KVM虚拟化
虚拟化介绍
-
虚拟化是云计算的基础。简单的说，虚拟化使得在一台物理的服务器上可以跑多台虚拟机，虚拟机共享物理机的 CPU、内存、IO 硬件资源，但逻辑上虚拟机之间是相互隔离的。
-
物理机我们一般称为宿主机（Host），宿主机上面的虚拟机称为客户机（Guest）。
那么 Host 是如何将自己的硬件资源虚拟化，并提供给 Guest 使用的呢？
这个主要是通过一个叫做 Hypervisor 的程序实现的。
根据 Hypervisor 的实现方式和所处的位置，虚拟化又分为两种：
-
全虚拟化
-
半虚拟化
全虚拟化：
- Hypervisor 直接安装在物理机上，多个虚拟机在 Hypervisor 上运行。Hypervisor 实现方式一般是一个特殊定制的 Linux 系统。Xen 和 VMWare 的 ESXi 都属于这个类型
半虚拟化：
- 物理机上首先安装常规的操作系统，比如 Redhat、Ubuntu 和 Windows。Hypervisor 作为 OS 上的一个程序模块运行，并对管理虚拟机进行管理。KVM、VirtualBox 和 VMWare Workstation 都属于这个类型
理论上讲：
- 全虚拟化一般对硬件虚拟化功能进行了特别优化，性能上比半虚拟化要高；
- 半虚拟化因为基于普通的操作系统，会比较灵活，比如支持虚拟机嵌套。嵌套意味着可以在KVM虚拟机中再运行KVM。
kvm介绍
- kVM 全称是 Kernel-Based Virtual Machine。也就是说 KVM 是基于 Linux 内核实现的。
KVM有一个内核模块叫 kvm.ko，只用于管理虚拟 CPU 和内存。
那 IO 的虚拟化，比如存储和网络设备则是由 Linux 内核与Qemu来实现。
作为一个 Hypervisor，KVM 本身只关注虚拟机调度和内存管理这两个方面。IO 外设的任务交给 Linux 内核和 Qemu。
大家在网上看 KVM 相关文章的时候肯定经常会看到 Libvirt 这个东西。
Libvirt 就是 KVM 的管理工具。
其实，Libvirt 除了能管理 KVM 这种 Hypervisor，还能管理 Xen，VirtualBox 等。
Libvirt 包含 3 个东西：后台 daemon 程序 libvirtd、API 库和命令行工具 virsh
libvirtd是服务程序，接收和处理 API 请求；
API 库使得其他人可以开发基于 Libvirt 的高级工具，比如 virt-manager，这是个图形化的 KVM 管理工具；
virsh 是我们经常要用的 KVM 命令行工具
/
KVM部署
| 系统 | IP |
|---|---|
| CentOS8 | 192.168.220.9 kvm主机 |
| CentOS7 | 192.168.220.22 管理kvm主机 的web界面 |
安装kvm
部署前请确保你的CPU虚拟化功能已开启。分为两种情况：
- 虚拟机要关机设置CPU虚拟化
- 物理机要在BIOS里开启CPU虚拟化
然后配置的虚拟机需要把内存给多一点，我给的是8G内存
关闭防火墙和selinux
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname KVM
[root@localhost ~]# bash
[root@KVM ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
# 关闭selinux
[root@KVM ~]# sed -ri 's/^(SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
[root@KVM ~]# reboot
[root@KVM ~]# getenforce
Disabled
验证CPU是否支持KVM；如果结果中有vmx（Intel）或svm(AMD)字样，就说明CPU的支持的
[root@KVM ~]# egrep -o 'vmx|svm' /proc/cpuinfo (显示的结果和你给的处理器个数有关)
vmx
vmx
安装依赖包和kvm工具
yum -y install epel-release
dnf -y install qemu-kvm-common qemu-kvm qemu-img virt-manager libvirt python3-libvirt libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewer bridge-utils libguestfs-tools
配置网卡
[root@KVM ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@KVM network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-ens33
[root@KVM network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-ens33 ifcfg-br0
[root@KVM network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-br0
[root@KVM network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-br0
TYPE=Bridge # 类型修改为Bridge桥接类型
BOOTPROTO=none
NAME=br0 # 改为br0
DEVICE=br0 # 改为br0
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.220.9
GATEWAY=192.168.220.2
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
DNS1=114.114.114.114
DNS2=8.8.8.8
# 修改ens33网卡
[root@KVM network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-ens33
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=none
NAME=ens33
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=yes
BRIDGE=br0 # 添加此行
# 将下面的内容注释或删除
# IPADDR=192.168.220.9
# GATEWAY=192.168.220.2
# NETMASK=255.255.255.0
# DNS1=114.114.114.114
# DNS2=8.8.8.8
# 重启网卡
[root@KVM network-scripts]# systemctl restart NetworkManager
[root@KVM network-scripts]# ifdown ens33;ifup ens33
reboot
[root@localhost ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel master br0 state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:34:91:07 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: br0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:34:91:07 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.220.9/24 brd 192.168.220.255 scope global noprefixroute br0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe34:9107/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:8d:7e:9a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
5: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel master virbr0 state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:8d:7e:9a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
启动服务
[root@KVM ~]# systemctl enable --now libvirtd
[root@KVM ~]# systemctl status libvirtd
● libvirtd.service - Virtualization daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/libvirtd.service; enabled>
Active: active (running) since Wed 2021-10-20 01:45:34 EDT; 5s ago
Docs: man:libvirtd(8)
https://libvirt.org
Main PID: 37434 (libvirtd)
Tasks: 19 (limit: 32768)
Memory: 21.7M
CGroup: /system.slice/libvirtd.service
├─37434 /usr/sbin/libvirtd --timeout 120
├─37613 /usr/sbin/dnsmasq --conf-file=/var/lib/libvirt/dn
验证安装结果
[root@KVM ~]# lsmod|grep kvm # 查看信息能看到安装成功
kvm_intel 311296 0
kvm 839680 1 kvm_intel
irqbypass 16384 1 kvm
查看是否有系统 ：无
[root@KVM ~]# virsh -c qemu:///system list
setlocale: No such file or directory
Id Name State
--------------------
创建软连接，让其能够找到
[root@KVM ~]# which qemu-kvm
/usr/bin/which: no qemu-kvm in (/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin)
[root@KVM ~]# find / -name qemu-kvm
/etc/qemu-kvm
/usr/lib64/qemu-kvm
/usr/share/doc/qemu-kvm
/usr/share/qemu-kvm
/usr/libexec/qemu-kvm
[root@KVM ~]# ln -sv /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
'/usr/bin/qemu-kvm' -> '/usr/libexec/qemu-kvm'
[root@KVM ~]# which qemu-kvm
/usr/bin/qemu-kvm
查看网桥信息
[root@localhost ~]# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br0 8000.000c29349107 no ens33
virbr0 8000.5254008d7e9a yes virbr0-nic
KVM web管理界面安装
[root@localhost ~]# hostname kvm-manager
[root@localhost ~]# bash
[root@kvm-manager ~]#
关闭防火墙和selinux
[root@kvm-manager ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@kvm-manager ~]# sed -ri 's/^(SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
[root@kvm-manager ~]# setenforce 0
[root@kvm-manager ~]# getenforce
Permissive
kvm 的web 管理界面是由webvirtmgr程序提供的
# 下载依托源
[root@kvm-manager ~]# yum -y install epel-release
# 安装依赖包
[root@kvm-manager ~]# yum -y install git python-pip libvirt-python libxml2-python python-websockify supervisor nginx python-devel
从github上下载webvirtmgr代码
[root@kvm-manager ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@kvm-manager src]# ls
debug kernels
[root@kvm-manager src]# git clone git://github.com/retspen/webvirtmgr.git
正克隆到 'webvirtmgr'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 5614, done.
remote: Total 5614 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 5614
接收对象中: 100% (5614/5614), 2.97 MiB | 1.05 MiB/s, done.
处理 delta 中: 100% (3606/3606), done.
[root@KVM src]# ls
debug kernels webvirtmgr
# 安装webvirtmgr
[root@kvm-manager src]# cd webvirtmgr/
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# ls
conf images networks setup.py
console instance README.rst storages
create interfaces requirements.txt templates
deploy locale secrets Vagrantfile
dev-requirements.txt manage.py serverlog vrtManager
hostdetail MANIFEST.in servers webvirtmgr
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# pip install -r requirements.txt
Collecting django==1.5.5 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
.......
y2.py3-none-any.whl (113kB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 122kB 37kB/s
.......
Running setup.py install for django ... done
Successfully installed django-1.5.5 gunicorn-19.5.0 lockfile-0.12.2
# 检查sqlite3是否安装
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# python #输入import sqlite3 后没有输出东西是正确的，退出
Python 2.7.5 (default, Nov 16 2020, 22:23:17)
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sqlite3
>>> exit()
初始化账号信息
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# python manage.py syncdb
WARNING:root:No local_settings file found.
Creating tables ...
Creating table auth_permission
Creating table auth_group_permissions
Creating table auth_group
Creating table auth_user_groups
Creating table auth_user_user_permissions
Creating table auth_user
Creating table django_content_type
Creating table django_session
Creating table django_site
Creating table servers_compute
Creating table instance_instance
Creating table create_flavor
You just installed Django's auth system, which means you don't have any superusers defined.
Would you like to create one now? (yes/no): yes # 是否创建超级管理员账号
Username (leave blank to use 'root'): admin #超级管理员帐号用户名，默认留空为root
Email address: fg@123.com # 设置超级管理员邮箱
Password: # 设置超级管理员密码
Password (again): # 确认超级管理员密码
Superuser created successfully. # 成功
Installing custom SQL ...
Installing indexes ...
Installed 6 object(s) from 1 fixture(s)
拷贝web网页至指定目录
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# cd /var/www
bash: cd: /var/www: 没有那个文件或目录
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# mkdir /var/www
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# cp -r /usr/src/webvirtmgr /var/www/
# 修改属组
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# ll /var/www
总用量 4
drwxr-xr-x. 20 root root 4096 10月 20 08:28 webvirtmgr
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# chown -R nginx.nginx /var/www/webvirtmgr
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# ll /var/www
总用量 4
drwxr-xr-x. 20 nginx nginx 4096 10月 20 08:28 webvirtmgr
生成密钥
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:1euvXuqxRfMaWEJxlnDSlbGcBFlXmfhjaArZ6Fwb+Z8 root@kvm-manager
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| ++O*X|
| . O=++|
| = + o+ |
| = * + + |
| S o O = .|
| o + * o |
| + = o|
| B E |
| o*.o |
+----[SHA256]-----+
# 由于这里webvirtmgr和kvm服务部署不在同一台机器，kvm部署在其他机器，这个是它的ip
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# ssh-copy-id root@192.168.220.9(kvm主机IP)
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.220.9 (192.168.220.9)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:ZeQy7MqiTiEdnowRrum5zEWROx4LRrsYwdL8dvgx6N0.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:69:7c:94:43:6e:61:9a:d7:a6:dd:47:2c:b0:9e:e3:43.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.220.9's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.220.9'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
配置端口转发
[root@kvm-manager webvirtmgr]# ssh 192.168.220.9(kvm主机的IP) -L localhost:8000:localhost:8000 -L localhost:6080:localhost:60
Last login: Wed Oct 20 08:07:51 2021 from 192.168.220.1
[root@kvm-manager ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 32 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:111 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
配置nginx
[root@kvm-manager ~]# cd /etc/nginx/
[root@kvm-manager nginx]# vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
error_page 404 /404.html;
location = /40x.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
}
}
}
[root@kvm-manager nginx]# cd conf.d/
[root@kvm-manager conf.d]# ls
[root@kvm-manager conf.d]# vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/webvirtmgr.conf
server {
listen 80 default_server;
server_name $hostname;
#access_log /var/log/nginx/webvirtmgr_access_log;
location /static/ {
root /var/www/webvirtmgr/webvirtmgr;
expires max;
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-for $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $host:$server_port;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $remote_addr;
proxy_connect_timeout 600;
proxy_read_timeout 600;
proxy_send_timeout 600;
client_max_body_size 1024M;
}
}
# 确保bind绑定的是本机的8000端口
[root@kvm-manager conf.d]# vi /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
.....此处省略N行
bind = '0.0.0.0:8000' # 确保此处绑定的是本机的8000端口，这个在nginx配置中定义了，被代理的端口
backlog = 2048
.....此处省略N行
# 重启nginx
[root@kvm-manager conf.d]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@kvm-manager conf.d]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 32 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:111 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
设置supervisor
[root@kvm-manager conf.d]# vi /etc/supervisord.conf
.....此处省略上面的内容，在文件最后加上以下内容
[program:webvirtmgr]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/manage.py run_gunicorn -c /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr.log
log_stderr=true
user=nginx
启动supervisor并设置开机自启
[root@kvm-manager conf.d]# systemctl enable --now supervisord
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/supervisord.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/supervisord.service.
[root@kvm-manager conf.d]# systemctl status supervisord
● supervisord.service - Process Monitoring and Control Daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/supervisord.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since 三 2021-10-20 08:54:32 EDT; 37s ago
Process: 91865 ExecStart=/usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord.conf (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 91868 (supervisord)
CGroup: /system.slice/supervisord.service
└─91868 /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord.conf
10月 20 08:54:31 kvm-manager systemd[1]: Starting Process Monitoring and Control Daemon...
10月 20 08:54:32 kvm-manager systemd[1]: Started Process Monitoring and Control Daemon.
[root@kvm-manager conf.d]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6080 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:8000 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6080 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:8000 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
配置nginx用户
[root@kvm-manager conf.d]# su - nginx -s /bin/bash
-bash-4.2$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/var/lib/nginx/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:698LipKTbzOUxY/oSCxiB0IsYZTm2zY/Ic++kRLViG4 nginx@kvm-manager
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|++. |
|o= . o |
|= . o o |
|.o. . o |
|. +E +So |
|.oo*+.= ... |
|..o+*O. . . |
| B=*o . o |
| .B=oo.. o. |
+----[SHA256]-----+
-bash-4.2$ echo -e "StrictHostKeyChecking=no\nUserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null" >> ~/.ssh/config
-bash-4.2$ chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/config
-bash-4.2$ ssh-copy-id root@192.168.220.9
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.220.9' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.220.9's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'root@192.168.220.9'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
-bash-4.2$ exit
logout
[root@kvm-manager conf.d]#
[root@kvm-manager conf.d]# vi /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[Remote libvirt SSH access]
Identity=unix-user:root
Action=org.libvirt.unix.manage
ResultAny=yes
ResultInactive=yes
ResultActive=yes
[root@kvm-manager conf.d]# chown -R root.root /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[root@kvm-manager conf.d]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@KVM network-scripts]# systemctl restart libvirtd # kvm主机端重启
访问
kvm存储管理
#
[root@KVM ~]# cd /var/lib/libvirt/images/
[root@KVM images]# ls
# 上传后
[root@KVM images]# ls
CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1804-7.5.iso
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