FTP部署

1. 简介

文件传输协议（File Transfer Protocol，FTP）是用于在网络上进行文件传输的一套标准协议，它工作在 OSI 模型的第七层， TCP 模型的第四层， 即应用层， 使用 TCP 传输， 客户在和服务器建立连接前要经过一个“三次握手”的过程， 保证客户与服务器之间的连接是可靠的， 而且是面向连接， 为数据传输提供可靠保证。
FTP允许用户以文件操作的方式（如文件的增、删、改、查、传送等）与另一主机相互通信。然而， 用户并不真正登录到自己想要存取的计算机上面而成为完全用户， 可用FTP程序访问远程资源， 实现用户往返传输文件、目录管理以及访问电子邮件等等， 即使双方计算机可能配有不同的操作系统和文件存储方式。

1.1 FTP的应用

1.2 FTP传输文件的过程

默认情况下FTP协议使用TCP端口中的 20 和 21 这两个端口，其中20用于传输数据，21用于传输控制信息。

1.3 FTP传输模式

2. 安装

安装环境：ubuntu 20.04
apt update
apt install -y vsftpd
vsftpd -v查看版本

3. 修改配置文件

vim /etc/vsftpd.conf

# Example config file /etc/vsftpd.conf
#
# The default compiled in settings are fairly paranoid. This sample file
# loosens things up a bit, to make the ftp daemon more usable.
# Please see vsftpd.conf.5 for all compiled in defaults.
#
# READ THIS: This example file is NOT an exhaustive list of vsftpd options.
# Please read the vsftpd.conf.5 manual page to get a full idea of vsftpd's
# capabilities.
#
#
# Run standalone?  vsftpd can run either from an inetd or as a standalone
# daemon started from an initscript.
listen=NO   
是否允许监听，如果设置为YES，则vsftpd将以独立模式运行，由vsftpd自己监听和处理IPv4端口的连接；
#
# This directive enables listening on IPv6 sockets. By default, listening
# on the IPv6 "any" address (::) will accept connections from both IPv6
# and IPv4 clients. It is not necessary to listen on *both* IPv4 and IPv6
# sockets. If you want that (perhaps because you want to listen on specific
# addresses) then you must run two copies of vsftpd with two configuration
# files.
listen_ipv6=YES   
设定是否支持IPV6。如要同时监听IPv4和IPv6端口，则必须运行两套vsftpd，采用两套配置文件，同时确保其中有一个监听选项是被注释掉的；
#
# Allow anonymous FTP? (Disabled by default).
anonymous_enable=NO
是否允许匿名登录FTP服务器，默认设置为YES允许，如不允许匿名访问则设置为NO；
#
# Uncomment this to allow local users to log in.
local_enable=YES
是否允许本地用户登录访问FTP服务器，默认设置为YES允许；
#
# Uncomment this to enable any form of FTP write command.
write_enable=YES
是否允许用户修改文件权限，默认设置为YES允许；
#
# Default umask for local users is 077. You may wish to change this to 022,
# if your users expect that (022 is used by most other ftpd's)
#local_umask=022   
FTP上本地的文件权限
#
# Uncomment this to allow the anonymous FTP user to upload files. This only
# has an effect if the above global write enable is activated. Also, you will
# obviously need to create a directory writable by the FTP user.
#anon_upload_enable=YES
是否允许匿名用户上传
#
# Uncomment this if you want the anonymous FTP user to be able to create
# new directories.
#anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES
是否允许匿名用户创建目录
#
# Activate directory messages - messages given to remote users when they
# go into a certain directory.
dirmessage_enable=YES
是否激活目录欢迎信息功能，用户第一次进入目录的提示信息；
#
# If enabled, vsftpd will display directory listings with the time
# in  your  local  time  zone.  The default is to display GMT. The
# times returned by the MDTM FTP command are also affected by this
# option.
use_localtime=YES
使用本地时间
#
# Activate logging of uploads/downloads.
xferlog_enable=YES
一个存有详细的上传下载信息的日志，默认情况该日志文件为/var/log/vsftpd.log，可以通过下面的xferlog_file选项对其进行设定
#
# Make sure PORT transfer connections originate from port 20 (ftp-data).
connect_from_port_20=YES
是否设定FTP服务器将启用FTP数据端口的连接请求，20端口用于传输数据；
#
# If you want, you can arrange for uploaded anonymous files to be owned by
# a different user. Note! Using "root" for uploaded files is not
# recommended!
#chown_uploads=YES
#chown_username=whoever
#
# You may override where the log file goes if you like. The default is shown
# below.
#xferlog_file=/var/log/vsftpd.log
#
# If you want, you can have your log file in standard ftpd xferlog format.
# Note that the default log file location is /var/log/xferlog in this case.
#xferlog_std_format=YES
#
# You may change the default value for timing out an idle session.
#idle_session_timeout=600
#
# You may change the default value for timing out a data connection.
#data_connection_timeout=120
#
# It is recommended that you define on your system a unique user which the
# ftp server can use as a totally isolated and unprivileged user.
#nopriv_user=ftpsecure
#
# Enable this and the server will recognise asynchronous ABOR requests. Not
# recommended for security (the code is non-trivial). Not enabling it,
# however, may confuse older FTP clients.
#async_abor_enable=YES
#
# By default the server will pretend to allow ASCII mode but in fact ignore
# the request. Turn on the below options to have the server actually do ASCII
# mangling on files when in ASCII mode.
# Beware that on some FTP servers, ASCII support allows a denial of service
# attack (DoS) via the command "SIZE /big/file" in ASCII mode. vsftpd
# predicted this attack and has always been safe, reporting the size of the
# raw file.
# ASCII mangling is a horrible feature of the protocol.
#ascii_upload_enable=YES
#ascii_download_enable=YES
#
# You may fully customise the login banner string:
#ftpd_banner=Welcome to blah FTP service.
#
# You may specify a file of disallowed anonymous e-mail addresses. Apparently
# useful for combatting certain DoS attacks.
#deny_email_enable=YES
# (default follows)
#banned_email_file=/etc/vsftpd.banned_emails
#
# You may restrict local users to their home directories.  See the FAQ for
# the possible risks in this before using chroot_local_user or
# chroot_list_enable below.
#chroot_local_user=YES
#
# You may specify an explicit list of local users to chroot() to their home
# directory. If chroot_local_user is YES, then this list becomes a list of
# users to NOT chroot().
# (Warning! chroot'ing can be very dangerous. If using chroot, make sure that
# the user does not have write access to the top level directory within the
# chroot)
chroot_local_user=YES
指定用户列表文件中的用户是否允许切换到上级目录
chroot_list_enable=YES
用户登录FTP服务器后是否具有访问自己目录以外的其他文件的权限；
# (default follows)
chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list
被列入此文件的用户，在登录后将不能切换到自己目录以外的其他目录，有利于FTP服务器的安全管理和隐私保护。此文件需自己建立；
#
# You may activate the "-R" option to the builtin ls. This is disabled by
# default to avoid remote users being able to cause excessive I/O on large
# sites. However, some broken FTP clients such as "ncftp" and "mirror" assume
# the presence of the "-R" option, so there is a strong case for enabling it.
#ls_recurse_enable=YES
#
# Customization
#
# Some of vsftpd's settings don't fit the filesystem layout by
# default.
#
# This option should be the name of a directory which is empty.  Also, the
# directory should not be writable by the ftp user. This directory is used
# as a secure chroot() jail at times vsftpd does not require filesystem
# access.
secure_chroot_dir=/var/run/vsftpd/empty
#
# This string is the name of the PAM service vsftpd will use.
pam_service_name=vsftpd
#
# This option specifies the location of the RSA certificate to use for SSL
# encrypted connections.
rsa_cert_file=/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
rsa_private_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
ssl_enable=NO
#
# Uncomment this to indicate that vsftpd use a utf8 filesystem.
#utf8_filesystem=YES
local_root=/home/ftp/ftpfile
上传下载的目录

4. 创建用户及用户列表

useradd -m zhangsan
passwd zhangsan给用户张三设置密码
vim /etc/vsftpd.chroot_list创建配置用户列表

root
ftpuser
test
zhangsan

/etc/init.d/vsftpd restart重启服务，重新加载 vsftpd.conf 配置文件

5. 创建目录和测试文件

mkdir -p /home/123
touch test.txt在123目录下创建测试文件
echo "HelloWorld" > test.txt写入内容

6. 登录测试

使用本机或另一台能互通的机器进行登录访问测试，如果是另一台机器需要安装ftp客户端（apt install ftp）
ftp 192.168.152.139
输入用户名和密码即可登录成功。

知识拓展
FTP服务常见状态码：

1XX：信息	125：数据连接打开
2YY：成功类状态	200：命令OK/230：登录成功
3XX：补充类	331：用户名OK
4XX：客户端错误	425：不能打开数据连接
5XX：服务器错误	500：不能登录

7. FTP基础使用、常用命令

7.1 连接

ftp ip连接ftp服务器

7.2 修改文件传输类型

bin设置文件传输类型为二进制传输类型。
一般默认为ascii传输类型，但是使用ascii模式传输类似于可执行文件时，会造成传输的文件内容不对。因此建议在上传或者下载文件之前，执行 bin 命令将文件传输类型设置为二进制传输类型。

7.3 下载

get下载FTP服务器中的文件。下载时注意切换到文件的所在目录。
get filename [newname]下载单个文件
filename为下载的FTP服务器上的文件名，newname为保存在本都计算机上时使用的名字，如果不指定newname，文件将以原名保存。
mget aa cc批量下载

get /usr/your/1.htm 1.htm   #将ftp服务器中/usr/your目录中的1.html下载到本地

#下载/usr/your/下的所有文件
cd /usr/your/
prompt off   #去除下载确定提示
mget *.*

7.4 上传

put aa.txt单个上传
mput aa cc批量上传
注意：上传文件都来自于本地的当前目录下

put 1.html /usr/your/2.html   #将本地的1.html上传到ftp服务器/usr/your/目录下,并改名为2.html

#将本地当前目录下所有html文件上传到服务器/usr/your/下
cd /usr/your
mput *.html

7.5 退出

bye/exit结束FTP客户端与服务器的连接

8. FAQ

8.1 下载报错550

550 无法打开文件
**分析：**这种报错通常是因为没有切换到指定的目录，ftp在修改配置文件时会设置用户允许访问的目录权限，所以会出现无法打开文件的问题。

**解决：**首先 pwd 查看下当前所在的位置，之后 cd 到想要下载的文件的目录下再进行下载，即可成功。

8.2 上传报错553

553 无法创建文件
分析：在查询资料后发现这种报错有多种可能，有可能是 selinux 对 vsftpd 有拦截，也有可能是磁盘空间不足造成的，在排查之后发现这两种问题都不存在，那就可能是用户文件权限的问题了。

**解决：**在部署 ftp 服务端的机器，找到需要上传文件的目录，添加权限。
chmod 777 123
再次上传，即可成功。