本文介绍了交换机与网桥的区别，详细讲解了交换机的工作原理、VLAN的概念及其作用，并通过实例展示了VLAN的Access和Trunk配置。此外，还涵盖了单臂路由结合OSPF的实验，包括地址规划、路由器和交换机配置以及通信测试。
目录
一.二层设备（交换机和网桥）的区别简介
1.交换机：
属于二层设备，基于MAC地址进行数据转发，接口多，独立转发数据，由硬件驱动
2.网桥：
属于二层设备，基于MAC地址进行数据转发，接口少，共享转发数据，由软件驱动
二.交换机原理介绍
1.基于源MAC地址学习，将源MAC地址与收入数据的接口进行绑定，收到数据后将MAC条目提取出来将生成MAC表
2.基于目标MAC地址转发，按照不同的MAC地址进行数据转发
3.数据过滤，交换机接上集线器等设备时，交换机通过接口收到数据后查看MAC地址表发现数据还需要从这个接口发送回去时，执行数据过滤，避免数据发送重复。
4.防环功能，防止交换机之间出现环路
5.当交换机收到数据但却不知道对方的IP或者MAC地址时，会触发ARP地址解析协议（基于二层封装）。
正向ARP：通过对方的IP地址请求对方的MAC地址（不知道对方的MAC地址时，数据封装失败）
反向ARP：通过对方的MAC地址请求对方的IP地址!（不知道对方的IP地址时，数据封装失败）
无故ARP：ARP数据里MAC地址为本机MAC地址，目标MAC地址为本机MAC地址，源和目标相同。测试是否有重复地址。
三.VLAN概念介绍
1.VLAN将一个物理区域LAN划分为多个区域
2.作用：
（1）提高局域网安全性，一个VLAN内的用户不能直接和其他VLAN中的用户通信
（2）隔离广播域，节省宽带，广播域被限制在一个VLAN里
（3）提高网络的稳固性，一个VLAN出现问题也不会影响到其他VLAN正常工作
（4）配置灵活，不同的VLAN可以的对应划分不同工作对象
3.标识方式VLAN ID
（1）可用范围：1-4094 ，0 和4095作为保留ID
（2）一个VLAN = 一个广播域 = 一个网段
（3）VLAN 1 是默认存在VLAN ，交换机上默认所有的接口都属于VLAN 1。PVID VLAN = 端口VLAN ID 默认所有的接口的PVID 为 VLAN 1
4.VLAN配置下MAC地址表的三元素
MAC地址，VLAN ID，端口ID
[Huawei]display mac-address
MAC address table of slot 0:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAC Address VLAN/ PEVLAN CEVLAN Port Type LSP/LSR-ID
VSI/SI MAC-Tunnel
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5489-98d1-1d64 1 - - Eth0/0/1 dynamic 0/-
5489-982c-5510 1 - - Eth0/0/2 dynamic 0/-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total matching items on slot 0 displayed = 2 5.交换中的主要两种模式
（1）access：规定接入的接口只属于一个VLAN
（2）trunk，中继协议：可以同时传递若干个不同的VLAN
使用一条物理链路传递多VLAN 流量，另外一个交换机上的PC设备也需要加入本交换机上的某些VLAN时，实现一条VLAN涵盖多条流量。
在trunk链路中传递多VLAN 流量时，对流量进行VLAN 的标记，利于对方识别出VLAN并进行数据转发。
标记协议为 802.1q (dot1q) 在二层以太网封装中的源Mac地址与类型字段之间加入4字节的tag进行VLAN标记，同时使用新的FCS替换旧的FCS (FCS 帧校验序列， 默认为4字节，用于校验数据完整性)
四.Trunk和Access配置演示
1.Access配置
实现VLAN10 和 VLAN20之间通信隔离
（1）创建VLAN
[s1]vlan 10
[s1]vlan 20
[s1]vlan batch 10 20 #创建多个不连续VLAN
[s1]vlan batch 10 to 20 #创建多个连续VLAN（2）设置为接口模式，将接口划入不同VLAN
E0/0/1和E0/0/2两个接口已经分别汇入VLAN10和VLAN20
[s1]interface Ethernet0/0/1
[s1-Ethernet0/0/1]port link-type access
[s1-Ethernet0/0/1]port default vlan 10
[s1]interface Ethernet0/0/2
[s1-Ethernet0/0/2]port link-type access
[s1-Ethernet0/0/2]port default vlan 20
[s1]display vlan
The total number of vlans is : 3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U: Up; D: Down; TG: Tagged; UT: Untagged;
MP: Vlan-mapping; ST: Vlan-stacking;
#: ProtocolTransparent-vlan; *: Management-vlan;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VID Type Ports
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 common UT:Eth0/0/3(D) Eth0/0/4(D) Eth0/0/5(D) Eth0/0/6(D)
Eth0/0/7(D) Eth0/0/8(D) Eth0/0/9(D) Eth0/0/10(D)
Eth0/0/11(D) Eth0/0/12(D) Eth0/0/13(D) Eth0/0/14(D)
Eth0/0/15(D) Eth0/0/16(D) Eth0/0/17(D) Eth0/0/18(D)
Eth0/0/19(D) Eth0/0/20(D) Eth0/0/21(D) Eth0/0/22(D)
10 common UT:Eth0/0/1(U)
20 common UT:Eth0/0/2(U)
VID Status Property MAC-LRN Statistics Description
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 enable default enable disable VLAN 0001
10 enable default enable disable VLAN 0010
20 enable default enable disable VLAN 0020 （3）测试
PC>ping 192.168.2.138
Ping 192.168.2.138: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
From 192.168.2.135: Destination host unreachable
From 192.168.2.135: Destination host unreachable
From 192.168.2.135: Destination host unreachable
From 192.168.2.135: Destination host unreachable
From 192.168.2.135: Destination host unreachable
--- 192.168.2.138 ping statistics ---
5 packet(s) transmitted
0 packet(s) received
100.00% packet loss2.Trunk配置
VLAN10通信对端VLAN10，VLAN20通信对端VLAN20
（1）接口VLAN配置
先按照access模式将两个交换机的E0/0/1和E0/0/2设置为access并分别加入VLAN10和VLAN20，将E0/0/3设置为trunk
[s1-Ethernet0/0/3]port link-type trunk
[s2-Ethernet0/0/3]port link-type trunk（2）设置允许VLAN流量通过，可写all
[s1-Ethernet0/0/3]port trunk allow-pass vlan 10 20
[s2-Ethernet0/0/3]port trunk allow-pass vlan 10 20（3）测试
PC1pingPC3，PC2pingPC4
PC>ping 192.168.2.138
Ping 192.168.2.138: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
From 192.168.2.138: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=128 time=62 ms
From 192.168.2.138: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=128 time=63 ms
From 192.168.2.138: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=128 time=63 ms
From 192.168.2.138: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=128 time=62 ms
From 192.168.2.138: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=128 time=78 ms
--- 192.168.2.138 ping statistics ---
5 packet(s) transmitted
5 packet(s) received
0.00% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 62/65/78 ms
PC>ping 192.168.6.138
Ping 192.168.6.138: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
From 192.168.6.138: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=128 time=78 ms
From 192.168.6.138: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=128 time=62 ms
From 192.168.6.138: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=128 time=62 ms
From 192.168.6.138: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=128 time=62 ms
From 192.168.6.138: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=128 time=78 ms
--- 192.168.6.138 ping statistics ---
5 packet(s) transmitted
5 packet(s) received
0.00% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 62/68/78 ms五.单臂路由+OSPF实验
| 1.全网使用192.168.1.0 24进行地址规划 2.ospf精确通告 3.按图示划分vlan，vlan之间实现通信 4.主机通过DHCP获取地址 |
1.规划地址
骨干划192.168.1.0 26
两个分支又分别划两个子接口对应各自的两个vlan，为
192.168.1.65 27
192.168.1.97 27
192.168.1.129 27
192.168.1.193 27
2.路由器配置
（1）R1
#接口配置
[r1]display ip interface brief
*down: administratively down
^down: standby
(l): loopback
(s): spoofing
The number of interface that is UP in Physical is 5
The number of interface that is DOWN in Physical is 1
The number of interface that is UP in Protocol is 4
The number of interface that is DOWN in Protocol is 2
Interface IP Address/Mask Physical Protocol
GigabitEthernet0/0/0 192.168.1.1/26 up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/1 unassigned up down
GigabitEthernet0/0/1.10 192.168.1.65/27 up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/1.20 192.168.1.97/27 up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/2 unassigned down down
NULL0 unassigned up up(s)
#两个子接口配置
[r1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1.10
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1.10]dis th
[V200R003C00]
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1.10
dot1q termination vid 10
ip address 192.168.1.65 255.255.255.224
arp broadcast enable
dhcp select global
#
return
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1.10]q
[r1]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1.20
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1.20]dis th
[V200R003C00]
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1.20
dot1q termination vid 20
ip address 192.168.1.97 255.255.255.224
arp broadcast enable
dhcp select global
#
return
#ospf配置
[r1]ospf 100 router-id 1.1.1.1
[r1-ospf-100]area 0
[r1-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]dis th
[V200R003C00]
#
area 0.0.0.0
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.63
network 192.168.1.64 0.0.0.31
network 192.168.1.96 0.0.0.31
#
return
#DHCP配置
[r1]ip pool e2
[r1-ip-pool-e2]dis th
[r1-ip-pool-e2]dis this
[V200R003C00]
#
ip pool e2
gateway-list 192.168.1.65
network 192.168.1.64 mask 255.255.255.224
#
return
[r1-ip-pool-e2]q
[r1]ip pool e3
[r1-ip-pool-e3]dis th
[r1-ip-pool-e3]dis this
[V200R003C00]
#
ip pool e3
gateway-list 192.168.1.97
network 192.168.1.96 mask 255.255.255.224
#
return
（2）R2
#接口配置
[r2]display ip interface brief
*down: administratively down
^down: standby
(l): loopback
(s): spoofing
The number of interface that is UP in Physical is 5
The number of interface that is DOWN in Physical is 1
The number of interface that is UP in Protocol is 4
The number of interface that is DOWN in Protocol is 2
Interface IP Address/Mask Physical Protocol
GigabitEthernet0/0/0 unassigned up down
GigabitEthernet0/0/0.30 192.168.1.129/27 up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/0.40 192.168.1.193/27 up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/1 192.168.1.2/26 up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/2 unassigned down down
NULL0 unassigned up up(s)
#两个子接口配置
[r2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0.30
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.30]dis th
[V200R003C00]
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0.30
dot1q termination vid 30
ip address 192.168.1.129 255.255.255.224
arp broadcast enable
dhcp select global
#
return
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.30]q
[r2]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0.40
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.40]dis th
[V200R003C00]
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0.40
dot1q termination vid 40
ip address 192.168.1.193 255.255.255.224
arp broadcast enable
dhcp select global
#
return
#ospf配置
[r2]ospf 100 router-id 2.2.2.2
[r2-ospf-100]area 0
[r2-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]dis th
[V200R003C00]
#
area 0.0.0.0
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.63
network 192.168.1.128 0.0.0.31
network 192.168.1.192 0.0.0.31
#
return
#DHCP配置
[r2]ip pool e2
[r2-ip-pool-e2]dis th
[V200R003C00]
#
ip pool e2
gateway-list 192.168.1.129
network 192.168.1.128 mask 255.255.255.224
#
return
[r2-ip-pool-e2]q
[r2]ip pool e3
[r2-ip-pool-e3]dis th
[V200R003C00]
#
ip pool e3
gateway-list 192.168.1.193
network 192.168.1.192 mask 255.255.255.224
#
return
3.交换机配置
（1）S1
[s1]interface e0/0/1
[s1-Ethernet0/0/1]dis this
#
interface Ethernet0/0/1
port link-type trunk
port trunk allow-pass vlan 2 to 4094
#
return
[s1-Ethernet0/0/1]q
[s1]interface e0/0/2
[s1-Ethernet0/0/2]dis th
#
interface Ethernet0/0/2
port link-type access
port default vlan 10
#
return
[s1-Ethernet0/0/2]q
[s1]interface e0/0/3
[s1-Ethernet0/0/3]dis th
#
interface Ethernet0/0/3
port link-type access
port default vlan 20
#
return
（2）S2
[s2]interface e0/0/1
[s2-Ethernet0/0/1]dis th
#
interface Ethernet0/0/1
port link-type trunk
port trunk allow-pass vlan 2 to 4094
#
return
[s2-Ethernet0/0/1]q
[s2]interface e0/0/2
[s2-Ethernet0/0/2]dis th
#
interface Ethernet0/0/2
port link-type access
port default vlan 30
#
return
[s2-Ethernet0/0/2]q
[s2]interface e0/0/3
[s2-Ethernet0/0/3]dis th
#
interface Ethernet0/0/3
port link-type access
port default vlan 40
#
return
4.测试
PC1和PC2dhcp，PC1pingPC2
PC>ipconfig
Link local IPv6 address...........: fe80::5689:98ff:fe4d:36fd
IPv6 address......................: :: / 128
IPv6 gateway......................: ::
IPv4 address......................: 192.168.1.94
Subnet mask.......................: 255.255.255.224
Gateway...........................: 192.168.1.65
Physical address..................: 54-89-98-4D-36-FD
DNS server........................:
PC>ping 192.168.1.126
Ping 192.168.1.126: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
Request timeout!
From 192.168.1.126: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=127 time=78 ms
From 192.168.1.126: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=127 time=94 ms
From 192.168.1.126: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=127 time=78 ms
From 192.168.1.126: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=127 time=94 ms
--- 192.168.1.126 ping statistics ---
5 packet(s) transmitted
4 packet(s) received
20.00% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 0/86/94 ms
PC3和PC4dhcp，PC3pingPC4
PC>ipconfig
Link local IPv6 address...........: fe80::5689:98ff:fe47:6cb2
IPv6 address......................: :: / 128
IPv6 gateway......................: ::
IPv4 address......................: 192.168.1.158
Subnet mask.......................: 255.255.255.224
Gateway...........................: 192.168.1.129
Physical address..................: 54-89-98-47-6C-B2
DNS server........................:
PC>ping 192.168.1.222
Ping 192.168.1.222: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
Request timeout!
From 192.168.1.222: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=127 time=94 ms
From 192.168.1.222: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=127 time=93 ms
From 192.168.1.222: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=127 time=94 ms
From 192.168.1.222: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=127 time=78 ms
--- 192.168.1.222 ping statistics ---
5 packet(s) transmitted
4 packet(s) received
20.00% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 0/89/94 ms
PC1ping对面两个子接口
PC>ping 192.168.1.129
Ping 192.168.1.129: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
From 192.168.1.129: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=254 time=31 ms
From 192.168.1.129: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=254 time=47 ms
From 192.168.1.129: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=254 time=31 ms
From 192.168.1.129: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=254 time=47 ms
From 192.168.1.129: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=254 time=47 ms
--- 192.168.1.129 ping statistics ---
5 packet(s) transmitted
5 packet(s) received
0.00% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 31/40/47 ms
PC>ping 192.168.1.193
Ping 192.168.1.193: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break
From 192.168.1.193: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=254 time=46 ms
From 192.168.1.193: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=254 time=47 ms
From 192.168.1.193: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=254 time=32 ms
From 192.168.1.193: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=254 time=31 ms
From 192.168.1.193: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=254 time=31 ms
--- 192.168.1.193 ping statistics ---
5 packet(s) transmitted
5 packet(s) received
0.00% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 31/37/47 ms
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