C语言实现memcpy、memmove库函数

引言

关于 $memcpy$ 和 $memmove$ 这两个函数，不论是算法竞赛还是找工作面试笔试，对这两个函数必然是经常都会用到，而且面试的时候很有可能会让你把代码复现出来，也许会问你这两个库函数的区别，这都是你自学才能知道的，所以也是很能体现你实力的一种，所以说很重要，话不多说了，那就开始介绍吧。

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一、库函数介绍

#include <cstring>  // CPP版头文件
#include <string.h>  //C版头文件

void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, size_t count); 
void *memmove(void *dest, const void *src, size_t count); 

功能：把从 $src$ 开始的 $count$ 个字节拷贝到以 $dest$ 开始的内存区域中，返回 $dest$ （可进行链式嵌套调用）

区别: memcpy要求在使用时这两块区域不能有重叠，也就是不能出现自拷贝的情况，而memmove则保证在有重叠的情况下，结果是正确的。

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二、库函数详解

memcpy:强转为char*，解引用从前到后依次赋值 $count$ 次。

但是遇到如下图的情况：在 $src$ 赋值的同时会把自己原本的值给覆盖掉，就会出现与使用者本意不相符的情况发生，所以 $memcpy$ 不允许这两块区域重叠。

但如果是如下图这种情况： $dest$ 会跟本意一样，只不过 $src$ 有些变了，但目的还是 $dest$ 所以这个是没关系的，所以这种情况不考虑，因为设计者也是这么写的。

memmove：遇到有可能发生重叠的情况，从后往前赋值，就不会出错了，可以看图想想。

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三、源码实现

这里值得注意的就是*d++这块，++优先级高，所以先d++，结果为d，然后*d，语句结束后d才++。

1.memcpy源码实现

void* memcpy(void* dest, const void* src, size_t count)
{
	if (dest == NULL || src == NULL || count == 0) return dest;

	char* d = (char*)dest;
	char* s = (char*)src;

	while (count--)
	{
		*d++ = *s++;
	}

	return dest;
}

2.memmove源码实现

void* memmove(void* dest, const void* src, size_t count)
{
	if (dest == NULL || src == NULL || count == 0) return dest;

	char* d = (char*)dest;
	char* s = (char*)src;

	if (dest < src)
	{
		while (count--)
		{
			*d++ = *s++;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		d += count;
		s += count;

		while (count--)  // 从后往前赋值
		{
			*--d = *--s;  // 注意这里先减减
		}
	}
	
	return dest;
}

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四、测试

1.memcpy函数

int main()
{
	const size_t size = 20;
	int a[size] = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 };
	int b[size];

	memcpy(b, a, 10 * sizeof(int));  //注意这里是字节数
	for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) printf("%d ", b[i]);

	return 0;
}

可以看出如下的例子：说明memcpy不能自拷贝

int main()
{
	const size_t size = 20;
	int a[size] = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 };
	int b[size];

	memcpy(a+4, a, 10 * sizeof(int));  //注意这里是字节数
	for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) printf("%d ", a[i]);

	return 0;
}

2.memmove函数

如下例子可以看出与memcpy的区别

int main()
{
	const size_t size = 20;
	int a[size] = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 };
	int b[size];

	memmove(a+4, a, 10 * sizeof(int));  //自拷贝
	for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) printf("%d ", a[i]);

	return 0;
}

正常例子：

int main()
{
	const size_t size = 20;
	int a[size] = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 };
	int b[size] = {0};

	memmove(b, a, 10 * sizeof(int));  //注意这里是字节数
	for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) printf("%d ", b[i]);

	return 0;
}

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五、源码

1.memcpy源码

/***
*memcpy.c - contains memcpy routine
 
*Purpose:
*       memcpy() copies a source memory buffer to a destination buffer.
*       Overlapping buffers are not treated specially, so propogation may occur.
*
 **********/

#include <cruntime.h>
#include <string.h>

#pragma function(memcpy)

/***
*memcpy - Copy source buffer to destination buffer
*
*Purpose:
*       memcpy() copies a source memory buffer to a destination memory buffer.
*       This routine does NOT recognize overlapping buffers, and thus can lead
*       to propogation.
*
*       For cases where propogation must be avoided, memmove() must be used.
*
*Entry:
*       void *dst = pointer to destination buffer
*       const void *src = pointer to source buffer
*       size_t count = number of bytes to copy
*
*Exit:
*       Returns a pointer to the destination buffer
*
*Exceptions:
*******************************************************************************/

void * __cdecl memcpy (
        void * dst,
        const void * src,
        size_t count
        )
{
        void * ret = dst;

#if defined (_M_IA64)

        {


        __declspec(dllimport)


        void RtlCopyMemory( void *, const void *, size_t count );

        RtlCopyMemory( dst, src, count );

        }

#else  /* defined (_M_IA64) */
        /*
         * copy from lower addresses to higher addresses
         */
        while (count--) {
                *(char *)dst = *(char *)src;
                dst = (char *)dst + 1;
                src = (char *)src + 1;
        }
#endif  /* defined (_M_IA64) */

        return(ret);
}

2.memmove源码

/***
*memmove - Copy source buffer to destination buffer
*
*Purpose:
*       memmove() copies a source memory buffer to a destination memory buffer.
*       This routine recognize overlapping buffers to avoid propogation.
*       For cases where propogation is not a problem, memcpy() can be used.
*
*   Algorithm:
*******************************************************************************/

void* memmove(void* dest, void* source, size_t count)
{
	void* ret = dest;
	
	if (dest <= source || dest >= (source + count))
	{
		//Non-Overlapping Buffers
		//copy from lower addresses to higher addresses
   
		while (count --)
			*dest++ = *source++;
	}
	else
	{
		//Overlapping Buffers
		//copy from higher addresses to lower addresses
       
		dest += count - 1;
		source += count - 1;

		while (count--)
			*dest-- = *source--;l
	}
      
	return ret;
}

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六、参考文献

51CTO博客：C语言库函数 Memcpy 和 Memmove 的区别，你知道多少?
CSND博客：memmove和memcpy的区别