JavaWeb---HTTP与Request

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已于 2022-08-06 16:41:55 修改

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分类专栏： JavaWeb 文章标签： http servlet java

于 2022-08-05 18:34:21 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_65440201/article/details/126181306

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1.HTTP

1.1概念：Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议

1.2请求消息数据格式

1.2.1请求行

1.2.2请求头：客户端浏览器告诉服务器一些信息

2.1request对象和response对象的原理：

1.HTTP

1.1概念：Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议

传输协议：定义了，客户端和服务器端通信时，发送数据的格式
特点：
1. 基于TCP/IP的高级协议
2. 默认端口号:80
3. 基于请求/响应模型的:一次请求对应一次响应
4. 无状态的：每次请求之间相互独立，不能交互数据

历史版本：
1.0：每一次请求响应都会建立新的连接
1.1：复用连接

1.2请求消息数据格式

1.2.1请求行

请求方式请求url 请求协议/版本
GET /login.html HTTP/1.1

请求方式HTTP协议有7中请求方式，常用的有2种：
GET：
1. 请求参数在请求行中，在url后。
2. 请求的url长度有限制的
3. 不太安全
POST：
1. 请求参数在请求体中
2. 请求的url长度没有限制的
3. 相对安全

1.2.2请求头：客户端浏览器告诉服务器一些信息

请求头名称: 请求头值
常见的请求头：
1. User-Agent：浏览器告诉服务器，我访问你使用的浏览器版本信息
* 可以在服务器端获取该头的信息，解决浏览器的兼容性问题

2. Referer：http://localhost/login.html
* 告诉服务器，我(当前请求)从哪里来？
作用：
1. 防盗链
2. 统计工作

package cn.itcast.web.request;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/requestDemo4")
public class RequestDemo4 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //演示获取请求头数据:referer

        String referer = request.getHeader("referer");
        System.out.println(referer);//http://localhost/day14/login.html

        //防盗链
        if(referer != null ){
            if(referer.contains("/day14")){
                //正常访问
               // System.out.println("播放电影....");
                response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
                response.getWriter().write("播放电影....");
            }else{
                //盗链
                //System.out.println("想看电影吗？来优酷吧...");
                response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
                response.getWriter().write("想看电影吗？来优酷吧...");
            }
        }

    }
}

1.2.3请求空行

空行，就是用于分割POST请求的请求头和请求体，而GET则没有。

1.2.4请求体(正文)

封装POST请求消息的请求参数的

1.2.5字符串格式

            POST /login.html   HTTP/1.1
            Host: localhost
           User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:60.0) Gecko/20100101                 Firefox/60.0
           Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
           Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2
           Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
           Referer: http://localhost/login.html
           Connection: keep-alive
           Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1

           username=zhangsan

2.Request

2.1request对象和response对象的原理：

1.equest和response对象是由服务器创建的，我们来使用它们
2. request对象是来获取请求消息，response对象是来设置响应消息

2.2 request对象继承体系结构

        ServletRequest       --   接口
           |   继承
       HttpServletRequest   -- 接口
           |   实现
       org.apache.catalina.connector.RequestFacade 类(由tomcat服务器实现，我们只需继承       HttpServletRequest)

2.3request功能

2.3.1获取请求消息数据

1. 获取请求行数据
GET /day14/demo1?name=zhangsan HTTP/1.1
方法：
a.获取请求方式：GET
String getMethod()

b.(*)获取虚拟目录：/day14
String getContextPath()

c.获取Servlet路径: /demo1
String getServletPath()

d.获取get方式请求参数：name=zhangsan
String getQueryString()

f.(*)获取请求URI：/day14/demo1
* String getRequestURI(): /day14/demo1
* StringBuffer getRequestURL() :http://localhost/day14/demo1

URL:统一资源定位符： http://localhost/day14/demo1
URI：统一资源标识符 : /day14/demo1

g.获取协议及版本：HTTP/1.1
String getProtocol()

h.获取客户机的IP地址：
String getRemoteAddr()

package cn.itcast.web.request;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

/**
 * 演示Request对象获取请求行数据
 */

@WebServlet("/requestDemo1")
public class RequestDemo1 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        /*
            1. 获取请求方式 ：GET
                * String getMethod()
            2. (*)获取虚拟目录：/day14
                * String getContextPath()
            3. 获取Servlet路径: /requestDemo1
                * String getServletPath()
            4. 获取get方式请求参数：name=zhangsan
                * String getQueryString()
            5. (*)获取请求URI：/day14/demo1
                * String getRequestURI():		/day14/requestDemo1
                * StringBuffer getRequestURL()  :http://localhost/day14/requestDemo1
            6. 获取协议及版本：HTTP/1.1
                * String getProtocol()

            7. 获取客户机的IP地址：
                * String getRemoteAddr()

         */
        //1. 获取请求方式 ：GET
        String method = request.getMethod();
        System.out.println(method);
        //2.(*)获取虚拟目录：/day14
        String contextPath = request.getContextPath();
        System.out.println(contextPath);
        //3. 获取Servlet路径: /demo1
        String servletPath = request.getServletPath();
        System.out.println(servletPath);
        //4. 获取get方式请求参数：name=zhangsan
        String queryString = request.getQueryString();
        System.out.println(queryString);
        //5.(*)获取请求URI：/day14/demo1
        String requestURI = request.getRequestURI();
        StringBuffer requestURL = request.getRequestURL();
        System.out.println(requestURI);
        System.out.println(requestURL);
        //6. 获取协议及版本：HTTP/1.1
        String protocol = request.getProtocol();
        System.out.println(protocol);
        //7. 获取客户机的IP地址：
        String remoteAddr = request.getRemoteAddr();
        System.out.println(remoteAddr);
    }
}

2.获取请求头数据

方法：
(*)String getHeader(String name):通过请求头的名称获取请求头的值
Enumeration<String> getHeaderNames():获取所有的请求头名称

package cn.itcast.web.request;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;

@WebServlet("/requestDemo2")
public class RequestDemo2 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //演示获取请求头数据
        
        //1.获取所有请求头名称
        Enumeration<String> headerNames = request.getHeaderNames();
        //2.遍历
        while(headerNames.hasMoreElements()){
            String name = headerNames.nextElement();
            //根据名称获取请求头的值
            String value = request.getHeader(name);
            System.out.println(name+"---"+value);
        }

    }
}

3.获取请求体数据

请求体：只有POST请求方式，才有请求体，在请求体中封装了POST请求的请求参数
步骤：

a.获取流对象

BufferedReader getReader()：获取字符输入流，只能操作字符数据
ervletInputStream getInputStream()：获取字节输入流，可以操作所有类型数据

b.再从流对象中拿数据

package cn.itcast.web.request;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/requestDemo5")
public class RequestDemo5 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //获取请求消息体--请求参数

        //1.获取字符流
        BufferedReader br = request.getReader();
        //2.读取数据
        String line = null;
        while((line = br.readLine()) != null){
            System.out.println(line);
        }

    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
    }
}

2.3.2其他功能：

1. 获取请求参数通用方式：不论get还是post请求方式都可以使用下列方法来获取请求参数

a.String getParameter(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值 username=zs&password=123
b. String[] getParameterValues(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值的数组 hobby=xx&hobby=game
c. Enumeration<String> getParameterNames():获取所有请求的参数名称
d. Map<String,String[]> getParameterMap():获取所有参数的map集合

package cn.itcast.web.request;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

@WebServlet("/requestDemo6")
public class RequestDemo6 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //post 获取请求参数

        //根据参数名称获取参数值
        String username = request.getParameter("username");
       /* System.out.println("post");
        System.out.println(username);*/

       //根据参数名称获取参数值的数组
        String[] hobbies = request.getParameterValues("hobby");
        /*for (String hobby : hobbies) {
            System.out.println(hobby);
        }*/

        //获取所有请求的参数名称

        Enumeration<String> parameterNames = request.getParameterNames();
        /*while(parameterNames.hasMoreElements()){
            String name = parameterNames.nextElement();
            System.out.println(name);
            String value = request.getParameter(name);
            System.out.println(value);
            System.out.println("----------------");
        }*/

        // 获取所有参数的map集合
        Map<String, String[]> parameterMap = request.getParameterMap();
        //遍历
        Set<String> keyset = parameterMap.keySet();
        for (String name : keyset) {
            
            //获取键获取值
            String[] values = parameterMap.get(name);
            System.out.println(name);
            for (String value : values) {
                System.out.println(value);
            }

            System.out.println("-----------------");
        }


    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //get 获取请求参数
/*
        //根据参数名称获取参数值
        String username = request.getParameter("username");
        System.out.println("get");
        System.out.println(username);*/

        this.doPost(request,response);
    }
}

中文乱码问题：
get方式：tomcat 8 已经将get方式乱码问题解决了
post方式：会乱码
解决：在获取参数前，设置request的编码request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");

package cn.itcast.web.request;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

@WebServlet("/requestDemo7")
public class RequestDemo7 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //1.设置流的编码
        request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");

        //获取请求参数username
        String username = request.getParameter("username");

        System.out.println(username);
    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

        this.doPost(request,response);
    }
}

2. 请求转发：一种在服务器内部的资源跳转方式

a.步骤：
1. 通过request对象获取请求转发器对象：RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String path)
2. 使用RequestDispatcher对象来进行转发：forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)

b.特点：
1. 浏览器地址栏路径不发生变化
2. 只能转发到当前服务器内部资源中。
3. 转发是一次请求

3. 共享数据：

域对象：一个有作用范围的对象，可以在范围内共享数据
request域：代表一次请求的范围，一般用于请求转发的多个资源中共享数据
方法：
1. void setAttribute(String name,Object obj):存储数据
2. Object getAttitude(String name):通过键获取值
3. void removeAttribute(String name):通过键移除键值对

package cn.itcast.web.request;

import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/requestDemo8")
public class RequestDemo8 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("demo8888被访问了。。。");
        //转发到demo9资源
/*
        RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = request.getRequestDispatcher("/requestDemo9");
        requestDispatcher.forward(request,response);
        */

        //存储数据到request域中
        request.setAttribute("msg","hello");

        request.getRequestDispatcher("/requestDemo9").forward(request,response);
        //request.getRequestDispatcher("http://www.itcast.cn").forward(request,response);

    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

        this.doPost(request,response);
    }
}

package cn.itcast.web.request;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/requestDemo9")
public class RequestDemo9 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

        //获取数据
        Object msg = request.getAttribute("smg");
        System.out.println(msg);

        System.out.println("demo9999被访问了。。。");

    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

        this.doPost(request,response);
    }
}

4. 获取ServletContext：ServletContext getServletContext()

package cn.itcast.web.request;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet("/requestDemo10")
public class RequestDemo10 extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {


        ServletContext servletContext = request.getServletContext();

        System.out.println(servletContext);

    }

    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

        this.doPost(request,response);
    }
}

关于servlet环境搭建，请看IntelliJ IDEA创建Servlet最新方法 Idea版本2020.2.2以及IntelliJ IDEA创建Servlet 404问题（超详细）_Granger_g的博客-CSDN博客_idea创建servlet项目

小夫敲代码

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JavaWeb---HTTP与Request

1.HTTP1.1概念：Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议1.2请求消息数据格式1.2.1请求行1.2.2请求头：客户端浏览器告诉服务器一些信息1.2.3请求空行1.2.4请求体(正文)1.2.5字符串格式2.Request2.1request对象和response对象的原理：2.2 request对象继承体系结构2.3request功能2.3.1获取请求消息数据2.3.2其他功能：......
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