fault_type = data[‘BA_time‘][0]KeyError: ‘BA_time‘报错

于 2023-04-15 17:07:12 发布
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1.第一步：用以下代码求出对应的变量

import scipy.io as sio

# 读取.mat数据文件
data = sio.loadmat('D:/cwru1/12k Drive End Bearing Fault Data/105.mat')

# 查看.mat文件中的字段名
print(data.keys())

以上代码输出结果为：

D:\anaconda\envs\pytorch\python.exe D:\pythonProject19\mat-ziduanminjiance.py
dict_keys(['__header__', '__version__', '__globals__', 'X105_DE_time', 'X105_FE_time', 'X105_BA_time', 'X105RPM'])

进程已结束,退出代码0

2.把  __header__   替换

fault_type = data['BA_time'][0]

中的  BA_time 故障解决，如不行就换下一个 __version__

 

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python3.6.5参考手册 chm
04-15
Python参考手册，官方正式版参考手册，chm版。以下摘取部分内容:Navigation index modules | next | Python » 3.6.5 Documentation » Python Documentation contents What’s New in Python What’s New In Python 3.6 Summary – Release highlights New Features PEP 498: Formatted string literals PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8 PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8 PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order New dict implementation PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython PYTHONMALLOC environment variable DTrace and SystemTap probing support Other Language Changes New Modules secrets Improved Modules array ast asyncio binascii cmath collections concurrent.futures contextlib datetime decimal distutils email encodings enum faulthandler fileinput hashlib http.client idlelib and IDLE importlib inspect json logging math multiprocessing os pathlib pdb pickle pickletools pydoc random re readline rlcompleter shlex site sqlite3 socket socketserver ssl statistics struct subprocess sys telnetlib time timeit tkinter traceback tracemalloc typing unicodedata unittest.mock urllib.request urllib.robotparser venv warnings winreg winsound xmlrpc.client zipfile zlib Optimizations Build and C API Changes Other Improvements Deprecated New Keywords Deprecated Python behavior Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods asynchat asyncore dbm distutils grp importlib os re ssl tkinter venv Deprecated functions and types of the C API Deprecated Build Options Removed API and Feature Removals Porting to Python 3.6 Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior Changes in the Python API Changes in the C API CPython bytecode changes 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Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installations Bootstrapping pip By Default Documentation Changes PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritable Improvements to Codec Handling PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System Other Language Changes New Modules asyncio ensurepip enum pathlib selectors statistics tracemalloc Improved Modules abc aifc argparse audioop base64 collections colorsys contextlib dbm dis doctest email filecmp functools gc glob hashlib hmac html http idlelib and IDLE importlib inspect ipaddress logging marshal mmap multiprocessing operator os pdb pickle plistlib poplib pprint pty pydoc re resource select shelve shutil smtpd smtplib socket sqlite3 ssl stat struct subprocess sunau sys tarfile textwrap threading traceback types urllib unittest venv wave weakref xml.etree zipfile CPython Implementation Changes PEP 445: Customization of CPython Memory Allocators PEP 442: Safe Object Finalization PEP 456: Secure and Interchangeable Hash Algorithm PEP 436: Argument Clinic Other Build and C API Changes Other Improvements Significant Optimizations Deprecated Deprecations in the Python API Deprecated Features Removed Operating Systems No Longer Supported API and Feature Removals Code Cleanups Porting to Python 3.4 Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior Changes in the Python API Changes in the C API Changed in 3.4.3 PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients What’s New In Python 3.3 Summary – Release highlights PEP 405: Virtual Environments PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation Features API changes PEP 393: Flexible String Representation Functionality Performance and resource usage PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator PEP 409: Suppressing exception context PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary PEP 362: Function Signature Object PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation SimpleNamespace Using importlib as the Implementation of Import New APIs Visible Changes Other Language Changes A Finer-Grained Import Lock Builtin functions and types New Modules faulthandler ipaddress lzma Improved Modules abc array base64 binascii bz2 codecs collections contextlib crypt curses datetime decimal Features API changes email Policy Framework Provisional Policy with New Header API Other API Changes ftplib functools gc hmac http html imaplib inspect io itertools logging math mmap multiprocessing nntplib os pdb pickle pydoc re sched select shlex shutil signal smtpd smtplib socket socketserver sqlite3 ssl stat struct subprocess sys tarfile tempfile textwrap threading time types unittest urllib webbrowser xml.etree.ElementTree zlib Optimizations Build and C API Changes Deprecated Unsupported Operating Systems Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods Deprecated functions and types of the C API Deprecated features Porting to Python 3.3 Porting Python code Porting C code Building C extensions Command Line Switch Changes What’s New In Python 3.2 PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging PEP 3148: The concurrent.futures module PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1 Other Language Changes New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules email elementtree functools itertools collections threading datetime and time math abc io reprlib logging csv contextlib decimal and fractions ftp popen select gzip and zipfile tarfile hashlib ast os shutil sqlite3 html socket ssl nntp certificates imaplib http.client unittest random poplib asyncore tempfile inspect pydoc dis dbm ctypes site sysconfig pdb configparser urllib.parse mailbox turtledemo Multi-threading Optimizations Unicode Codecs Documentation IDLE Code Repository Build and C API Changes Porting to Python 3.2 What’s New In Python 3.1 PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator Other Language Changes New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules Optimizations IDLE Build and C API Changes Porting to Python 3.1 What’s New In Python 3.0 Common Stumbling Blocks Print Is A Function Views And Iterators Instead Of Lists Ordering Comparisons Integers Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit Overview Of Syntax Changes New Syntax Changed Syntax Removed Syntax Changes Already Present In Python 2.6 Library Changes PEP 3101: A New Approach To String Formatting Changes To Exceptions Miscellaneous Other Changes Operators And Special Methods Builtins Build and C API Changes Performance Porting To Python 3.0 What’s New in Python 2.7 The Future for Python 2.x Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings Python 3.1 Features PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging PEP 3106: Dictionary Views PEP 3137: The memoryview Object Other Language Changes Interpreter Changes Optimizations New and Improved Modules New module: importlib New module: sysconfig ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk Updated module: unittest Updated module: ElementTree 1.3 Build and C API Changes Capsules Port-Specific Changes: Windows Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD Other Changes and Fixes Porting to Python 2.7 New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.6 Python 3.0 Changes to the Development Process New Issue Tracker: Roundup New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement Writing Context Managers The contextlib module PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module PEP 370: Per-user site-packages Directory PEP 371: The multiprocessing Package PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting PEP 3105: print As a Function PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes PEP 3112: Byte Literals PEP 3116: New I/O Library PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax PEP 3129: Class Decorators PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers The fractions Module Other Language Changes Optimizations Interpreter Changes New and Improved Modules The ast module The future_builtins module The json module: JavaScript Object Notation The plistlib module: A Property-List Parser ctypes Enhancements Improved SSL Support Deprecations and Removals Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes: Windows Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X Port-Specific Changes: IRIX Porting to Python 2.6 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.5 PEP 308: Conditional Expressions PEP 309: Partial Function Application PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1 PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally PEP 342: New Generator Features PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement Writing Context Managers The contextlib module PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method Other Language Changes Interactive Interpreter Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Removed Modules The ctypes package The ElementTree package The hashlib package The sqlite3 package The wsgiref package Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Porting to Python 2.5 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.4 PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers PEP 289: Generator Expressions PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods PEP 322: Reverse Iteration PEP 324: New subprocess Module PEP 327: Decimal Data Type Why is Decimal needed? The Decimal type The Context type PEP 328: Multi-line Imports PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions Other Language Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules cookielib doctest Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Porting to Python 2.4 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.3 PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype PEP 255: Simple Generators PEP 263: Source Code Encodings PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT PEP 278: Universal Newline Support PEP 279: enumerate() PEP 282: The logging Package PEP 285: A Boolean Type PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils PEP 302: New Import Hooks PEP 305: Comma-separated Files PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements Extended Slices Other Language Changes String Changes Optimizations New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules Date/Time Type The optparse Module Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator Build and C API Changes Port-Specific Changes Other Changes and Fixes Porting to Python 2.3 Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.2 Introduction PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes Old and New Classes Descriptors Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule Attribute Access Related Links PEP 234: Iterators PEP 255: Simple Generators PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator Unicode Changes PEP 227: Nested Scopes New and Improved Modules Interpreter Changes and Fixes Other Changes and Fixes Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.1 Introduction PEP 227: Nested Scopes PEP 236: __future__ Directives PEP 207: Rich Comparisons PEP 230: Warning Framework PEP 229: New Build System PEP 205: Weak References PEP 232: Function Attributes PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook PEP 208: New Coercion Model PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages New and Improved Modules Other Changes and Fixes Acknowledgements What’s New in Python 2.0 Introduction What About Python 1.6? New Development Process Unicode List Comprehensions Augmented Assignment String Methods Garbage Collection of Cycles Other Core Changes Minor Language Changes Changes to Built-in Functions Porting to 2.0 Extending/Embedding Changes Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install XML Modules SAX2 Support DOM Support Relationship to PyXML Module changes New modules IDLE Improvements Deleted and Deprecated Modules Acknowledgements Changelog Python 3.6.5 final? Tests Build Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1? Security Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows macOS IDLE Tools/Demos C API Python 3.6.4 final? Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows macOS IDLE Tools/Demos C API Python 3.6.3 final? Library Build Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1? Security Core and Builtins Library Documentation Tests Build Windows IDLE Tools/Demos Python 3.6.2 final? Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2? Security Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1? 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Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2? Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Documentation Tests Python 3.5.0 beta 4? Core and Builtins Library Build Python 3.5.0 beta 3? Core and Builtins Library Tests Documentation Build Python 3.5.0 beta 2? Core and Builtins Library Python 3.5.0 beta 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Tests Documentation Tools/Demos Python 3.5.0 alpha 4? Core and Builtins Library Build Tests Tools/Demos C API Python 3.5.0 alpha 3? Core and Builtins Library Build Tests Tools/Demos Python 3.5.0 alpha 2? Core and Builtins Library Build C API Windows Python 3.5.0 alpha 1? Core and Builtins Library IDLE Build C API Documentation Tests Tools/Demos Windows The Python Tutorial 1. Whetting Your Appetite 2. Using the Python Interpreter 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter 2.1.1. Argument Passing 2.1.2. Interactive Mode 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Strings 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops 4.5. pass Statements 4.6. Defining Functions 4.7. More on Defining Functions 4.7.1. Default Argument Values 4.7.2. Keyword Arguments 4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.7.5. Lambda Expressions 4.7.6. Documentation Strings 4.7.7. Function Annotations 4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style 5. Data Structures 5.1. More on Lists 5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks 5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues 5.1.3. List Comprehensions 5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions 5.2. The del statement 5.3. Tuples and Sequences 5.4. Sets 5.5. Dictionaries 5.6. Looping Techniques 5.7. More on Conditions 5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types 6. Modules 6.1. More on Modules 6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts 6.1.2. The Module Search Path 6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files 6.2. Standard Modules 6.3. The dir() Function 6.4. Packages 6.4.1. Importing * From a Package 6.4.2. Intra-package References 6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories 7. Input and Output 7.1. Fancier Output Formatting 7.1.1. Old string formatting 7.2. Reading and Writing Files 7.2.1. Methods of File Objects 7.2.2. Saving structured data with json 8. Errors and Exceptions 8.1. Syntax Errors 8.2. Exceptions 8.3. Handling Exceptions 8.4. Raising Exceptions 8.5. User-defined Exceptions 8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions 8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions 9. Classes 9.1. A Word About Names and Objects 9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces 9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example 9.3. A First Look at Classes 9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax 9.3.2. Class Objects 9.3.3. Instance Objects 9.3.4. Method Objects 9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables 9.4. Random Remarks 9.5. Inheritance 9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance 9.6. Private Variables 9.7. Odds and Ends 9.8. Iterators 9.9. Generators 9.10. Generator Expressions 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library 10.1. Operating System Interface 10.2. File Wildcards 10.3. Command Line Arguments 10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination 10.5. String Pattern Matching 10.6. Mathematics 10.7. Internet Access 10.8. Dates and Times 10.9. Data Compression 10.10. Performance Measurement 10.11. Quality Control 10.12. Batteries Included 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II 11.1. Output Formatting 11.2. Templating 11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts 11.4. Multi-threading 11.5. Logging 11.6. Weak References 11.7. Tools for Working with Lists 11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic 12. Virtual Environments and Packages 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Creating Virtual Environments 12.3. Managing Packages with pip 13. What Now? 14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution 14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing 14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter 15. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations 15.1. Representation Error 16. Appendix 16.1. Interactive Mode 16.1.1. Error Handling 16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts 16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File 16.1.4. The Customization Modules Python Setup and Usage 1. Command line and environment 1.1. Command line 1.1.1. Interface options 1.1.2. Generic options 1.1.3. Miscellaneous options 1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use 1.2. Environment variables 1.2.1. Debug-mode variables 2. Using Python on Unix platforms 2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python 2.1.1. On Linux 2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD 2.1.3. On OpenSolaris 2.2. Building Python 2.3. Python-related paths and files 2.4. Miscellaneous 2.5. Editors and IDEs 3. Using Python on Windows 3.1. Installing Python 3.1.1. Supported Versions 3.1.2. Installation Steps 3.1.3. Removing the MAX_PATH Limitation 3.1.4. Installing Without UI 3.1.5. Installing Without Downloading 3.1.6. Modifying an install 3.1.7. Other Platforms 3.2. Alternative bundles 3.3. Configuring Python 3.3.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables 3.3.2. Finding the Python executable 3.4. Python Launcher for Windows 3.4.1. Getting started 3.4.1.1. From the command-line 3.4.1.2. Virtual environments 3.4.1.3. From a script 3.4.1.4. From file associations 3.4.2. Shebang Lines 3.4.3. Arguments in shebang lines 3.4.4. Customization 3.4.4.1. Customization via INI files 3.4.4.2. Customizing default Python versions 3.4.5. Diagnostics 3.5. Finding modules 3.6. Additional modules 3.6.1. PyWin32 3.6.2. cx_Freeze 3.6.3. WConio 3.7. Compiling Python on Windows 3.8. Embedded Distribution 3.8.1. Python Application 3.8.2. Embedding Python 3.9. Other resources 4. Using Python on a Macintosh 4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython 4.1.1. How to run a Python script 4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI 4.1.3. Configuration 4.2. The IDE 4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages 4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac 4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac 4.6. Other Resources The Python Language Reference 1. Introduction 1.1. Alternate Implementations 1.2. Notation 2. Lexical analysis 2.1. Line structure 2.1.1. Logical lines 2.1.2. Physical lines 2.1.3. Comments 2.1.4. Encoding declarations 2.1.5. Explicit line joining 2.1.6. Implicit line joining 2.1.7. Blank lines 2.1.8. Indentation 2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens 2.2. Other tokens 2.3. Identifiers and keywords 2.3.1. Keywords 2.3.2. Reserved classes of identifiers 2.4. Literals 2.4.1. String and Bytes literals 2.4.2. String literal concatenation 2.4.3. Formatted string literals 2.4.4. Numeric literals 2.4.5. Integer literals 2.4.6. Floating point literals 2.4.7. Imaginary literals 2.5. Operators 2.6. Delimiters 3. Data model 3.1. Objects, values and types 3.2. The standard type hierarchy 3.3. Special method names 3.3.1. Basic customization 3.3.2. Customizing attribute access 3.3.2.1. Customizing module attribute access 3.3.2.2. Implementing Descriptors 3.3.2.3. Invoking Descriptors 3.3.2.4. __slots__ 3.3.2.4.1. Notes on using __slots__ 3.3.3. Customizing class creation 3.3.3.1. Metaclasses 3.3.3.2. Determining the appropriate metaclass 3.3.3.3. Preparing the class namespace 3.3.3.4. Executing the class body 3.3.3.5. Creating the class object 3.3.3.6. Metaclass example 3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks 3.3.5. Emulating callable objects 3.3.6. Emulating container types 3.3.7. Emulating numeric types 3.3.8. With Statement Context Managers 3.3.9. Special method lookup 3.4. Coroutines 3.4.1. Awaitable Objects 3.4.2. Coroutine Objects 3.4.3. Asynchronous Iterators 3.4.4. Asynchronous Context Managers 4. Execution model 4.1. Structure of a program 4.2. Naming and binding 4.2.1. Binding of names 4.2.2. Resolution of names 4.2.3. Builtins and restricted execution 4.2.4. Interaction with dynamic features 4.3. Exceptions 5. The import system 5.1. importlib 5.2. Packages 5.2.1. Regular packages 5.2.2. Namespace packages 5.3. Searching 5.3.1. The module cache 5.3.2. Finders and loaders 5.3.3. Import hooks 5.3.4. The meta path 5.4. Loading 5.4.1. Loaders 5.4.2. Submodules 5.4.3. Module spec 5.4.4. Import-related module attributes 5.4.5. module.__path__ 5.4.6. Module reprs 5.5. The Path Based Finder 5.5.1. Path entry finders 5.5.2. Path entry finder protocol 5.6. Replacing the standard import system 5.7. Special considerations for __main__ 5.7.1. __main__.__spec__ 5.8. Open issues 5.9. References 6. Expressions 6.1. Arithmetic conversions 6.2. Atoms 6.2.1. Identifiers (Names) 6.2.2. Literals 6.2.3. Parenthesized forms 6.2.4. Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries 6.2.5. List displays 6.2.6. Set displays 6.2.7. Dictionary displays 6.2.8. Generator expressions 6.2.9. Yield expressions 6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methods 6.2.9.2. Examples 6.2.9.3. Asynchronous generator functions 6.2.9.4. Asynchronous generator-iterator methods 6.3. Primaries 6.3.1. Attribute references 6.3.2. Subscriptions 6.3.3. Slicings 6.3.4. Calls 6.4. Await expression 6.5. The power operator 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations 6.8. Shifting operations 6.9. Binary bitwise operations 6.10. Comparisons 6.10.1. Value comparisons 6.10.2. Membership test operations 6.10.3. Identity comparisons 6.11. Boolean operations 6.12. Conditional expressions 6.13. Lambdas 6.14. Expression lists 6.15. Evaluation order 6.16. Operator precedence 7. Simple statements 7.1. Expression statements 7.2. Assignment statements 7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements 7.2.2. Annotated assignment statements 7.3. The assert statement 7.4. The pass statement 7.5. The del statement 7.6. The return statement 7.7. The yield statement 7.8. The raise statement 7.9. The break statement 7.10. The continue statement 7.11. The import statement 7.11.1. Future statements 7.12. The global statement 7.13. The nonlocal statement 8. Compound statements 8.1. The if statement 8.2. The while statement 8.3. The for statement 8.4. The try statement 8.5. The with statement 8.6. Function definitions 8.7. Class definitions 8.8. Coroutines 8.8.1. Coroutine function definition 8.8.2. The async for statement 8.8.3. The async with statement 9. Top-level components 9.1. Complete Python programs 9.2. File input 9.3. Interactive input 9.4. Expression input 10. Full Grammar specification The Python Standard Library 1. Introduction 2. Built-in Functions 3. Built-in Constants 3.1. Constants added by the site module 4. Built-in Types 4.1. Truth Value Testing 4.2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not 4.3. Comparisons 4.4. Numeric Types — int, float, complex 4.4.1. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types 4.4.2. Additional Methods on Integer Types 4.4.3. Additional Methods on Float 4.4.4. Hashing of numeric types 4.5. Iterator Types 4.5.1. Generator Types 4.6. Sequence Types — list, tuple, range 4.6.1. Common Sequence Operations 4.6.2. Immutable Sequence Types 4.6.3. Mutable Sequence Types 4.6.4. Lists 4.6.5. Tuples 4.6.6. Ranges 4.7. Text Sequence Type — str 4.7.1. String Methods 4.7.2. printf-style String Formatting 4.8. Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview 4.8.1. Bytes Objects 4.8.2. Bytearray Objects 4.8.3. Bytes and Bytearray Operations 4.8.4. printf-style Bytes Formatting 4.8.5. Memory Views 4.9. Set Types — set, frozenset 4.10. Mapping Types — dict 4.10.1. Dictionary view objects 4.11. Context Manager Types 4.12. Other Built-in Types 4.12.1. Modules 4.12.2. Classes and Class Instances 4.12.3. Functions 4.12.4. Methods 4.12.5. Code Objects 4.12.6. Type Objects 4.12.7. The Null Object 4.12.8. The Ellipsis Object 4.12.9. The NotImplemented Object 4.12.10. Boolean Values 4.12.11. Internal Objects 4.13. Special Attributes 5. Built-in Exceptions 5.1. Base classes 5.2. Concrete exceptions 5.2.1. OS exceptions 5.3. Warnings 5.4. Exception hierarchy 6. Text Processing Services 6.1. string — Common string operations 6.1.1. String constants 6.1.2. Custom String Formatting 6.1.3. Format String Syntax 6.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language 6.1.3.2. Format examples 6.1.4. Template strings 6.1.5. Helper functions 6.2. re — Regular expression operations 6.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax 6.2.2. Module Contents 6.2.3. Regular Expression Objects 6.2.4. Match Objects 6.2.5. Regular Expression Examples 6.2.5.1. Checking for a Pair 6.2.5.2. Simulating scanf() 6.2.5.3. search() vs. match() 6.2.5.4. Making a Phonebook 6.2.5.5. Text Munging 6.2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs 6.2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions 6.2.5.8. Raw String Notation 6.2.5.9. Writing a Tokenizer 6.3. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas 6.3.1. SequenceMatcher Objects 6.3.2. SequenceMatcher Examples 6.3.3. Differ Objects 6.3.4. Differ Example 6.3.5. A command-line interface to difflib 6.4. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling 6.5. unicodedata — Unicode Database 6.6. stringprep — Internet String Preparation 6.7. readline — GNU readline interface 6.7.1. Init file 6.7.2. Line buffer 6.7.3. History file 6.7.4. History list 6.7.5. Startup hooks 6.7.6. Completion 6.7.7. Example 6.8. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline 6.8.1. Completer Objects 7. Binary Data Services 7.1. struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data 7.1.1. Functions and Exceptions 7.1.2. Format Strings 7.1.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment 7.1.2.2. Format Characters 7.1.2.3. Examples 7.1.3. Classes 7.2. codecs — Codec registry and base classes 7.2.1. Codec Base Classes 7.2.1.1. Error Handlers 7.2.1.2. Stateless Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.3. Incremental Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.3.1. IncrementalEncoder Objects 7.2.1.3.2. IncrementalDecoder Objects 7.2.1.4. Stream Encoding and Decoding 7.2.1.4.1. StreamWriter Objects 7.2.1.4.2. StreamReader Objects 7.2.1.4.3. StreamReaderWriter Objects 7.2.1.4.4. StreamRecoder Objects 7.2.2. Encodings and Unicode 7.2.3. Standard Encodings 7.2.4. Python Specific Encodings 7.2.4.1. Text Encodings 7.2.4.2. Binary Transforms 7.2.4.3. Text Transforms 7.2.5. encodings.idna — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications 7.2.6. encodings.mbcs — Windows ANSI codepage 7.2.7. encodings.utf_8_sig — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature 8. Data Types 8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types 8.1.1. Available Types 8.1.2. timedelta Objects 8.1.3. date Objects 8.1.4. datetime Objects 8.1.5. time Objects 8.1.6. tzinfo Objects 8.1.7. timezone Objects 8.1.8. strftime() and strptime() Behavior 8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions 8.3. collections — Container datatypes 8.3.1. ChainMap objects 8.3.1.1. ChainMap Examples and Recipes 8.3.2. Counter objects 8.3.3. deque objects 8.3.3.1. deque Recipes 8.3.4. defaultdict objects 8.3.4.1. defaultdict Examples 8.3.5. namedtuple() Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields 8.3.6. OrderedDict objects 8.3.6.1. OrderedDict Examples and Recipes 8.3.7. UserDict objects 8.3.8. UserList objects 8.3.9. UserString objects 8.4. collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers 8.4.1. Collections Abstract Base Classes 8.5. heapq — Heap queue algorithm 8.5.1. Basic Examples 8.5.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes 8.5.3. Theory 8.6. bisect — Array bisection algorithm 8.6.1. Searching Sorted Lists 8.6.2. Other Examples 8.7. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values 8.8. weakref — Weak references 8.8.1. Weak Reference Objects 8.8.2. Example 8.8.3. Finalizer Objects 8.8.4. Comparing finalizers with __del__() methods 8.9. types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types 8.9.1. Dynamic Type Creation 8.9.2. Standard Interpreter Types 8.9.3. Additional Utility Classes and Functions 8.9.4. Coroutine Utility Functions 8.10. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations 8.11. pprint — Data pretty printer 8.11.1. PrettyPrinter Objects 8.11.2. Example 8.12. reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation 8.12.1. Repr Objects 8.12.2. Subclassing Repr Objects 8.13. enum — Support for enumerations 8.13.1. Module Contents 8.13.2. Creating an Enum 8.13.3. Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes 8.13.4. Duplicating enum members and values 8.13.5. Ensuring unique enumeration values 8.13.6. Using automatic values 8.13.7. Iteration 8.13.8. Comparisons 8.13.9. Allowed members and attributes of enumerations 8.13.10. Restricted subclassing of enumerations 8.13.11. Pickling 8.13.12. Functional API 8.13.13. Derived Enumerations 8.13.13.1. IntEnum 8.13.13.2. IntFlag 8.13.13.3. Flag 8.13.13.4. Others 8.13.14. Interesting examples 8.13.14.1. Omitting values 8.13.14.1.1. Using auto 8.13.14.1.2. Using object 8.13.14.1.3. Using a descriptive string 8.13.14.1.4. Using a custom __new__() 8.13.14.2. OrderedEnum 8.13.14.3. DuplicateFreeEnum 8.13.14.4. Planet 8.13.15. How are Enums different? 8.13.15.1. Enum Classes 8.13.15.2. Enum Members (aka instances) 8.13.15.3. Finer Points 8.13.15.3.1. Supported __dunder__ names 8.13.15.3.2. Supported _sunder_ names 8.13.15.3.3. Enum member type 8.13.15.3.4. Boolean value of Enum classes and members 8.13.15.3.5. Enum classes with methods 8.13.15.3.6. Combining members of Flag 9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules 9.1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes 9.1.1. The numeric tower 9.1.2. Notes for type implementors 9.1.2.1. Adding More Numeric ABCs 9.1.2.2. Implementing the arithmetic operations 9.2. math — Mathematical functions 9.2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions 9.2.2. Power and logarithmic functions 9.2.3. Trigonometric functions 9.2.4. Angular conversion 9.2.5. Hyperbolic functions 9.2.6. Special functions 9.2.7. Constants 9.3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers 9.3.1. Conversions to and from polar coordinates 9.3.2. Power and logarithmic functions 9.3.3. Trigonometric functions 9.3.4. Hyperbolic functions 9.3.5. Classification functions 9.3.6. Constants 9.4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic 9.4.1. Quick-start Tutorial 9.4.2. Decimal objects 9.4.2.1. Logical operands 9.4.3. Context objects 9.4.4. Constants 9.4.5. Rounding modes 9.4.6. Signals 9.4.7. Floating Point Notes 9.4.7.1. Mitigating round-off error with increased precision 9.4.7.2. Special values 9.4.8. Working with threads 9.4.9. Recipes 9.4.10. Decimal FAQ 9.5. fractions — Rational numbers 9.6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers 9.6.1. Bookkeeping functions 9.6.2. Functions for integers 9.6.3. Functions for sequences 9.6.4. Real-valued distributions 9.6.5. Alternative Generator 9.6.6. Notes on Reproducibility 9.6.7. Examples and Recipes 9.7. statistics — Mathematical statistics functions 9.7.1. Averages and measures of central location 9.7.2. Measures of spread 9.7.3. Function details 9.7.4. Exceptions 10. Functional Programming Modules 10.1. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping 10.1.1. Itertool functions 10.1.2. Itertools Recipes 10.2. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects 10.2.1. partial Objects 10.3. operator — Standard operators as functions 10.3.1. Mapping Operators to Functions 10.3.2. Inplace Operators 11. File and Directory Access 11.1. pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths 11.1.1. Basic use 11.1.2. Pure paths 11.1.2.1. General properties 11.1.2.2. Operators 11.1.2.3. Accessing individual parts 11.1.2.4. Methods and properties 11.1.3. Concrete paths 11.1.3.1. Methods 11.2. os.path — Common pathname manipulations 11.3. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams 11.4. stat — Interpreting stat() results 11.5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons 11.5.1. The dircmp class 11.6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories 11.6.1. Examples 11.6.2. Deprecated functions and variables 11.7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion 11.8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching 11.9. linecache — Random access to text lines 11.10. shutil — High-level file operations 11.10.1. Directory and files operations 11.10.1.1. copytree example 11.10.1.2. rmtree example 11.10.2. Archiving operations 11.10.2.1. Archiving example 11.10.3. Querying the size of the output terminal 11.11. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions 12. Data Persistence 12.1. pickle — Python object serialization 12.1.1. Relationship to other Python modules 12.1.1.1. Comparison with marshal 12.1.1.2. Comparison with json 12.1.2. Data stream format 12.1.3. Module Interface 12.1.4. What can be pickled and unpickled? 12.1.5. Pickling Class Instances 12.1.5.1. Persistence of External Objects 12.1.5.2. Dispatch Tables 12.1.5.3. Handling Stateful Objects 12.1.6. Restricting Globals 12.1.7. Performance 12.1.8. Examples 12.2. copyreg — Register pickle support functions 12.2.1. Example 12.3. shelve — Python object persistence 12.3.1. Restrictions 12.3.2. Example 12.4. marshal — Internal Python object serialization 12.5. dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases” 12.5.1. dbm.gnu — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm 12.5.2. dbm.ndbm — Interface based on ndbm 12.5.3. dbm.dumb — Portable DBM implementation 12.6. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases 12.6.1. Module functions and constants 12.6.2. Connection Objects 12.6.3. Cursor Objects 12.6.4. Row Objects 12.6.5. Exceptions 12.6.6. SQLite and Python types 12.6.6.1. Introduction 12.6.6.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases 12.6.6.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself 12.6.6.2.2. Registering an adapter callable 12.6.6.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types 12.6.6.4. Default adapters and converters 12.6.7. Controlling Transactions 12.6.8. Using sqlite3 efficiently 12.6.8.1. Using shortcut methods 12.6.8.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index 12.6.8.3. Using the connection as a context manager 12.6.9. Common issues 12.6.9.1. Multithreading 13. Data Compression and Archiving 13.1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip 13.2. gzip — Support for gzip files 13.2.1. Examples of usage 13.3. bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression 13.3.1. (De)compression of files 13.3.2. Incremental (de)compression 13.3.3. One-shot (de)compression 13.4. lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm 13.4.1. Reading and writing compressed files 13.4.2. Compressing and decompressing data in memory 13.4.3. Miscellaneous 13.4.4. Specifying custom filter chains 13.4.5. Examples 13.5. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives 13.5.1. ZipFile Objects 13.5.2. PyZipFile Objects 13.5.3. ZipInfo Objects 13.5.4. Command-Line Interface 13.5.4.1. Command-line options 13.6. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files 13.6.1. TarFile Objects 13.6.2. TarInfo Objects 13.6.3. Command-Line Interface 13.6.3.1. Command-line options 13.6.4. Examples 13.6.5. Supported tar formats 13.6.6. Unicode issues 14. File Formats 14.1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing 14.1.1. Module Contents 14.1.2. Dialects and Formatting Parameters 14.1.3. Reader Objects 14.1.4. Writer Objects 14.1.5. Examples 14.2. configparser — Configuration file parser 14.2.1. Quick Start 14.2.2. Supported Datatypes 14.2.3. Fallback Values 14.2.4. Supported INI File Structure 14.2.5. Interpolation of values 14.2.6. Mapping Protocol Access 14.2.7. Customizing Parser Behaviour 14.2.8. Legacy API Examples 14.2.9. ConfigParser Objects 14.2.10. RawConfigParser Objects 14.2.11. Exceptions 14.3. netrc — netrc file processing 14.3.1. netrc Objects 14.4. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data 14.4.1. Packer Objects 14.4.2. Unpacker Objects 14.4.3. Exceptions 14.5. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files 14.5.1. Examples 15. Cryptographic Services 15.1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests 15.1.1. Hash algorithms 15.1.2. SHAKE variable length digests 15.1.3. Key derivation 15.1.4. BLAKE2 15.1.4.1. Creating hash objects 15.1.4.2. Constants 15.1.4.3. Examples 15.1.4.3.1. Simple hashing 15.1.4.3.2. Using different digest sizes 15.1.4.3.3. Keyed hashing 15.1.4.3.4. Randomized hashing 15.1.4.3.5. Personalization 15.1.4.3.6. Tree mode 15.1.4.4. Credits 15.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication 15.3. secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets 15.3.1. Random numbers 15.3.2. Generating tokens 15.3.2.1. How many bytes should tokens use? 15.3.3. Other functions 15.3.4. Recipes and best practices 16. Generic Operating System Services 16.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces 16.1.1. File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables 16.1.2. Process Parameters 16.1.3. File Object Creation 16.1.4. File Descriptor Operations 16.1.4.1. Querying the size of a terminal 16.1.4.2. Inheritance of File Descriptors 16.1.5. Files and Directories 16.1.5.1. Linux extended attributes 16.1.6. Process Management 16.1.7. Interface to the scheduler 16.1.8. Miscellaneous System Information 16.1.9. Random numbers 16.2. io — Core tools for working with streams 16.2.1. Overview 16.2.1.1. Text I/O 16.2.1.2. Binary I/O 16.2.1.3. Raw I/O 16.2.2. High-level Module Interface 16.2.2.1. In-memory streams 16.2.3. Class hierarchy 16.2.3.1. I/O Base Classes 16.2.3.2. Raw File I/O 16.2.3.3. Buffered Streams 16.2.3.4. Text I/O 16.2.4. Performance 16.2.4.1. Binary I/O 16.2.4.2. Text I/O 16.2.4.3. Multi-threading 16.2.4.4. Reentrancy 16.3. time — Time access and conversions 16.3.1. Functions 16.3.2. Clock ID Constants 16.3.3. Timezone Constants 16.4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands 16.4.1. Example 16.4.1.1. Creating a parser 16.4.1.2. Adding arguments 16.4.1.3. Parsing arguments 16.4.2. ArgumentParser objects 16.4.2.1. prog 16.4.2.2. usage 16.4.2.3. description 16.4.2.4. epilog 16.4.2.5. parents 16.4.2.6. formatter_class 16.4.2.7. prefix_chars 16.4.2.8. fromfile_prefix_chars 16.4.2.9. argument_default 16.4.2.10. allow_abbrev 16.4.2.11. conflict_handler 16.4.2.12. add_help 16.4.3. The add_argument() method 16.4.3.1. name or flags 16.4.3.2. action 16.4.3.3. nargs 16.4.3.4. const 16.4.3.5. default 16.4.3.6. type 16.4.3.7. choices 16.4.3.8. required 16.4.3.9. help 16.4.3.10. metavar 16.4.3.11. dest 16.4.3.12. Action classes 16.4.4. The parse_args() method 16.4.4.1. Option value syntax 16.4.4.2. Invalid arguments 16.4.4.3. Arguments containing - 16.4.4.4. Argument abbreviations (prefix matching) 16.4.4.5. Beyond sys.argv 16.4.4.6. The Namespace object 16.4.5. Other utilities 16.4.5.1. Sub-commands 16.4.5.2. FileType objects 16.4.5.3. Argument groups 16.4.5.4. Mutual exclusion 16.4.5.5. Parser defaults 16.4.5.6. Printing help 16.4.5.7. Partial parsing 16.4.5.8. Customizing file parsing 16.4.5.9. Exiting methods 16.4.6. Upgrading optparse code 16.5. getopt — C-style parser for command line options 16.6. logging — Logging facility for Python 16.6.1. Logger Objects 16.6.2. Logging Levels 16.6.3. Handler Objects 16.6.4. Formatter Objects 16.6.5. Filter Objects 16.6.6. LogRecord Objects 16.6.7. LogRecord attributes 16.6.8. LoggerAdapter Objects 16.6.9. Thread Safety 16.6.10. Module-Level Functions 16.6.11. Module-Level Attributes 16.6.12. Integration with the warnings module 16.7. logging.config — Logging configuration 16.7.1. Configuration functions 16.7.2. Configuration dictionary schema 16.7.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details 16.7.2.2. Incremental Configuration 16.7.2.3. Object connections 16.7.2.4. User-defined objects 16.7.2.5. Access to external objects 16.7.2.6. Access to internal objects 16.7.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers 16.7.3. Configuration file format 16.8. logging.handlers — Logging handlers 16.8.1. StreamHandler 16.8.2. FileHandler 16.8.3. NullHandler 16.8.4. WatchedFileHandler 16.8.5. BaseRotatingHandler 16.8.6. RotatingFileHandler 16.8.7. TimedRotatingFileHandler 16.8.8. SocketHandler 16.8.9. DatagramHandler 16.8.10. SysLogHandler 16.8.11. NTEventLogHandler 16.8.12. SMTPHandler 16.8.13. MemoryHandler 16.8.14. HTTPHandler 16.8.15. QueueHandler 16.8.16. QueueListener 16.9. getpass — Portable password input 16.10. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays 16.10.1. Functions 16.10.2. Window Objects 16.10.3. Constants 16.11. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs 16.11.1. Textbox objects 16.12. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters 16.13. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses 16.13.1. Functions 16.13.2. Panel Objects 16.14. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data 16.14.1. Cross Platform 16.14.2. Java Platform 16.14.3. Windows Platform 16.14.3.1. Win95/98 specific 16.14.4. Mac OS Platform 16.14.5. Unix Platforms 16.15. errno — Standard errno system symbols 16.16. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python 16.16.1. ctypes tutorial 16.16.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries 16.16.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls 16.16.1.3. Calling functions 16.16.1.4. Fundamental data types 16.16.1.5. Calling functions, continued 16.16.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types 16.16.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes) 16.16.1.8. Return types 16.16.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference) 16.16.1.10. Structures and unions 16.16.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order 16.16.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions 16.16.1.13. Arrays 16.16.1.14. Pointers 16.16.1.15. Type conversions 16.16.1.16. Incomplete Types 16.16.1.17. Callback functions 16.16.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls 16.16.1.19. Surprises 16.16.1.20. Variable-sized data types 16.16.2. ctypes reference 16.16.2.1. Finding shared libraries 16.16.2.2. Loading shared libraries 16.16.2.3. Foreign functions 16.16.2.4. Function prototypes 16.16.2.5. Utility functions 16.16.2.6. Data types 16.16.2.7. Fundamental data types 16.16.2.8. Structured data types 16.16.2.9. Arrays and pointers 17. Concurrent Execution 17.1. threading — Thread-based parallelism 17.1.1. Thread-Local Data 17.1.2. Thread Objects 17.1.3. Lock Objects 17.1.4. RLock Objects 17.1.5. Condition Objects 17.1.6. Semaphore Objects 17.1.6.1. Semaphore Example 17.1.7. Event Objects 17.1.8. Timer Objects 17.1.9. Barrier Objects 17.1.10. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement 17.2. multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism 17.2.1. Introduction 17.2.1.1. The Process class 17.2.1.2. Contexts and start methods 17.2.1.3. Exchanging objects between processes 17.2.1.4. Synchronization between processes 17.2.1.5. Sharing state between processes 17.2.1.6. Using a pool of workers 17.2.2. Reference 17.2.2.1. Process and exceptions 17.2.2.2. Pipes and Queues 17.2.2.3. Miscellaneous 17.2.2.4. Connection Objects 17.2.2.5. Synchronization primitives 17.2.2.6. Shared ctypes Objects 17.2.2.6.1. The multiprocessing.sharedctypes module 17.2.2.7. Managers 17.2.2.7.1. Customized managers 17.2.2.7.2. Using a remote manager 17.2.2.8. Proxy Objects 17.2.2.8.1. Cleanup 17.2.2.9. Process Pools 17.2.2.10. Listeners and Clients 17.2.2.10.1. Address Formats 17.2.2.11. Authentication keys 17.2.2.12. Logging 17.2.2.13. The multiprocessing.dummy module 17.2.3. Programming guidelines 17.2.3.1. All start methods 17.2.3.2. The spawn and forkserver start methods 17.2.4. Examples 17.3. The concurrent package 17.4. concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks 17.4.1. Executor Objects 17.4.2. ThreadPoolExecutor 17.4.2.1. ThreadPoolExecutor Example 17.4.3. ProcessPoolExecutor 17.4.3.1. ProcessPoolExecutor Example 17.4.4. Future Objects 17.4.5. Module Functions 17.4.6. Exception classes 17.5. subprocess — Subprocess management 17.5.1. Using the subprocess Module 17.5.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments 17.5.1.2. Popen Constructor 17.5.1.3. Exceptions 17.5.2. Security Considerations 17.5.3. Popen Objects 17.5.4. Windows Popen Helpers 17.5.4.1. Constants 17.5.5. Older high-level API 17.5.6. Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module 17.5.6.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote 17.5.6.2. Replacing shell pipeline 17.5.6.3. Replacing os.system() 17.5.6.4. Replacing the os.spawn family 17.5.6.5. Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3() 17.5.6.6. Replacing functions from the popen2 module 17.5.7. Legacy Shell Invocation Functions 17.5.8. Notes 17.5.8.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows 17.6. sched — Event scheduler 17.6.1. Scheduler Objects 17.7. queue — A synchronized queue class 17.7.1. Queue Objects 17.8. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module 17.9. _thread — Low-level threading API 17.10. _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module 18. Interprocess Communication and Networking 18.1. socket — Low-level networking interface 18.1.1. Socket families 18.1.2. Module contents 18.1.2.1. Exceptions 18.1.2.2. Constants 18.1.2.3. Functions 18.1.2.3.1. Creating sockets 18.1.2.3.2. Other functions 18.1.3. Socket Objects 18.1.4. Notes on socket timeouts 18.1.4.1. Timeouts and the connect method 18.1.4.2. Timeouts and the accept method 18.1.5. Example 18.2. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects 18.2.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions 18.2.1.1. Socket creation 18.2.1.2. Context creation 18.2.1.3. Random generation 18.2.1.4. Certificate handling 18.2.1.5. Constants 18.2.2. SSL Sockets 18.2.3. SSL Contexts 18.2.4. Certificates 18.2.4.1. Certificate chains 18.2.4.2. CA certificates 18.2.4.3. Combined key and certificate 18.2.4.4. Self-signed certificates 18.2.5. Examples 18.2.5.1. Testing for SSL support 18.2.5.2. Client-side operation 18.2.5.3. Server-side operation 18.2.6. Notes on non-blocking sockets 18.2.7. Memory BIO Support 18.2.8. SSL session 18.2.9. Security considerations 18.2.9.1. Best defaults 18.2.9.2. Manual settings 18.2.9.2.1. Verifying certificates 18.2.9.2.2. Protocol versions 18.2.9.2.3. Cipher selection 18.2.9.3. Multi-processing 18.2.10. LibreSSL support 18.3. select — Waiting for I/O completion 18.3.1. /dev/poll Polling Objects 18.3.2. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects 18.3.3. Polling Objects 18.3.4. Kqueue Objects 18.3.5. Kevent Objects 18.4. selectors — High-level I/O multiplexing 18.4.1. Introduction 18.4.2. Classes 18.4.3. Examples 18.5. asyncio — Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks 18.5.1. Base Event Loop 18.5.1.1. Run an event loop 18.5.1.2. Calls 18.5.1.3. Delayed calls 18.5.1.4. Futures 18.5.1.5. Tasks 18.5.1.6. Creating connections 18.5.1.7. Creating listening connections 18.5.1.8. Watch file descriptors 18.5.1.9. Low-level socket operations 18.5.1.10. Resolve host name 18.5.1.11. Connect pipes 18.5.1.12. UNIX signals 18.5.1.13. Executor 18.5.1.14. Error Handling API 18.5.1.15. Debug mode 18.5.1.16. Server 18.5.1.17. Handle 18.5.1.18. Event loop examples 18.5.1.18.1. Hello World with call_soon() 18.5.1.18.2. Display the current date with call_later() 18.5.1.18.3. Watch a file descriptor for read events 18.5.1.18.4. Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM 18.5.2. Event loops 18.5.2.1. Event loop functions 18.5.2.2. Available event loops 18.5.2.3. Platform support 18.5.2.3.1. Windows 18.5.2.3.2. Mac OS X 18.5.2.4. Event loop policies and the default policy 18.5.2.5. Event loop policy interface 18.5.2.6. Access to the global loop policy 18.5.2.7. Customizing the event loop policy 18.5.3. Tasks and coroutines 18.5.3.1. Coroutines 18.5.3.1.1. Example: Hello World coroutine 18.5.3.1.2. Example: Coroutine displaying the current date 18.5.3.1.3. Example: Chain coroutines 18.5.3.2. InvalidStateError 18.5.3.3. TimeoutError 18.5.3.4. Future 18.5.3.4.1. Example: Future with run_until_complete() 18.5.3.4.2. Example: Future with run_forever() 18.5.3.5. Task 18.5.3.5.1. Example: Parallel execution of tasks 18.5.3.6. Task functions 18.5.4. Transports and protocols (callback based API) 18.5.4.1. Transports 18.5.4.1.1. BaseTransport 18.5.4.1.2. ReadTransport 18.5.4.1.3. WriteTransport 18.5.4.1.4. DatagramTransport 18.5.4.1.5. BaseSubprocessTransport 18.5.4.2. Protocols 18.5.4.2.1. Protocol classes 18.5.4.2.2. Connection callbacks 18.5.4.2.3. Streaming protocols 18.5.4.2.4. Datagram protocols 18.5.4.2.5. Flow control callbacks 18.5.4.2.6. Coroutines and protocols 18.5.4.3. Protocol examples 18.5.4.3.1. TCP echo client protocol 18.5.4.3.2. TCP echo server protocol 18.5.4.3.3. UDP echo client protocol 18.5.4.3.4. UDP echo server protocol 18.5.4.3.5. Register an open socket to wait for data using a protocol 18.5.5. Streams (coroutine based API) 18.5.5.1. Stream functions 18.5.5.2. StreamReader 18.5.5.3. StreamWriter 18.5.5.4. StreamReaderProtocol 18.5.5.5. IncompleteReadError 18.5.5.6. LimitOverrunError 18.5.5.7. Stream examples 18.5.5.7.1. TCP echo client using streams 18.5.5.7.2. TCP echo server using streams 18.5.5.7.3. Get HTTP headers 18.5.5.7.4. Register an open socket to wait for data using streams 18.5.6. Subprocess 18.5.6.1. Windows event loop 18.5.6.2. Create a subprocess: high-level API using Process 18.5.6.3. Create a subprocess: low-level API using subprocess.Popen 18.5.6.4. Constants 18.5.6.5. Process 18.5.6.6. Subprocess and threads 18.5.6.7. Subprocess examples 18.5.6.7.1. Subprocess using transport and protocol 18.5.6.7.2. Subprocess using streams 18.5.7. Synchronization primitives 18.5.7.1. Locks 18.5.7.1.1. Lock 18.5.7.1.2. Event 18.5.7.1.3. Condition 18.5.7.2. Semaphores 18.5.7.2.1. Semaphore 18.5.7.2.2. BoundedSemaphore 18.5.8. Queues 18.5.8.1. Queue 18.5.8.2. PriorityQueue 18.5.8.3. LifoQueue 18.5.8.3.1. Exceptions 18.5.9. Develop with asyncio 18.5.9.1. Debug mode of asyncio 18.5.9.2. Cancellation 18.5.9.3. Concurrency and multithreading 18.5.9.4. Handle blocking functions correctly 18.5.9.5. Logging 18.5.9.6. Detect coroutine objects never scheduled 18.5.9.7. Detect exceptions never consumed 18.5.9.8. Chain coroutines correctly 18.5.9.9. Pending task destroyed 18.5.9.10. Close transports and event loops 18.6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler 18.6.1. asyncore Example basic HTTP client 18.6.2. asyncore Example basic echo server 18.7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler 18.7.1. asynchat Example 18.8. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events 18.8.1. General rules 18.8.1.1. Execution of Python signal handlers 18.8.1.2. Signals and threads 18.8.2. Module contents 18.8.3. Example 18.9. mmap — Memory-mapped file support 19. Internet Data Handling 19.1. email — An email and MIME handling package 19.1.1. email.message: Representing an email message 19.1.2. email.parser: Parsing email messages 19.1.2.1. FeedParser API 19.1.2.2. Parser API 19.1.2.3. Additional notes 19.1.3. email.generator: Generating MIME documents 19.1.4. email.policy: Policy Objects 19.1.5. email.errors: Exception and Defect classes 19.1.6. email.headerregistry: Custom Header Objects 19.1.7. email.contentmanager: Managing MIME Content 19.1.7.1. Content Manager Instances 19.1.8. email: Examples 19.1.9. email.message.Message: Representing an email message using the compat32 API 19.1.10. email.mime: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch 19.1.11. email.header: Internationalized headers 19.1.12. email.charset: Representing character sets 19.1.13. email.encoders: Encoders 19.1.14. email.utils: Miscellaneous utilities 19.1.15. email.iterators: Iterators 19.2. json — JSON encoder and decoder 19.2.1. Basic Usage 19.2.2. Encoders and Decoders 19.2.3. Exceptions 19.2.4. Standard Compliance and Interoperability 19.2.4.1. Character Encodings 19.2.4.2. Infinite and NaN Number Values 19.2.4.3. Repeated Names Within an Object 19.2.4.4. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values 19.2.4.5. Implementation Limitations 19.2.5. Command Line Interface 19.2.5.1. Command line options 19.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling 19.4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats 19.4.1. Mailbox objects 19.4.1.1. Maildir 19.4.1.2. mbox 19.4.1.3. MH 19.4.1.4. Babyl 19.4.1.5. MMDF 19.4.2. Message objects 19.4.2.1. MaildirMessage 19.4.2.2. mboxMessage 19.4.2.3. MHMessage 19.4.2.4. BabylMessage 19.4.2.5. MMDFMessage 19.4.3. Exceptions 19.4.4. Examples 19.5. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types 19.5.1. MimeTypes Objects 19.6. base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings 19.7. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files 19.7.1. Notes 19.8. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII 19.9. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data 19.10. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files 20. Structured Markup Processing Tools 20.1. html — HyperText Markup Language support 20.2. html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser 20.2.1. Example HTML Parser Application 20.2.2. HTMLParser Methods 20.2.3. Examples 20.3. html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities 20.4. XML Processing Modules 20.4.1. XML vulnerabilities 20.4.2. The defusedxml and defusedexpat Packages 20.5. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API 20.5.1. Tutorial 20.5.1.1. XML tree and elements 20.5.1.2. Parsing XML 20.5.1.3. Pull API for non-blocking parsing 20.5.1.4. Finding interesting elements 20.5.1.5. Modifying an XML File 20.5.1.6. Building XML documents 20.5.1.7. Parsing XML with Namespaces 20.5.1.8. Additional resources 20.5.2. XPath support 20.5.2.1. Example 20.5.2.2. Supported XPath syntax 20.5.3. Reference 20.5.3.1. Functions 20.5.3.2. Element Objects 20.5.3.3. ElementTree Objects 20.5.3.4. QName Objects 20.5.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects 20.5.3.6. XMLParser Objects 20.5.3.7. XMLPullParser Objects 20.5.3.8. Exceptions 20.6. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API 20.6.1. Module Contents 20.6.2. Objects in the DOM 20.6.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects 20.6.2.2. Node Objects 20.6.2.3. NodeList Objects 20.6.2.4. DocumentType Objects 20.6.2.5. Document Objects 20.6.2.6. Element Objects 20.6.2.7. Attr Objects 20.6.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects 20.6.2.9. Comment Objects 20.6.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects 20.6.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects 20.6.2.12. Exceptions 20.6.3. Conformance 20.6.3.1. Type Mapping 20.6.3.2. Accessor Methods 20.7. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation 20.7.1. DOM Objects 20.7.2. DOM Example 20.7.3. minidom and the DOM standard 20.8. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees 20.8.1. DOMEventStream Objects 20.9. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers 20.9.1. SAXException Objects 20.10. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers 20.10.1. ContentHandler Objects 20.10.2. DTDHandler Objects 20.10.3. EntityResolver Objects 20.10.4. ErrorHandler Objects 20.11. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities 20.12. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers 20.12.1. XMLReader Objects 20.12.2. IncrementalParser Objects 20.12.3. Locator Objects 20.12.4. InputSource Objects 20.12.5. The Attributes Interface 20.12.6. The AttributesNS Interface 20.13. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat 20.13.1. XMLParser Objects 20.13.2. ExpatError Exceptions 20.13.3. Example 20.13.4. Content Model Descriptions 20.13.5. Expat error constants 21. Internet Protocols and Support 21.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller 21.1.1. Browser Controller Objects 21.2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support 21.2.1. Introduction 21.2.2. Using the cgi module 21.2.3. Higher Level Interface 21.2.4. Functions 21.2.5. Caring about security 21.2.6. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system 21.2.7. Testing your CGI script 21.2.8. Debugging CGI scripts 21.2.9. Common problems and solutions 21.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts 21.4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation 21.4.1. wsgiref.util – WSGI environment utilities 21.4.2. wsgiref.headers – WSGI response header tools 21.4.3. wsgiref.simple_server – a simple WSGI HTTP server 21.4.4. wsgiref.validate — WSGI conformance checker 21.4.5. wsgiref.handlers – server/gateway base classes 21.4.6. Examples 21.5. urllib — URL handling modules 21.6. urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs 21.6.1. Request Objects 21.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects 21.6.3. BaseHandler Objects 21.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects 21.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects 21.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects 21.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects 21.6.8. HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects 21.6.9. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.10. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.11. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects 21.6.12. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.13. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.14. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects 21.6.15. HTTPHandler Objects 21.6.16. HTTPSHandler Objects 21.6.17. FileHandler Objects 21.6.18. DataHandler Objects 21.6.19. FTPHandler Objects 21.6.20. CacheFTPHandler Objects 21.6.21. UnknownHandler Objects 21.6.22. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects 21.6.23. Examples 21.6.24. Legacy interface 21.6.25. urllib.request Restrictions 21.7. urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib 21.8. urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components 21.8.1. URL Parsing 21.8.2. Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes 21.8.3. Structured Parse Results 21.8.4. URL Quoting 21.9. urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request 21.10. urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt 21.11. http — HTTP modules 21.11.1. HTTP status codes 21.12. http.client — HTTP protocol client 21.12.1. HTTPConnection Objects 21.12.2. HTTPResponse Objects 21.12.3. Examples 21.12.4. HTTPMessage Objects 21.13. ftplib — FTP protocol client 21.13.1. FTP Objects 21.13.2. FTP_TLS Objects 21.14. poplib — POP3 protocol client 21.14.1. POP3 Objects 21.14.2. POP3 Example 21.15. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client 21.15.1. IMAP4 Objects 21.15.2. IMAP4 Example 21.16. nntplib — NNTP protocol client 21.16.1. NNTP Objects 21.16.1.1. Attributes 21.16.1.2. Methods 21.16.2. Utility functions 21.17. smtplib — SMTP protocol client 21.17.1. SMTP Objects 21.17.2. SMTP Example 21.18. smtpd — SMTP Server 21.18.1. SMTPServer Objects 21.18.2. DebuggingServer Objects 21.18.3. PureProxy Objects 21.18.4. MailmanProxy Objects 21.18.5. SMTPChannel Objects 21.19. telnetlib — Telnet client 21.19.1. Telnet Objects 21.19.2. Telnet Example 21.20. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122 21.20.1. Example 21.21. socketserver — A framework for network servers 21.21.1. Server Creation Notes 21.21.2. Server Objects 21.21.3. Request Handler Objects 21.21.4. Examples 21.21.4.1. socketserver.TCPServer Example 21.21.4.2. socketserver.UDPServer Example 21.21.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins 21.22. http.server — HTTP servers 21.23. http.cookies — HTTP state management 21.23.1. Cookie Objects 21.23.2. Morsel Objects 21.23.3. Example 21.24. http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients 21.24.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects 21.24.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers 21.24.3. CookiePolicy Objects 21.24.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects 21.24.5. Cookie Objec
8-07-14_MegaCLI for linux_windows
03-15
包含如下操作系统版本 FreeBSD Linux Solaris Windows 分别对应如下目录 MegaCLI for DOS MegaCLI for Linux MegaCLI for Solaris MegaCLI for FreeBSD MegaCLI for Windows ********************************************* LSI Corp. MegaRAID MegaCLI Release ********************************************* Release Date: 01/20/14 ======================== Supported Controllers ================== MegaRAID SAS 9270-8i MegaRAID SAS 9271-4i MegaRAID SAS 9271-8i MegaRAID SAS 9271-8iCC MegaRAID SAS 9286-8e MegaRAID SAS 9286CV-8e MegaRAID SAS 9286CV-8eCC MegaRAID SAS 9265-8i MegaRAID SAS 9285-8e MegaRAID SAS 9240-4i MegaRAID SAS 9240-8i MegaRAID SAS 9260-4i MegaRAID SAS 9260CV-4i MegaRAID SAS 9260-8i MegaRAID SAS 9260CV-8i MegaRAID SAS 9260DE-8i MegaRAID SAS 9261-8i MegaRAID SAS 9280-4i4e MegaRAID SAS 9280-8e MegaRAID SAS 9280DE-8e MegaRAID SAS 9280-24i4e MegaRAID SAS 9280-16i4e MegaRAID SAS 9260-16i MegaRAID SAS 9266-4i MegaRAID SAS 9266-8i MegaRAID SAS 9285CV-8e MegaRAID SAS 8704ELP MegaRAID SAS 8704EM2 MegaRAID SAS 8708ELP MegaRAID SAS 8708EM2 MegaRAID SAS 8880EM2 MegaRAID SAS 8888ELP MegaRAID SAS 8308ELP* MegaRAID SAS 8344ELP* MegaRAID SAS 84016E* MegaRAID SAS 8408E* MegaRAID SAS 8480E* MegaRAID SATA 300-8ELP* *These older controllers should work but have not been tested. Component: ========= SAS MegaRAID MegaCLI Release Date: 01/20/14 Version Numbers: MegaCLI =============== =========== Current Version 8.07.14 Previous Version 8.07.07 Contents: ========= This package contains MegaCLI for the following OSes: DOS FreeBSD Linux Solaris Windows Use the MegaCLI components from the folder that matches your OS. Enhancements and Bug Fixes ========================== SCGCQ00393585 (DFCT) - VD creation from MegaCli fails on Solaris Sparc 10u9 operating system. SCGCQ00413883 (DFCT) - "megacli -version -pd -a0" Segmentation Faults if PDs are missing SCGCQ00445356 (CSET) - Megacli crashes after invoking any command in SGI system with one 9280-8e and 2 quad port qlogic FC cards. SCGCQ
au3反编译源码
01-22
au3反编译源码 myAut2Exe - The Open Source AutoIT Script Decompiler 2.9 ======================================================== *New* full support for AutoIT v3.2.6++ :) ... mmh here's what I merely missed in the 'public sources 3.1.0' This program is for studying the 'Compiled' AutoIt3 format. AutoHotKey was developed from AutoIT and so scripts are nearly the same. Drag the compiled *.exe or *.a3x into the AutoIT Script Decompiler textbox. To copy text or to enlarge the log window double click on it. Supported Obfuscators: 'Jos van der Zande AutoIt3 Source Obfuscator v1.0.14 [June 16, 2007]' , 'Jos van der Zande AutoIt3 Source Obfuscator v1.0.15 [July 1, 2007]' , 'Jos van der Zande AutoIt3 Source Obfuscator v1.0.20 [Sept 8, 2007]' , 'Jos van der Zande AutoIt3 Source Obfuscator v1.0.22 [Oct 18, 2007]' , 'Jos van der Zande AutoIt3 Source Obfuscator v1.0.24 [Feb 15, 2008]' , 'EncodeIt 2.0' and 'Chr() string encode' Tested with: AutoIT : v3. 3. 0.0 and AutoIT : v2.64. 0.0 and AutoHotKey: v1.0.48.5 The options: =========== 'Force Old Script Type' Grey means auto detect and is the best in most cases. However if auto detection fails or is fooled through modification try to enable/disable this setting 'Don't delete temp files (compressed script)' this will keep *.pak files you may try to unpack manually with'LZSS.exe' as well as *.tok DeTokeniser files, tidy backups and *.tbl (<-Used in van Zande obfucation). If enable it will keep AHK-Scripts as they are and doesn't remove the linebreaks at the beginning Default:OFF 'Verbose LogOutput' When checked you get verbose information when decompiling(DeTokenise) new 3.2.6+ compiled Exe Default:OFF 'Restore Includes' will separated/restore includes. requires ';<AUT2EXE INCLUDE-START' comment to be present in the script to work Default:ON 'Use 'normal' Au3_Signature to find start of script' Will uses the normal 16-byte start signature to detect the start of a
tomcat8 + nginx + memcached + cas 实现负载均衡的配置包
03-24
1，tomcat8的配置： 1.1修改tomcat8.x/conf/context.xml的配置如下: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!-- Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. --> <!-- The contents of this file will be loaded for each web application --> <Context> <!-- Default set of monitored resources. If one of these changes, the --> <!-- web application will be reloaded. --> <WatchedResource>WEB-INF/web.xml</WatchedResource> <WatchedResource>${catalina.base}/conf/web.xml</WatchedResource> <!-- Uncomment this to disable session persistence across Tomcat restarts --> <!-- <Manager pathname="" /> <Resources cachingAllowed="true" cacheMaxSize="100000" /> <Manager className="de.javakaffee.web.msm.MemcachedBackupSessionManager" memcachedNodes="n1:127.0.0.1:11211" username="root" password="" sticky="false" sessionBackupAsync="false" lockingMode="uriPattern:/path1|/path2" requestUriIgnorePattern=".*\.(ico|png|gif|jpg|css|js)$" transcoderFactoryClass="de.javakaffee.web.msm.serializer.kryo.KryoTranscoderFactory" /> --> <Resources cachingAllowed="true" cacheMaxSize="100000" /> <Manager className="de.javakaffee.web.msm.MemcachedBackupSessionManager" memcachedNodes="n1:127.0.0.1:11211" username="root" password="" sticky="false" sessionBackupAsync="false" lockingMode="uriPattern:/path1|/path2" requestUriIgnorePattern=".*\.(ico|png|gif|jpg|css|js)$" sessionBackupTimeout="18000" transcoderFactoryClass="de.javakaffee.web.msm.serializer.javolution.JavolutionTranscoderFactory" copyCollectionsForSerialization="false" /> </Context> 1.2添加memcached如下依赖的jar包到tomcat8.x/lib/: asm-5.1.jar couchbase-client-1.4.12.jar javolution-5.5.1.jar kryo-4.0.0.jar kryo-serializers-0.38.jar memcached-session-manager-2.0.0.jar memcached-session-manager-tc8-2.0.0.jar minlog-1.3.jar msm-javolution-serializer-2.0.0.jar msm-kryo-serializer-2.0.0.jar msm-xstream-serializer-2.0.0.jar objenesis-2.1.jar reflectasm-1.09.jar spymemcached-2.12.1.jar 2，nginx的配置： #user nobody; worker_processes 1; #error_log logs/error.log; #error_log logs/error.log notice; #error_log logs/error.log info; #pid logs/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; access_log logs/access.log main; client_header_timeout 3m; client_body_timeout 3m; send_timeout 3m; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; #keepalive_timeout 0; keepalive_timeout 65; gzip on; #设定负载均衡的服务器列表 upstream 127.0.0.1 { #设定负载均衡的服务器列表 #ip_hash; #同一机器在多网情况下，路由切换，ip可能不同 #weigth参数表示权值，权值越高被分配到的几率越大 server 127.0.0.1:8085 weight=1 max_fails=20 fail_timeout=600s; server 127.0.0.1:8086 weight=1 max_fails=20 fail_timeout=600s; } map $http_upgrade $connection_upgrade { default upgrade; '' close; } server { listen 80; server_name localhost; charset UTF-8; #设定本虚拟主机的访问日志 access_log logs/host.access.log main; #对 "/" 所有应用启用负载均衡 location / { proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1; #保留用户真实信息 proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; proxy_http_version 1.1; proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade; proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade"; index index.html index.htm index.aspx; } #对 "/Dossm3RabbitMQConsumer/" 启用负载均衡 location /Dossm3RabbitMQConsumer/ { proxy_pass http://localhost:8086; #保留用户真实信息 proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; proxy_http_version 1.1; proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade; proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade"; index index.html index.htm index.aspx; } } # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration # #server { # listen 8000; # listen somename:8080; # server_name somename alias another.alias; # location / { # root html; # index index.html index.htm; # } #} # HTTPS server # #server { # listen 443 ssl; # server_name localhost; # ssl_certificate cert.pem; # ssl_certificate_key cert.key; # ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m; # ssl_session_timeout 5m; # ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; # ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; # location / { # root html; # index index.html index.htm; # } #} } 3，cas的配置（）： 3.1 修改/CAS/WEB-INF/spring-configuration/ticketRegistry.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!-- Licensed to Jasig under one or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. Jasig licenses this file to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at the following location: http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. --> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p" xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util.xsd"> <description> Configuration for the default TicketRegistry which stores the tickets in-memory and cleans them out as specified intervals. </description> <!-- memcached 配置开始 --> <!-- Ticket Registry --> <bean id="ticketRegistry" class="org.jasig.cas.ticket.registry.MemCacheTicketRegistry"> <constructor-arg index="0"> <bean class="net.spy.memcached.spring.MemcachedClientFactoryBean" p:servers="127.0.0.1:11211" p:protocol="BINARY" p:locatorType="ARRAY_MOD" p:failureMode="Redistribute" p:transcoder-ref="serialTranscoder"> <property name="hashAlg"> <util:constant static-field="net.spy.memcached.DefaultHashAlgorithm.FNV1A_64_HASH" /> </property> </bean> </constructor-arg> <!-- TGT timeout in seconds --> <constructor-arg index="1" value="36000" /> <!-- ST timeout in seconds --> <constructor-arg index="2" value="2" /> </bean> <bean id="serialTranscoder" class="net.spy.memcached.transcoders.SerializingTranscoder" p:compressionThreshold="2048" /> <!-- memcached 配置结束 --> <!--Quartz --> <!-- 默认配置开始 --> <!-- Ticket Registry --> <!-- <bean id="ticketRegistry" class="org.jasig.cas.ticket.registry.DefaultTicketRegistry" />--> <!-- TICKET REGISTRY CLEANER --> <!-- <bean id="ticketRegistryCleaner" class="org.jasig.cas.ticket.registry.support.DefaultTicketRegistryCleaner" p:ticketRegistry-ref="ticketRegistry" p:logoutManager-ref="logoutManager" /> <bean id="jobDetailTicketRegistryCleaner" class="org.springframework.scheduling.quartz.MethodInvokingJobDetailFactoryBean" p:targetObject-ref="ticketRegistryCleaner" p:targetMethod="clean" /> <bean id="triggerJobDetailTicketRegistryCleaner" class="org.springframework.scheduling.quartz.SimpleTriggerBean" p:jobDetail-ref="jobDetailTicketRegistryCleaner" p:startDelay="200000" p:repeatInterval="50000000" /> --> <!-- 默认配置结束 --> </beans> 3.2 添加cas和memcached整合的如下依赖jar包到/CAS/WEB-INF/lib: cas-server-integration-memcached-4.0.0.jar mockito-core-2.1.0-RC.1.jar spymemcached-2.11.2.jar 参考CAS官方配置:https://apereo.github.io/cas/4.2.x/installation/Memcached-Ticket-Registry.html
HGE_系列教材(1-9)
06-22
HGE 系列教材（1） --- 简介 HGE 是一个硬件加速（Hardware accelerated）的2D 游戏引擎（Game Engine）， HGE 是一个富有特性的中间件，可以用于开发任何类型的2D 游戏。HGE 封装性良好， 以至于你仅仅需要关系游戏逻辑（Game Logic），而不需要在意DirectX，Windows 消 息循环等。 HGE 架构在DirectX 8.0 之上，能够跑在大多数的Windows 系统上。 1. 选用HGE 的理由： 1）专业化--- 专注于2D 领域 2）简单化--- 非常容易使用 3）技术优势--- 基于Direct3D API 有较好的性能和特性 4）免费--- 对于个人或者商业用户都免费，遵循zlib/libpng license 5）代码高度的一致性--- 代码是否具有一致性，是衡量代码质量的标准之一（《Co de Reading: The Open Source Perspective》） 2. 体系结构： HGE 有3 个抽象层（layers of abstraction）： 1）核心函数（Core Functions） 处于核心的函数和例程（routines），被整个系统所依赖。 2）辅助类（Helper Classes） 游戏对象相关的类，架构于HGE Core Functions 层之上，辅助用户进行游戏开发。 3）创作工具（Authoring Tools） 用于游戏开发的一组工具。 从上图可以看见： 1）用于代码只需要架构在HGE Helper Classes 之上 2）通常游戏资源（Game Resources）需要使用HGE 创作工具来产生 3. 体系结构概述： 1）Core Functions 层 <1> 图形格式支持：支持BMP, JPG, PNG, TGA, DDS, DIB 文件格式 <2> 支持窗口模式和全屏模式 <3> 音频支持和音乐回放（music playback）：支持WAV, MP3, MP2, MP1 an d OGG 音频文件格式（audio file formats），支持MO3, IT, XM, S3M, MTM, MO D and UMX 音乐文件格式（music file formats），支持压缩流的回放。声音大小和声 道的控制 <4> 输入设备支持：鼠标和键盘 <5> 资源：读取硬盘上的资源，支持ZIP 打包的文件格式 <6> 日志支持 2）Helper Classes 层 <1> 精灵（Sprites）和动画（Animations） 对于所有硬件设备特性的直接支持：锚点（anchor）支持，伸展、缩放、旋转的支持， 不同的回放模式的支持 <2> 字体 读取和渲染（render）位图字体，多种字体排列方式，旋转和缩放字体，字符串宽度计 算等 <3> 粒子系统（particle systems）和网格变形（distortion mesh） 高效的粒子系统，可用于创建烟雾、爆炸、魔法效果等，提供粒子系统的管理，支持定 界盒（bounding box）计算和冲突检测（collision detection） <4> 资源管理：通过简单的函数调用，来创建复杂的对象，自动的内存管理。对于资 源组（resource groups）采用预先缓存和特殊的清除处理（这是一种通过控制对象分配 和释放来提高效率的方法） <5> GUI：强大而灵活的GUI 管理，支持动画式的GUI <6> 矢量（Vectors），对于2D 矢量的完全支持 3）Authoring Tools 层 <1> 资源的打包（pack）：HGE 使用ZIP 格式的资源包，你可以使用任何的打包工 具，甚至还可以给资源包加密 <2> 纹理（Texture）工具 <3> 粒子系统编辑器：能够设定粒子的速度，方向，生命周期，轨迹，颜色，透明等 <4> 位图字体编辑器：运行通过系统中已经安装的字体来创建位图字体，你可以使用 图形编辑器来为位图字体添加额外的效果 HGE 系列教材（2） --- 安装 HGE 在HGE 的文档中有详细谈到如何安装的问题，这里讲一下VC6 平台的安装问题： 1. 下载完HGE 之后，需要使用到lib\vc 文件夹下的库文件以及include 目录下的头文 件 2. 打开 Tools->Options->Directories 如上两图，添加路径 3. 在游戏开发中使用HGE 首先建立一个空的Win32 工程，然后选择Project->Settings...->Link 按图所示，输入hge.lib 和hgehelp.lib 当然，也可以使用预编译器指令pragram 来打到同样的目的。 HGE 系列教材（3） --- 初试 HGE 当HGE 安装完成之后，就可以使用了，关于HGE 的安装，可以参考《HGE 系列教材（2） --- 安装HGE》 现在使用HGE 开发一个极小的程序： 1. 包含hge.h 文件，并且定义一个HGE 的指针，通过这个指针，我们可以访问HGE Core Functions 层的函数。 #include <hge.h> HGE *pHge = 0; 使用完HGE 指针之后，需要释放这个指针，pHGE->Release(); 2. 帧函数（Frame Function）是一个用户定义的函数，每一帧时间，它会被HGE Engi ne 调用一次，函数返回true，则调用停止： bool FrameFunc() { if (hge->Input_GetKeyState(HGEK_ESCAPE)) { return true; } return false; } 3. 建立一个WinMain 函数，WinMain 函数是标准的Windows 应用程序入口，这里， 我们首先初始化HGE 指针： int WINAPI WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nShowCmd) { pHge = hgeCreate(HGE_VERSION); // ... pHge->Release(); return 0; } 通过HGE 指针，我们才可以访问HGE Engine 的接口。调用了hgeCreate 函数之 后，不要忘记了使用Release 函数释放资源。 4. 初始化操作: 有一些初始化操作需要完成，使得程序能够跑起来： // 设置帧函数 pHge->System_SetState(HGE_FRAMEFUNC, FrameFunc); // 设置窗口模式 pHge->System_SetState(HGE_WINDOWED, true); // 设置不使用声音 pHge->System_SetState(HGE_USESOUND, false); // 设置标题为"Minimal HGE" pHge->System_SetState(HGE_TITLE, "Minimal HGE"); 最后需要调用函数System_Initiate 来完成初始化操作，这个函数返回值是一个bool 类型的变量，如果是true 那么表示初始化成功，如果是false 表示出错，这时候可以通 过System_GetErrorMessage 函数来获取错误消息： if (pHge->System_Initiate()) { pHge->System_Start(); } else { MessageBox(NULL, pHge->System_GetErrorMessage(), "Error", MB_O K | MB_ICONERROR | MB_APPLMODAL); } 再程序结束的时候，需要释放资源： pHge->System_Shutdown(); pHge->Release(); 5. 整个完整的程序如下： #include <hge.h> HGE* pHge = 0; bool FrameFunc() { if (pHge->Input_GetKeyState(HGEK_ESCAPE)) { return true; } return false; } int WINAPI WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nShowCmd) { pHge = hgeCreate(HGE_VERSION); pHge->System_SetState(HGE_FRAMEFUNC, FrameFunc); pHge->System_SetState(HGE_WINDOWED, true); pHge->System_SetState(HGE_USESOUND, false); pHge->System_SetState(HGE_TITLE, "HGE 小程序"); if (pHge->System_Initiate()) { pHge->System_Start(); } else { MessageBox(NULL, pHge->System_GetErrorMessage(), "Error", MB_O K | MB_ICONERROR | MB_APPLMODAL); } pHge->System_Shutdown(); pHge->Release(); return 0; } 注意，程序运行之后，一直调用函数FrameFunc 直到用户按下ESC，那么跳到pHge- HGE 系列教材（4） --- 初探 HGE Core Functions 层 HGE Core Functions 层中的函数需要通过HGE 指针来访问，就如《HGE 系列教 材（3） --- 初试HGE》所谈到的一样，通过调用hgeCreate 函数来初始化HGE 指针， HGE Core Functions 层中的函数，大致分层一下几类： 1. 接口函数（Interface functions）： hgeCreate --- 初始化HGE 指针，这是一个全局函数，除了这个函数，HGE Cor e Funtions 中所有的函数都需要通过HGE 指针调用。 Release --- 释放HGE 接口，调用了hgeCreate 就应该调用Release 释放。 2. 系统函数（System functions）： 这类函数都是以System_ 开头，后面加上表示函数意义的单词（不出现下划线）， 之后介绍的函数也将使用这种命名方式，即类型前缀+ 有意义的单词： System_Initiate 初始化相关软件和硬件 System_Shutdown 恢复声音模式并且释放资源 System_Start 开始运行用户定义的帧函数 System_SetState 设置系统内部状态 System_GetState 返回内部状态的值 System_GetErrorMessage 返回最后出错的HGE 错误描述符 System_Log 在日志文件中书写格式化消息 System_Launch 运行一个URL 或者外部的可执行文件或数据文件 System_Snapshot 截屏并保存到一个文件 3. 资源函数（Resource functions）： Resource_Load 从硬盘上读取资源到内存中 Resource_Free 从内存中删除读取的资源 Resource_AttachPack 附加一个资源包 Resource_RemovePack 移除一个资源包 Resource_RemoveAllPacks 移除之前关联的所有资源包 Resource_MakePath 建立一个绝对文件路径 Resource_EnumFiles 通过通配符来枚举文件 4. 初始化文件函数（initialization file functions） Ini_SetInt 在初始化文件中写入一个整数值 Ini_GetInt 从初始化文件中读取一个整数值 Ini_SetFloat 在初始化文件中写入一个浮点值（float） Ini_GetFloat 从初始化文件中读取一个浮点值（float） Ini_SetString 在初始化文件中写入一个字符串 Ini_GetString 从初始化文件中读取一个字符串 5. 随机数参数函数（Random number generation functions） Random_Seed 设置随机数产生器的种子 Random_Int 产生int 类型的随机数 Random_Float 产生float 类型的随机数 6. 计时函数（Timer functions） Timer_GetTime 返回从调用System_Initiate 函数到现在所用的时间（单位 为秒） Timer_GetDelta 返回上一次调用帧函数到现在所用的时间（单位为秒） Timer_GetFPS 返回当前FPS 的值 7. 声效函数（Sound effect functions） Effect_Load 载入从硬盘载入声音到内存 Effect_Free 从内存中删除载入的音效和相关的资源 Effect_Play 开始播放音效 Effect_PlayEx 开始播放音效，这个函数含有更多的参数 8. 更多查看HGE 的文档 HGE 系列教材（5） --- 输入、声音和渲染 建议读者对应HGE 的官方的例子：Tutorial 02 - Using input, sound and renderi ng 来阅读本文 渲染： 在HGE 中，四边形是一种图元，对应了结构体hgeQuad，另外还有三角形图元，对应 hgeTriple，为了渲染，我们现在需要使用hgeQuad 结构体，这个结构体如下： struct hgeQuad { hgeVertex v[4]; // 顶点描述了这个四边形 HTEXTURE tex; // 纹理的句柄或者为0 int blend; // 混合模式（blending mode） }; HGE 中图元对应的结构体总含有这3 个部分：顶点，纹理句柄，混合模式 struct hgeVertex { float x, y; // 屏幕的x，y 坐标 float z; // Z-order，范围[0, 1] DWORD col; // 顶点的颜色 float tx, ty; // 纹理的 x，y 坐标（赋值前需要规格化坐标间隔，使得 tx，ty 取 值范围在[0,1]） }; 规格化坐标间隔在后面的例子中会谈到 1. 颜色的表示： 颜色使用32 位表示，从左开始，8 位为Alpha 通道，8 位红色，8 位绿色，8 位蓝色 对于后24 位，如果全部为0，表示黑色，如果全部为1，表示白色 2. 定义颜色的运算： 我们把颜色看成一个四维向量，即alpha 通道，红色，绿色，蓝色这四个分量 <1> 颜色是可以相乘的 颜色的相乘是对应的四个分量分别相乘的结果，即：alpha 通道的值与alpha 通道的 值相乘，红色的值与红色的值相乘，绿色的值与绿色的值相乘，蓝色的值与蓝色的值相乘。 <2> 颜色是可以相加的 同上，对应分量相加。 颜色的每个分量使用浮点数表示，范围是[0-1]，相加操作可能导致溢出，一种处理的方式 就是，如果溢出，则设定值为1。 3. 混合模式： 1）BLEND_COLORADD 表示顶点的颜色与纹理的纹元（texel）颜色相加，这使得纹理变亮，可见顶点颜色为0x0 0000000 将不造成任何影响。 2）BLEND_COLORMUL 表示顶点的颜色与纹理的纹元颜色相乘，这使得纹理变暗，可见顶点颜色为0xFFFFFFFF 将不造成任何影响。 注意：必须在1），2）中做一个选择，且只能选择1），2）中的一个。处理的对象是纹理 颜色和顶点颜色。 这里有一个技巧： 如果我们需要在程序中显示一个气球，这个气球的颜色不断变化，这时候我们并不需要准备 多张不同颜色的气球纹理，而只需要一张白色的气球纹理，设置blend 为BLEND_COL ORMUL，白色的R,G,B 值被表示成1.0，也就是说，纹理颜色和顶点颜色相乘的结果是 顶点的颜色，那么就可以通过修改顶点颜色，得到任意颜色的气球了。 3）BLEND_ALPHABLEND 渲染时，将对象的像素颜色（而非顶点的颜色）与当前屏幕的对应像素颜色进行alpha 混 合。alpha 混合使用到alpha 通道，对于两个像素颜色进行如下操作，得到一个颜色： R(C)=alpha*R(B)+(1-alpha)*R(A) G(C)=alpha*G(B)+(1-alpha)*G(A) B(C)=alpha*B(B)+(1-alpha)*B(A) 这里的BLEND_ALPHABLEND 使用的是对象像素的颜色的alpha 通道。可见如果对象像 素颜色alpha 通道为0，那么结果就是只有当前屏幕的像素颜色，也就是常常说的100 % 透明，因此，我们可以理解alpha 混合就是一个是图像透明的操作，0 表示完全透明， 255 表示完全不透明。 4）BLEND_ALPHAADD 渲染时，将对象的像素颜色与当前屏幕的对应像素颜色相加，结果是有了变亮的效果。 注意：这里的3），4）必选其一，且只能选其一。处理的对象是对象像素颜色和屏幕像素 颜色。 5）BLEND_ZWRITE 渲染时，写像素的Z-order 到Z-buffer 6）BLEND_NOZWRITE 渲染时，不写像素的Z-order 到Z-buffer 这里一样是二者选一 设置举例： quad.blend=BLEND_ALPHAADD | BLEND_COLORMUL | BLEND_ZWRITE; // quad 为hgeQuad 变量 4. HGE 渲染 1）定义和初始化hgeQuad 结构体： hgeQuad quad; // 定义四边形 2）初始化hgeQuad 变量： // 设置混合模式 quad.blend=BLEND_ALPHAADD | BLEND_COLORMUL | BLEND_ZWRITE; // 加载纹理 quad.tex = pHGE->Texture_Load("particles.png"); 注意，读取硬盘上资源的时候，可能会失败，因此通常都需要检查，例如： if (!quad.tex) { MessageBox(NULL, "Load particles.png", "Error", 0); } // 初始化顶点 for(int i=0;i<4;i++) { // 设置顶点的z 坐标 quad.v[i].z=0.5f; // 设置顶点的颜色，颜色的格式为0xAARRGGBB quad.v[i].col=0xFFFFA000; } // 这里假定载入的纹理大小为128*128，现在截取由点（96，64），（128，64）， （128，96），（96，96）这四个点围成的图形。 quad.v[0].tx=96.0/128.0; quad.v[0].ty=64.0/128.0; // 规格化坐标间隔 quad.v[1].tx=128.0/128.0; quad.v[1].ty=64.0/128.0; quad.v[2].tx=128.0/128.0; quad.v[2].ty=96.0/128.0; quad.v[3].tx=96.0/128.0; quad.v[3].ty=96.0/128.0; 注意，对于hgeQuad 结构体，顶点quad.v[0] 表示左上那个点，quad.v[1] 表示右上 的点，quad.v[2] 表示右下的点，quad.v[3] 表示左下的点。 // 设置hgeQuad 在屏幕中的位置 float x=100.0f, y=100.0f; quad.v[0].x=x-16; quad.v[0].y=y-16; quad.v[1].x=x+16; quad.v[1].y=y-16; quad.v[2].x=x+16; quad.v[2].y=y+16; quad.v[3].x=x-16; quad.v[3].y=y+16; System_SetState(HGE_RENDERFUNC,RenderFunc); RenderFunc 原型和帧函数一样： bool RenderFunc(); 4）编写RenderFunc 函数： bool RenderFunc() { pHGE->Gfx_BeginScene(); // 在如何渲染之前，必须调用这个函数 pHGE->Gfx_Clear(0); // 清屏，使用黑色，即颜色为0 pHGE->Gfx_RenderQuad(&quad); // 渲染 pHGE->Gfx_EndScene(); // 结束渲染，并且更新窗口 return false; // 必须返回false } 补充：Load 函数是和Free 函数成对出现的，即在硬盘上加载了资源之后，需要Free 它们，例如： quad.tex = pHGE->Texture_Load("particles"); // ... pHGE->Texture_Free(quad.tex); 音效： 使用音效是很简单的 1. 载入音效： HEFFECT hEffect = pHGE->Effect_Load("sound.mp3"); 2. 播放： pHGE->Effect_PlayEx(hEffect); 或者pHGE->Effect_Play(hEffect); 1）Effect_Play 函数只接受一个参数就是音效的句柄HEFFECT xx; 2）Effect_PlayEx 函数较为强大，一共有四个参数： HCHANNEL Effect_PlayEx( HEFFECT effect, // 音效的句柄 int volume = 100, // 音量，100 为最大，范围是[0, 100] int pan = 0, // 范围是[-100, 100]，-100 表示只使用左声道， 100 表示只使用右声道 float pitch = 1.0, // 播放速度，1.0 表示正常速度，值越大播放 速度越快，值越小播放越慢。这个值要大于0 才有效（不可以等于0） bool loop = false // 是否循环播放，false 表示不循环 ); 输入： 仅仅需要调用函数pHGE->Input_GetKeyState(HGEK_xxx); 来判断输入，应该在帧 函数中调用它，例如： bool FrameFunc() { if (pHGE->Input_GetKeyState(HGEK_LBUTTOM)) // ... if (pHGE->Input_GetKeyState(HGEK_UP)) // ... } HGE 系列教材（6） --- 程序流程与细节 HGE 的一些细节，通过源码可以更加清楚的了解，通过读源码，可以更加高效的使用HG E Engine。 必要的第一步： Help Classes 层建立于Core Functions 层之上，这并不意味着用户只需要关心Help Classes 而忽略Core Functions，因此我们需要获得一个HGE 指针，来使用Core F unctions 的函数： <1> 获取HGE 指针： HGE* pHGE = pgeCreate(HGE_VERSION); <2> 释放HGE 指针： 使用之后，需要释放HGE 指针。 pHGE->Release(); Create 和Release 过程使用了引用计数，也就是说，一般来看，除了第一次的Create 调用之外几乎不消耗CPU 时间和资源，每调用一次Create 函数，引用计数器就加一，只 有在第一次调用的时候才会真正的分配空间，调用Release 会使得引用计数器减一，当它 为0 的时候，才真正是释放资源。因此以下代码是可用的： while(true) { HGE* pHGE = pgeCreate(HGE_VERSION); // 确保不是第一次调用pgeCre ate 函数，因为如果是第一次调用，会分配内存。 // ... do something pHGE->Release(); } 此外，要成对的调用pgeCreate 和Release 函数，每次调用Release 之后，调用它的 指针将被赋值为0，例如： HGE* pHGE = hgeCreate(HGE_VERSION); pHGE->Release(); pHGE->Release(); // ERROR: pHGE == 0 另外，pHGE->Release 会调用pHGE->System_Shutdown(); 必要的第二步： 初始化： pHGE->System_Initiate(); 初始化语句放在Windows 入口函数中，这个函数将按顺序完成 1）窗口类的注册 2）创建窗口 3）初始化子系统 4）显示一个HGE 的LOGO（这个东西在HGE 里面被称之为HGE splash） 一般使用System_Initiate() 都会是这样的： if (pHGE->System_Initiate()) { pHGE->System_Start(); } else { MessageBox(NULL, pHGE->System_GetErrorMessage(), "Error", MB_O K | MB_ICONERROR | MB_APPLMODAL); } 必要的第三步： 调用： pHGE->System_Start(); 调用了System_Start 的目的是开始消息循环，见必要的第二步代码 pHGE->System_Start 和pHGE->System_Shutdown 是成对出现的，处于某些原 因，即使我们知道pHGE->Release 会调用System_Shutdown 函数，我们还是应该 去显示的调用System_Shutdown 函数。System_Shutdown 相比Release 要安全， 我们可以这样调用，而不会出错： pHGE->System_Start(); // ... Something pHGE->System_Shutdown(); pHGE->System_Shutdown(); // OK 不论如何，Create 和Release 成对调用，Start 和Shutdown 成对调用，那么就不会 有问题出现。 还有什么是需要的？ System_SetState 函数 常常需要设置窗口大小或者是设置为全屏模式，需要设置是否使用声音等，这一系列操作被 称之为设置系统状态，统一通过调用pHGE->System_SetState 函数来完成，最为关键 的是设置帧函数，调用了pHGE->System_Start 之后，会在绘制每帧图像时调用帧函数。 pHGE->System_SetState(XXX, XXX) 通常可以在如何地方，如何情况下调用，不要 认为它们只能在pHGE->System_Initiate 之前调用 System_SetState 函数的第一个参数表示状态，在内部实现时，它是FSM 的状态，而 第二个参数表示值，通过这个函数，可以绑定状态和相关的值 补充一下，帧函数必须是一个全局函数，而不能是一个类的成员函数，并且帧函数的原型必 须是： bool FunName(void); 惯用法： 我们通常会在程序初始化之前设置状态，即在System_Initiate 调用之前，例如： int WINAPI WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nShowCmd) { pHGE->System_SetState(HGE_FRAMEFUNC, FrameFunc); pHGE->System_SetState(HGE_WINDOWED, true); pHGE->System_SetState(HGE_USESOUND, false); pHGE->System_SetState(HGE_TITLE, "HGE"); pHGE->System_SetState(HGE_SHOWSPLASH, false); // 用于去除 L OGO if (pHGE->System_Initiate()) { pHGE->System_Start(); } { MessageBox(NULL, pHGE->System_GetErrorMessage(), "Error", MB_O K | MB_ICONERROR | MB_APPLMODAL); } pHGE->System_Shutdown(); pHGE->Release(); return 0; } HGE 系列教材（7） --- 使用 Helper Classes 字体的使用： 1. 头文件 #include <hgeFont.h> 2. 载入字体 hgeFont* pFont; pFont = new hgeFont("font1.fnt"); // 不要忘记delete fnt 文件是一个字体描述文件（font description file），可以通过创作工具产生 3. 打印字体 pFont->printf(5, 5, HGETEXT_LEFT, "dt:%.3f\nFPS:%d (constant)", // 使用中文将出现“??” pHGE->Timer_GetDelta(), pHGE->Timer_GetFPS() ); 在渲染函数中打印文字，HGE 到目前版本1.81 依然不支持中文，只能使用第三方支持。 建议使用微妙的平衡(BOGY)提供的解决方案。 粒子系统的使用： 1. 建立一个hgeSprite 对象，hgeSprite 类的构造函数如下： hgeSprite( HTEXTURE tex, // 纹理的句柄 float x, // sprite 对应的纹理的x 坐标 float y, // sprite 对应的纹理的y 坐标（区别于顶点中的纹理坐标，这里无需规格 化坐标间隔） float w, // sprite 的宽 float h // sprite 的高 ); 注意，sprite 对应的纹理的坐标，是sprite 的左上的坐标。由此可见，一个精灵对应了 纹理中的一个四边形区域，实际的源码中，sprite 类含有一个hgeQuad 成员变量。 如果tex 为0，那么就使用白色作为纹理的数据（texture data） hgeSprite* pSpt = new hgeSprite(tex, 32, 32, 32, 32); 2. 设置混合模式，根据情况设置混合模式，后面详细讨论： pSpt->SetBlendMode(BLEND_COLORMUL | BLEND_ALPHAADD | BLEND_N OZWRITE); // 建议使用BLEND_ALPHAADD，这样看起来效果会好很多（增亮）。 3. 设置锚点（似乎和函数名字有点不符） void SetHotSpot( float x, // 锚点的x 坐标 float y // 锚点的y 坐标 ); 锚点是这样的一个点：进行一些操作的中心点。例如进行旋转操作的中心点，即旋转操作依 赖于这个点。通常设置sprite 的中心点为锚点。 4. 关联hgeParticleSystem pPar = new hgeParticleSystem("trail.psi", m_pSpt); // 关联hgeParticleSys tem psi 文件被称之为粒子系统描述文件（particle system description file），这个文件是 hgeParticleSystemInfo 结构对象的硬盘镜像，这里不做详细介绍。 5. 粒子系统中的基本参数介绍： 系统生命周期（System lifetime）：粒子系统的生命周期，在这个周期内会产生新粒子 Emission：每秒产生多少个新的粒子 粒子生命周期（Particle lifetime）：特定的某个粒子的生命周期 6. 设定Emission： pPar->info.nEmission=10; 7. 调用Fire 函数 pPar->Fire() 函数会重启粒子系统，但它不会影响当前活跃粒子 pPar->Render(); 9. MoveTo 函数 pPar->MoveTo(x, y); 用于移动粒子系统到（x，y）处 10. Update 函数 pPar->Update(m_pHGE->Timer_GetDelta()); 在帧函数中应该调用Update 且使用参数为m_pHGE->Timer_GetDelta() 使用 hgeSprite 渲染： 前面说了为了渲染，使用了hgeQuad，那样做是复杂的，我们完全可以使用sprite 来实 现，而不需要使用到过多的Core Functions 层的函数。 1. 创建sprite pSpt = new hgeSprite(tex, 96, 64, 32, 32); 2. 设置颜色 pSpr->SetColor(0xFFFFA000); SetColor 函数将为sprite 添加颜色，添加的方式由混合模式决定，设置混合模式，通过 调用函数pSpr->SetBlendMode 实现。 注意，这里设置的颜色是sprite 中hgeQuad 对象的顶点的颜色，四个顶点颜色将设为 相同，而混合模式设置的是sprite 中的hgeQuad 对象的blend 值。 pSpr->SetBlendMode(BLEND_COLORMUL | BLEND_ALPHAADD | BLEND_NO ZWRITE); // 这里使用的纹理是alpha 通道渐变，颜色为白色的纹理，因此会使用到B LEND_COLORMUL，这点在《HGE 系列教材（5） --- 输入、声音和渲染》做了详细的 说明 3. 设置锚点： pSpr->SetHotSpot(16, 16); 4. 渲染 在渲染函数中，调用pSpr->Render(x, y); 方可 HGE 系列教材（8） --- hgeResourceManager helper class（本文未完成） hgeResourceManager 是一个资源管理类 1. 构造函数 hgeResourceManager( const char* scriptname = 0 ); scriptname 表示资源脚本文件名（Resource script filename），如果此参数为0，表 示不使用Resource script file 现在来介绍一下资源脚本： 资源脚本是一个文本文件，用于定义资源。资源文件由多个（或一个）命令（command） 组成，格式如下： Command ResourceName : BaseResourceName { Parameter1=Value1 ; 这里是注释 Parameter2=Value2 ... ParameterN=ValueN } 我们来看一个例子： Resource level1 { filename=levels\level1.dat resgroup=1 } 这里只有一个命令：Resource，Resource 命令定义了一个原生资源（raw resource） 注意，资源文件是大小写敏感的，资源文件中可以有注释，使用“;”开头。资源文件的参数 （parameter）是没有顺序限制的。 同种类型的资源，不可以使用相同的资源名（Resource Name）。在定义资源名或者文件 路径时，出现空格或者特殊字符，需要把整个字符串用双引号引起来。 BaseResourceName 是可选的，如果被指定，那么就表示对BaseResourceName 对 应的参数（Parameters）的拷贝，例如： Sprite wizard { texture=characters rect=0,0,32,32 hotspot=16,16 blendmode=COLORMUL,ALPHABLEND,NOZWRITE resgroup=1 } Sprite orc : wizard { rect=0,64,32,32 ; 设定新值 color=FF808000 ; 设定新值 } 这里orc 除了rect 和color 两个参数以外，其他参数值都和wizard 一样。 hgeResourceManager 是可以容错的，如果脚本出现错误，不会导致程序的终止，错误 信息将被写入日志文件。 1）Command（命令） Command 表明了资源的含义，含有以下几种： Include，Resource，Texture，Sound，Music，Stream，Target，Sprite，Animat ion，Font，Particle，Distortion，StringTable <1> Include 命令：Include 命令用于导入其他的资源脚本文件，例如： Include level2.res ; level2.res 是一个资源脚本文件 注意，自引用和循环引用是可行的，它们会被检查出来，并报告在日志文件中，例如： <2> Resource 命令：定义原生资源（raw resource） 参数： filename，resgroup。例如： Resource level1 { filename=levels\level1.dat ; 可以使用绝对或者相对路径，相对路径是相对于应 用程序所在的文件夹或者是相对于资源包的根目录，特别应该注意的是，如果它是一个相对 路径，相对的是应用程序或者资源包的根目录而不是脚本文件 resgroup=1 ; 资源组（resource group）标识符，0 表示没有特定的组 } <3> Texture 命令：定义一个纹理 参数：filename，mipmap，resgroup。例如： Texture background { filename=images\bg.jpg resgroup=1 } 由于没有设定mipmap 参数的值，因此它取默认值。 <4> Sound 命令：定义一个音效 参数：filename，resgroup。例如： Sound explosion1 { filename=sounds\expl1.ogg resgroup=1 } <5> Music 命令 HGE 系列教材（9） --- GUI（本文未完成） 1. hge 中GUI 对象和控件 hge 中GUI 对象被看作是一个控件的容器，hge 提供了创建GUI 对象的类hgeGUI 类 2. hgeGUI 类 1）AddCtrl 函数 void AddCtrl( hgeGUIObject *ctrl // hgeGUIObject 对象的指针 ); 我们通常可以有这样的写法： gui->AddCtrl(new hgeGUIMenuItem(1,fnt,snd,400,200,0.0f,"Play")); 这里hgeGUIMenuItem 是一个控件，继承于hgeGUIObject 类，注意，我们创建了 hgeGUIObject 对象，但是却没有去销毁它，因为hgeGUI 类的析构函数会去处理这些 问题。 2）SetNavMode 设置GUI 导航模式（Navigate mode）： void SetNavMode( int navmode ); HGEGUI_NONAVKEYS - 无键盘导航 HGEGUI_LEFTRIGHT - 左右按键导航 HGEGUI_UPDOWN - 上下按键导航 HGEGUI_CYCLED - 循环 默认情况下，navmode 被设置为HGEGUI_NONAVKEYS，对于一个菜单，我们可以这 样设置： SetNavMode(HGEGUI_UPDOWN | HGEGUI_CYCLED); 使用上下键导航，并且循环。 设置光标sprite： void SetCursor( hgeSprite *sprite ); 设置光标对应的sprite，如果为0，表示不显示光标，默认情况为0。注意，光标不受G UI 对象的管理，也就是用户必须自己释放光标资源。 4）SetFocus void SetFocus( int id ); 每个控件都有一个对应的ID 号，这个ID 号被称之为控件的标识符，这里通过控件标识 符来设置焦点。键盘事件只会被分发到成为焦点的控件上。 5）Enter 开始GUI Enter 动画 3. hgeGUIObject hgeGUIObject 是一个抽象类，它有一个纯虚函数Render hgeGUIObject 类的子类的对象并不是GUI 对象，而是GUI 控件，这一点应该清楚 1）hgeGUIObject 的成员变量 hgeGUIObject 的成员变量都为public： // 必须在构造函数中初始化的变量 int id; // 控件标识符 bool bStatic; // 如果为true 控件无法成为焦点也不会接受键盘事件，同时它将被 navigate 例程忽略（前面已谈到设置navigate） bool bVisible; // 控件是否可见，如果为false，控件将不被渲染 bool bEnabled; // false 时，控件对用户的输入不作出任何回应，但是控件是可以 接受到用户的通知（区别于bStatic） hgeRect rect; // 控件有界框（bounding box）在屏幕上的区域 DWORD color; // 控件颜色 // 不需要在构造函数中初始化的变量 hgeGUI *gui; // GUI 对象指针 hgeGUIObject *prev; // 连接GUI 对象中的所有控件，子类不需要改变它 // hge 指针 static HGE *hge; 2）void Render(void) 渲染控件到屏幕 3）void Update(float fDt) fDt 上次调用Update 函数到现在所用的时间（单位是秒） 4）void Enter(void) 控件出现在屏幕上的时候被调用，用于播放控件出现时的动画 5）void Leave(void) 控件离开屏幕的时候被调用，用于播放控件离开屏幕的动画 6）bool IsDone(void) 判断控件出现动画和控件离开动画是否播放完毕 7）void Focus(bool bFocused) 控件获得焦点，bFocused 为true，反之为false 8）bool MouseMove(float x, float y) 以控件左上为原点，鼠标指针的坐标。如果控件状态改变，需要通知调用者，那么返回tr ue，否则返回false 9）bool MouseLButton( bool bDown) bDown 如果为true，表示按下鼠标左键，如果bDown 为false，表示松开鼠标左键 10）bool KeyClick( int key, int chr) key 表示按键的虚拟代码（Virtual code of the pressed key），见下表： HGEK_LBUTTON Left mouse button HGEK_RBUTTON Right mouse button HGEK_MBUTTON Middle mouse button (wheel button) HGEK_BACKSPACE BACKSPACE key HGEK_TAB TAB key HGEK_ENTER Any of the two ENTER keys HGEK_SPACE SPACE key HGEK_SHIFT Any of the two SHIFT keys HGEK_CTRL Any of the two CTRL keys HGEK_ALT Any of the two ALT keys HGEK_LWIN Left WINDOWS key HGEK_RWIN Right WINDOWS key HGEK_APPS APPLICATIONS key HGEK_PAUSE PAUSE key HGEK_CAPSLOCK CAPS LOCK key HGEK_NUMLOCK NUM LOCK key HGEK_SCROLLLOCK SCROLL LOCK key HGEK_PGUP PAGE UP key HGEK_PGDN PAGE DOWN key HGEK_HOME HOME key HGEK_END END key HGEK_INSERT INSERT key HGEK_DELETE DELETE key HGEK_LEFT LEFT ARROW key HGEK_UP UP ARROW key HGEK_RIGHT RIGHT ARROW key HGEK_DOWN DOWN ARROW key HGEK_0 Main keyboard '0' key HGEK_1 Main keyboard '1' key HGEK_2 Main keyboard '2' key HGEK_3 Main keyboard '3' key HGEK_4 Main keyboard '4' key HGEK_5 Main keyboard '5' key HGEK_6 Main keyboard '6' key HGEK_7 Main keyboard '7' key HGEK_8 Main keyboard '8' key HGEK_9 Main keyboard '9' key HGEK_A 'A' key HGEK_B 'B' key HGEK_C 'C' key HGEK_D 'D' key HGEK_E 'E' key HGEK_F 'F' key HGEK_G 'G' key HGEK_H 'H' key HGEK_I 'I' key HGEK_J 'J' key HGEK_K 'K' key HGEK_L 'L' key HGEK_M 'M' key HGEK_N 'N' key HGEK_O 'O' key HGEK_P 'P' key HGEK_Q 'Q' key HGEK_R 'R' key HGEK_S 'S' key HGEK_T 'T' key HGEK_U 'U' key HGEK_V 'V' key HGEK_W 'W' key HGEK_X 'X' key HGEK_Y 'Y' key HGEK_Z 'Z' key HGEK_GRAVE Grave accent (`) HGEK_MINUS Main keyboard MINUS key (-) HGEK_EQUALS Main keyboard EQUALS key (=) HGEK_BACKSLASH BACK SLASH key (\) HGEK_LBRACKET Left square bracket ([) HGEK_RBRACKET Right square bracket (]) HGEK_SEMICOLON Semicolon (;) HGEK_APOSTROPHE Apostrophe (') HGEK_COMMA Comma (,) HGEK_PERIOD Main keyboard PERIOD key (.) HGEK_SLASH Main keyboard SLASH key (/) HGEK_NUMPAD0 Numeric keyboard '0' key HGEK_NUMPAD1 Numeric keyboard '1' key HGEK_NUMPAD2 Numeric keyboard '2' key HGEK_NUMPAD3 Numeric keyboard '3' key HGEK_NUMPAD4 Numeric keyboard '4' key HGEK_NUMPAD5 Numeric keyboard '5' key HGEK_NUMPAD6 Numeric keyboard '6' key HGEK_NUMPAD7 Numeric keyboard '7' key HGEK_NUMPAD8 Numeric keyboard '8' key HGEK_NUMPAD9 Numeric keyboard '9' key HGEK_MULTIPLY Numeric keyboard MULTIPLY key (*) HGEK_DIVIDE Numeric keyboard DIVIDE key (/) HGEK_ADD Numeric keyboard ADD key (+) HGEK_SUBTRACT Numeric keyboard SUBTRACT key (-) HGEK_DECIMAL Numeric keyboard DECIMAL key (.) HGEK_F1 F1 key HGEK_F2 F2 key HGEK_F3 F3 key HGEK_F4 F4 key HGEK_F5 F5 key HGEK_F6 F6 key HGEK_F7 F7 key HGEK_F8 F8 key HGEK_F9 F9 key HGEK_F10 F10 key HGEK_F11 F11 key HGEK_F12 F12 key 如果控件状态修改了，希望通知调用者，那么返回true，否则为false
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SELECT * FROM ( SELECT COUNT(*) AS JLGZTZ FROM DISPATCH.T_FAULT_DATA_RESULT WHERE EQUIP_TYPE = 1 ) , ( SELECT COUNT(*) AS DXGZTZ FROM DISPATCH.T_FAULT_DATA_RESULT WHERE EQUIP_TYPE = 1 AND FAULT_TYPE = 1 ) , ( SELECT COUNT(*) AS CHCG FROM DISPATCH.T_FAULT_DATA_RESULT WHERE EQUIP_TYPE = 1 AND FAULT_TYPE = 1 AND ISCH = 1 )优化这个sql,换一种简单的方法写出来
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