomcat
注意:配置项目发布路径
-
启动测试
6.3 Servlet原理
Servlet是由web服务器调用,web服务器在收到浏览器的请求后,会:
6.4 Mapping问题
-
一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径
<!--Servlet的请求路径--> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径
<!--Servlet的请求路径--> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello1</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello4</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径
<!--Servlet的请求路径--> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
默认请求路径
<!--Servlet的请求路径--> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
指定一些后缀或者前缀
<!--Servlet的请求路径--> <!--可以自定后缀实现请求映射,注意*前面不能加项目映射的路径--> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
优先级问题
指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认请求
<servlet> <servlet-name>error</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.Yurrize.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>error</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
6.5 ServletContext
web容器启动的时候,他为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,他代表了当前的web应用
6.5.1共享数据
我在这个Servlet中保存的数据可以在另外一个Servlet中拿到
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException{
//this.getInitParameter(); 初始化参数
//this.getServletConfig(); Servlet配置
//this.getServletContext(); Servlet上下文
ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
String username="Yurrize";
servletContext.setAttribute("username",username);//将一个数据保存在ServletContext
System.out.println("Hello");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
public class GetServlet extends HelloServlet{
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.getWriter().print("名字"+username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.Yurrize.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.Yurrize.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
测试访问结果:我们在HelloServlet文件中,设置了一个UserName的值,并将值放到ServletContext中,然后当我们访问Hello这个网站时,则网站中的值会保存进UserName,然后在GetServlet文件中,设置了接收的变量接收hello的值,并且在网站中响应输出
6.5.2 获取初始化参数
-
设置初始化参数
<context-param> <param-name>url</param-name> <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306</param-value> </context-param>
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在类中获取,并且输出初始化参数
public class ServletDemo03 extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext(); String url = servletContext.getInitParameter("url"); PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter(); writer.print(url); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
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在xml文件中配置Servlet
<servlet> <servlet-name>gp</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.Yurrize.servlet.ServletDemo03</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>gp</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/gp</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
6.5.3 请求转发
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
System.out.println("进入了ServletDemo04");
servletContext.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req,resp);
}
6.5.4 读取资源文件
Properties
- 在java目录下新建properties
- 在resources目录下新建properties
发现:都被打包到了同一路径下:classes,我们俗称路径为class path
思路:需要一个文件流
-
建立properties文件
username=root password=123456
-
创建文件流
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");//创建文件流 Properties prop = new Properties(); prop.load(is);//拿到文件流 String username = prop.getProperty("username");//创建变量接收文件流的值 String password = prop.getProperty("password"); resp.getWriter().print(username+":"+password);//响应输出 }
访问测试!
注意:如果properties文件建立的位置不在resources文件中,在其他位置,可能会出现资源导出问题,这时候就需要在pom.xml中配置build
<!--在build中配置resources,来防止我们资源导出失败的问题--> <build> <resources> <resource> <directory>src/main/java</directory><!--设置这个目录下的指定文件也会被导出--> <includes> <include>**/*.properties</include><!--自己指定的文件类型--> <include>**/*.xml</include> </includes> <filtering>true</filtering> </resource> <!--系统会自动导出resources中的文件,这个一般不写,如果你的resources中资源也不无法导出,可以试一下把这个加上--> <resource> <directory>src/main/resources</directory> <includes> <include>**/*.properties</include> <include>**/*.xml</include> </includes> <filtering>true</filtering> </resource> </resources> </build>
6.6 HttpServletResponse
响应
逻辑:web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,会针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest 对象,和代表响应的HttpServletResponse对象
- 如果要获取我们客户端请求过来的参数,找HttpServletRequest
- 如果要给客户端响应一些信息,找HttpServletResponse
6.6.1 简单分类
负责向浏览器发送数据的方法:
-
ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException; PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;
负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法:
-
void setCharacterEncoding(String var1); void setContentLength(int var1); void setContentLengthLong(long var1); void setContentType(String var1); void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2); void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2); void setHeader(String var1, String var2); void addHeader(String var1, String var2); void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2); void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
响应的状态码:
-
int SC_CONTINUE = 100; int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101; int SC_OK = 200; int SC_CREATED = 201; int SC_ACCEPTED = 202; int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203; int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204; int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205; int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206; int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300; int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301; int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302; int SC_FOUND = 302; int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303; int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304; int SC_USE_PROXY = 305; int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307; int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400; int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401; int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402; int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403; int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404; int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405; int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406; int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407; int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408; int SC_CONFLICT = 409; int SC_GONE = 410; int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411; int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412; int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413; int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414; int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415; int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416; int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417; int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500; int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501; int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502; int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503; int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504; int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;
6.6.2 下载文件
- 要获取下载文件的路径
- 下载文件名是什么
- 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
- 获取下载文件的输入流
- 创建缓冲区
- 获取OutPutStream对象
- 将FileOutPutStream流写入buffer缓冲区
- 使用OutPutStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
// 1. 要获取下载文件的路径
String realPath = "D:\\javaweb-02-servlet\\response\\src\\main\\resources\\GG.jpg";
System.out.println("要下载文件的路径:"+realPath);
// 2. 下载文件名是什么
String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
// 3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持(Content-Disposition)下载我们需要的东西(attachment;filename),当需要用到中文文件名时,URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"UTF-8")设置编码,否则有可能乱码
resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+ URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"UTF-8"));
// 4. 获取下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
// 5. 创建缓冲区
int len=0;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
// 6. 获取OutPutStream对象
ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
// 7. 将FileOutPutStream流写入buffer缓冲区,使用OutPutStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端
while ((len=in.read(buffer))>0){
outputStream.write(buffer,0,len);
}
in.close();
outputStream.close();
}
6.6.3 验证码功能
验证码怎么来的?
-
前端实现
-
后端实现,需要用到java的图片类,image类,生成一个图片
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { //如何让浏览器五秒自动刷新一次; resp.setHeader("refresh","3"); //如何在内存中创建一个图片 BufferedImage bufferedImage = new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB); //得到图片 Graphics2D graphics = (Graphics2D) bufferedImage.getGraphics();//设置一只笔 //设置图片背景颜色 graphics.setColor(Color.WHITE); graphics.fillRect(0,0,80,20); //给图片写数据 graphics.setColor(Color.BLUE); graphics.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20)); graphics.drawString(makeNum(),0,20); //告诉浏览器这个请求用图片的方式打开 resp.setContentType("image/png"); //网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存 resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1); resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache"); resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache"); //把图片写给浏览器 boolean write = ImageIO.write(bufferedImage,"png", resp.getOutputStream()); }
验证码需要随机数:生成随机数
//生成随机数 private String makeNum(){ Random random = new Random(); String s = random.nextInt(999999) + ""; StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer(); for (int i=0;i<7-s.length();i++){ buffer.append("0"); } s = buffer.toString() + s; return s; }
6.6.4 实现重定向
一个web资源收到客户端请求后,他会通知客户端去访问另外一个web资源,这个过程叫重定向
常见场景:
- 用户登录
重定向方法:
void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;
测试:
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
/*
resp.setHeader("Location","/r/img");
resp.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY);
重定向拆分
*/
resp.sendRedirect("/r/img");//重定向
}
面试题:请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别?
相同点:
- 页面都会实现跳转
不同点:
- 请求转发的时候,url不会发生变化,307
- 重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化,302
案例:
- 编写jsp登陆界面
<%@page contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" language="java" %> 加上这句话否则乱码
<html>
<body>
<h2>Hello World!</h2>
<%--这里提交的路径,需要寻找到项目的路径--%>
<%--${pageContext.request.contextPath}代表当前的项目/login--%>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="get">
用户名:<input type="text" name="username"> <br>
密码:<input type="password" name="password"> <br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
- 实现类中接收前端信息
public class RequestTest extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//处理请求
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
System.out.println(username+"+"+password);
System.out.println("进入这个请求");
//注意重定向时,一定要注意路径问题,否则404
resp.sendRedirect("/r/success.jsp");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
- 编写web映射
<servlet>
<servlet-name>Request</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.Yurrize.servlet.RequestTest</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>Request</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/login</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 编写重定向页面
<%--
Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
User: 12044
Date: 2022/3/23
Time: 15:32
To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
--%>
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Success</h1>
</body>
</html>
6.7 HttpServletRequest
HttpServletRequest 代表客户端的请求,用户通过http协议访问服务器,http请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest ,通过HttpServletRequest 方法,获得客户端所有信息
6.7.1 获取参数,请求转发
实例:登录界面
-
前端页面代码
<%-- Created by IntelliJ IDEA. User: 12044 Date: 2022/3/23 Time: 15:45 To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates. --%> <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" %> <html> <head> <title>登录</title> </head> <body> <h1>登录</h1> <div style="text-align: center"> <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="post"> <label> 用户名: <input type="text" name="username"> </label> <br> <label> 密码: <input type="password" name="password"> </label> <br> 爱好: <input type="checkbox" name="hobbies" value="唱歌"> 唱歌 <input type="checkbox" name="hobbies" value="跳舞"> 跳舞 <input type="checkbox" name="hobbies" value="运动"> 运动 <input type="checkbox" name="hobbies" value="学习"> 学习 <br> <input type="submit"> </form> </div> </body> </html>
-
实体类接收前端向服务器的请求
@Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { //后台接收中文乱码问题 req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8"); resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8"); String username = req.getParameter("username"); String password = req.getParameter("password"); String[] parameterValues = req.getParameterValues("hobbies"); System.out.println("==============================="); System.out.println(username); System.out.println(password); System.out.println(Arrays.toString(parameterValues)); System.out.println("==============================="); //通过请求转发 //这里的斜杠代表当前的web应用 req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp); }
-
登录成功页面
<%-- Created by IntelliJ IDEA. User: 12044 Date: 2022/3/23 Time: 16:01 To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates. --%> <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %> <html> <head> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>登录成功</h1> </body> </html>
6.8 解决编码问题
resp.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");