DFS-求解迷宫

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
//移动x，y所对应的上下左右的操作 
const int dirx[4] = {0,0,1,-1};
const int diry[4] = {1,-1,0,0};
const char dir[5] = {'R','L','D','U'};
//一定要加const否则下面开始数组的时候编译报错 
const int row = 30;
const int col = 50;
//输入迷宫maze 
//为了使数组对应1，1就是实际1，1所以
//分别给行和列都加了一排0 
//这里开数组大小row+1前提定义row时前面加const 
int maze[row+1][col+1]=
{
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,
0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,
0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,
0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,
0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,
0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,
0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,
0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,
0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,
0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,
0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,
0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,
0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,
0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,
0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,
0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,
0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,
0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,
0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,
0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,
0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0

};
//记录起点到每一个位置所需的步数 
int mins[60][60];
//记录行走的每步是往哪个方向 
char a[row*col+10];
//记录最短路径步数
int best=99999999999;
//最终结果 
string ans;
//判断行走位置是否合法 
bool judge(int x, int y){
	//第三个表示所到地点为未走过地方，即该点为0 
	if(x>0&&x<=row&&y>0&&y<=col&&!maze[x][y])
	   return true;
	return false;
}
//深度搜索
//从x，y开始搜索，pos为第几步 
void dfs(int x, int y, int pos) {
	//若当前搜索的步数比最短路径长
	//则无需继续搜素 
	if(pos>best) return;
	//当已经搜索到终点 
	if(x==row&&y==col){
		//保存当前搜索路径，看是否最优 
		string temp;
		//这里之所以是<pos是因为从1开始才有方向
		//所以到2也就一次上下左右判断 
		for(int i = 1; i < pos; i++){
			temp+=a[i];
		}
		if(pos<best){
			ans=temp;
			best=pos;
		}
		//若当前路径与最优路径步数相同
		//则返回字典数小的路径 
		else if(pos==best&&temp<ans) ans=temp;
		return;
	}
	//遍历走四个方向 
	for(int i = 0;i < 4; i++){
		int tox = x + dirx[i];
		int toy = y + diry[i];
		//这个地方要想更新mins这就需要初始化mins都为一个很大的元素
		//就可以用memset实现！memset(mins,1,sizeof(memset))将所有元素全部
		//赋值为16843009这么大的一个数
		//中间如果为0就赋值为0就没有意义 
		if(judge(tox,toy)&& pos+1 <= mins[tox][toy]){
			//若可以走，则标记为1表示走过 
			maze[tox][toy] = 1;
			mins[tox][toy] = pos+1;
			//存入这一步的上下左右的操作 
			a[pos] = dir[i];
			//继续深度搜索
			dfs(tox,toy,pos+1);
			//搜索完后，把该点置为0方便后续回溯
			maze[tox][toy]=0; 
		}
	}
}

int main(){
	//memset对数组或结构体内存进行初始化
	//特别是开大型结构体和数组，无法保证
	//所需内存时空的，所以要先初始化 
	memset(mins,1,sizeof(mins));
	//best=9999999999999;
	//从1，1开始出发，将其置为1; 
	maze[1][1]=1;
	//1，1开始还没有步数 
	dfs(1,1,0);
	//cout<<best<<endl;
	//下面可以查看
	//memset不同的中间值初始化后 
	//mins的初始化情况 
	
	/*for(int i = 0; i <60; i++){
	   for(int j = 0; j < 60; j++){
	   	   cout<<mins[i][j]<<" ";
	   } 
	   cout<<endl;
    }*/
	cout<<ans<<endl;
	return 0;
}