网络协议学习：超网&静态路由&网络扫盲&NAT

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已于 2022-08-23 22:33:03 修改

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于 2022-08-22 22:44:01 首次发布

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supernetting

supernetting：In contrast to a subnet, it combines multiple contiguous network segments into one larger network segment

example:

request: originally it had 200 computers using the 192.168.0.0/24 network segment, and now hopes to add 200 devices to the same network segment

Solution :200 PCs in the 192.168.0.0/24 network segment, 200 PCs in the 192.168.1.0/24 network segment. Merging 192.168.0.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24 into one network segment: 192.168.0.0/23 (Move the subnet mask one bit to the left)

Merging four network segments to form a supernetting.

Static routing

If u want to forward data between different segments, u need to use a router.

By default, the router only knows the network segment to which it is directly connected.The network segment that is not directly connected needs to be informed to the router through static or dynamic routers.

static routing：The administrator manually adds router information for small-scale networks.
dynamic routing：A router automatically obtains routing information by routing protocols, such as RIP and OSPF. Dynamic routing is applicable to large-scale networks.

attention：PC01到PC02路由器跳转、PC02到PC01路由器跳转都需要配置静态路由表，please remember to open their ports.

网络扫盲

数据包的传输过程

Here is just a brief description of the packet transmission process.

网络、互联网、因特网

The biggest internet in the world is the "Internet".It connects all the computers in the world together，the word "internet" begins with a capital 'I' refers to the Internet。In daily life ,when we say "your computer is not connected to the internet," we mean that your computer is not connected to the "Internet".

ISP

Internet Service Provider (ISP) : Internet Service Provider, such as China Mobile, China Telecom, etc. We usually connect to Internet through ISP.

服务器机房

网络分类

According to the network scope, the internet can be divided into: LAN, MAN, WAN, etc

局域网（Local Area Network , LAN）：
- Generally, it is a computer network composed of computers within a range of several hundred meters to several kilometers.
- It is often used in companies, families, schools, hospitals, offices, a building, etc.
- The most widely used network technology in LANs is called：以太网（Ethernet）
- WLAN（Wireless Lan），means"无线局域网"
城域网（Metropolitan Area Network,MAN)
- The general range is tens of kilometers to hundreds of kilometers, can cover a city.
广域网（Wide Area Network ,WAN）
- The general range is hundreds of kilometers to thousands of kilometers，can cover a city。Usually it needs to rent an ISP line。

常见的几种接口

FastEthernet：快速以太网接口（100M)
GigabitEthernet：千兆以太网接口
Serial：串行接口

公网IP、私网IP

IP addresses are classified into public IP and private IP.

公网（Public）

公网IP（Public）：A router on the Internet has only the routing table for the public network, but no routing table for the private network.
Public IP is distributed and managed uniformly by NIC（Internet Network Information Center, Center）.
The ISP must apply for a public IP address from the NIC.

私网（Private）

It is mainly used in the LAN. The following is the reserved private network segment.
- A类：10.0.0.0/8，1个A类网络
- B类：172.16.0.0/16~172.31.0.0/16
- C类：192.168.0.0/24~192.168.255.0/24，256个C类网络

上网方式

电话线入户

ADSL电话拨号上网（Asymmertric Digital Subscriber Line），provides asymmetric uplink and downlink transmission bandwidth.

猫（Modem）：调制解调器，it converts analog signals into digital ones.

光纤入户

光猫（Optical Modem）：光调制解调器，it converts optical signals into digital ones.

网线入户

家用无线路由器的逻辑结构

NAT

Private IP is converted to public IP by NAT（Network Address Translation），this step can be done by the router.

NAT's characteristics：It saves public IP resources and hides real internal IP .

NAT's classifications:

static convert：Manually configuring the NAT mapping table for one-to-one translation.
dynamic convert：Defining external IP address pool and then making dynamic random translation, one-to-one translation.
PAT（Port Address Translation）
- Many-to-one conversion saves public IP address resources to the maximum extent.
- Different data streams are identified by port numbers.
- This NAT implementation is the most widely used.