曲面的切平面与法线
(求梯度,对
x
,
y
,
z
x,y,z
x,y,z分别求偏导)
1.曲面一般形式 :
F
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
=
0
F(x,y,z) = 0
F(x,y,z)=0
算法 :
g
r
a
d
F
=
(
F
x
,
F
y
,
F
z
)
grad F = (F_x,F_y,F_z)
gradF=(Fx,Fy,Fz)
则有切平面
F
x
(
x
−
x
0
)
+
F
y
(
y
−
y
0
)
+
F
z
(
z
−
z
0
)
=
0
F_x(x-x_0)+F_y(y-y_0)+F_z(z-z_0) = 0
Fx(x−x0)+Fy(y−y0)+Fz(z−z0)=0
法线 x − x 0 F x = y − y 0 F y = z − z 0 F z \dfrac{x-x_0}{F_x} = \dfrac{y-y_0}{F_y} = \dfrac{z-z_0}{F_z} Fxx−x0=Fyy−y0=Fzz−z0
2.曲面参数形式 { x = X ( u , v ) y = Y ( u , v ) z = Z ( u , v ) ( u , v ) ∈ D \begin{cases} x = X(u,v)\\ y = Y(u,v)\\ z = Z(u,v)\\ (u,v) \in D \end{cases} ⎩ ⎨ ⎧x=X(u,v)y=Y(u,v)z=Z(u,v)(u,v)∈D
空间曲线的切线和法平面
原理:切线就是割线无限逼近
Γ = { x = x ( t ) y = y ( t ) z = z ( t ) \Gamma = \begin{cases}x = x(t)\\y=y(t)\\z=z(t)\end{cases} Γ=⎩ ⎨ ⎧x=x(t)y=y(t)z=z(t)
M 0 ( x ( t 0 ) , y ( t 0 ) , z ( t 0 ) ) M_0(x(t_0),y(t_0),z(t_0)) M0(x(t0),y(t0),z(t0))
M ( x ( t 0 + Δ t ) , y ( t 0 + Δ t ) , z ( t 0 + Δ t ) ) M(x(t_0+\Delta t),y(t_0+\Delta t),z(t_0+\Delta t)) M(x(t0+Δt),y(t0+Δt),z(t0+Δt))
M 0 M → = ( x ( t 0 + Δ t ) − x ( t 0 ) , y ( t 0 + Δ t ) − y ( t 0 ) , z ( t 0 + Δ t ) − z ( t 0 ) ) \overrightarrow{M_0 M} =(x(t_0+\Delta t)-x(t_0),y(t_0+\Delta t)-y(t_0),z(t_0+\Delta t)-z(t_0)) M0M=(x(t0+Δt)−x(t0),y(t0+Δt)−y(t0),z(t0+Δt)−z(t0))
M 0 M 直线方程 ( 点向式 ) : x − x 0 x ( t 0 + Δ t ) − x ( t 0 ) = y − y 0 y ( t 0 + Δ t ) − y ( t 0 ) = z − z 0 z ( t 0 + Δ t ) − z ( t 0 ) M_0M直线方程(点向式): \dfrac{x-x_0}{x(t_0+\Delta t)-x(t_0)}=\dfrac{y-y_0}{y(t_0+\Delta t)-y(t_0)}=\dfrac{z-z_0}{z(t_0+\Delta t)-z(t_0)} M0M直线方程(点向式):x(t0+Δt)−x(t0)x−x0=y(t0+Δt)−y(t0)y−y0=z(t0+Δt)−z(t0)z−z0
用 M M M去逼近 M 0 M_0 M0,等价于 Δ t → 0 \Delta t \to 0 Δt→0
如把式子都除个 Δ t \Delta t Δt
式子变成 M 0 M 直线方程 : x − x 0 x ( t 0 + Δ t ) − x ( t 0 ) Δ t = y − y 0 y ( t 0 + Δ t ) − y ( t 0 ) Δ t = z − z 0 z ( t 0 + Δ t ) − z ( t 0 ) Δ t M_0M直线方程: \dfrac{x-x_0}{\dfrac{x(t_0+\Delta t)-x(t_0)}{\Delta t}}=\dfrac{y-y_0}{\dfrac{y(t_0+\Delta t)-y(t_0)}{\Delta t}}=\dfrac{z-z_0}{\dfrac{z(t_0+\Delta t)-z(t_0)}{\Delta t}} M0M直线方程:Δtx(t0+Δt)−x(t0)x−x0=Δty(t0+Δt)−y(t0)y−y0=Δtz(t0+Δt)−z(t0)z−z0
使 Δ t → 0 \Delta t \to 0 Δt→0那么整个分母就变成了偏导
M 0 M 直线方程 L : x − x 0 x ′ ( t 0 ) = y − y 0 y ′ ( t 0 ) = z − z 0 z ′ ( t 0 ) M_0M直线方程 L:\dfrac{x-x_0}{x'(t_0)}=\dfrac{y-y_0}{y'(t_0)}=\dfrac{z-z_0}{z'(t_0)} M0M直线方程L:x′(t0)x−x0=y′(t0)y−y0=z′(t0)z−z0
空间平面的一般式表达式为:
A
x
+
B
y
+
C
z
+
D
=
0
Ax+By+Cz+D=0
Ax+By+Cz+D=0,
D
=
0
D=0
D=0时,该平面过原点
空间平面的点法式表达式为:
A
(
x
−
x
0
)
+
B
(
y
−
y
0
)
+
C
(
z
−
z
0
)
=
0
,
(
x
0
,
y
0
,
z
0
)
A(x-x_0)+B(y-y_0)+C(z-z_0)=0 , (x_0,y_0,z_0)
A(x−x0)+B(y−y0)+C(z−z0)=0,(x0,y0,z0)是该平面上的点
包含了四个参数
A
,
B
,
C
,
D
,
(
A
,
B
,
C
)
A,B,C,D,(A,B,C)
A,B,C,D,(A,B,C)是该平面的法向量。
所以法平面为 x ′ ( t 0 ) ( x − x 0 ) = y ′ ( t 0 ) ( y − y 0 ) = z ′ ( t 0 ) ( z − z 0 ) x'(t_0)(x-x_0)=y'(t_0)(y-y_0)=z'(t_0)(z-z_0) x′(t0)(x−x0)=y′(t0)(y−y0)=z′(t0)(z−z0)
空间曲面的切线和法平面
曲面方程 Σ : F ( x , y , z ) = 0 \Sigma : F(x,y,z) = 0 Σ:F(x,y,z)=0
点 M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) M_0(x_0,y_0,z_0) M0(x0,y0,z0)
任取经过 M 0 M_0 M0点的空间曲线 Γ = { x = x ( t ) y = y ( t ) z = z ( t ) \Gamma = \begin{cases}x = x(t)\\y=y(t)\\z=z(t)\end{cases} Γ=⎩ ⎨ ⎧x=x(t)y=y(t)z=z(t)
M 0 ( x ( t 0 ) , y ( t 0 ) , z ( t 0 ) ) M_0(x(t_0),y(t_0),z(t_0)) M0(x(t0),y(t0),z(t0))
一定会有
F
(
x
(
t
)
,
y
(
t
)
,
z
(
t
)
)
=
0
F(x(t),y(t),z(t))=0
F(x(t),y(t),z(t))=0
关于
t
t
t求导后得到
F
x
⋅
x
′
(
t
)
+
F
y
⋅
y
′
(
t
)
+
F
z
⋅
z
′
(
t
)
=
0
F_x \cdot x'(t) + F_y\cdot y'(t) + F_z\cdot z'(t) = 0
Fx⋅x′(t)+Fy⋅y′(t)+Fz⋅z′(t)=0
带入
M
0
(
x
0
,
y
0
,
z
0
)
M_0(x_0,y_0,z_0)
M0(x0,y0,z0)
F
x
(
x
0
,
y
0
,
z
0
)
⋅
x
′
(
t
)
+
F
y
(
x
0
,
y
0
,
z
0
)
⋅
y
′
(
t
)
+
F
z
(
x
0
,
y
0
,
z
0
)
⋅
z
′
(
t
)
=
0
F_x(x_0,y_0,z_0)\cdot x'(t) + F_y(x_0,y_0,z_0)\cdot y'(t) + F_z(x_0,y_0,z_0)\cdot z'(t) = 0
Fx(x0,y0,z0)⋅x′(t)+Fy(x0,y0,z0)⋅y′(t)+Fz(x0,y0,z0)⋅z′(t)=0
用向量表示
(
F
x
,
F
y
,
F
z
)
⋅
(
x
′
(
t
0
)
,
y
′
(
t
0
)
,
z
′
(
t
0
)
)
=
0
(F_x,F_y,F_z) \cdot (x'(t_0),y'(t_0),z'(t_0)) = 0
(Fx,Fy,Fz)⋅(x′(t0),y′(t0),z′(t0))=0
结论:
切平面
点
(
x
0
,
y
0
,
z
0
)
(x_0,y_0,z_0)
(x0,y0,z0)
法向量是
n
⃗
=
(
F
x
(
x
0
,
y
0
,
z
0
)
,
F
y
(
x
0
,
y
0
,
z
0
)
,
F
z
(
x
0
,
y
0
,
z
0
)
)
\vec{n} = (F_x(x_0,y_0,z_0),F_y(x_0,y_0,z_0),F_z(x_0,y_0,z_0))
n=(Fx(x0,y0,z0),Fy(x0,y0,z0),Fz(x0,y0,z0))
切平面方程为:
F
x
(
x
0
,
y
0
,
z
0
)
(
x
−
x
0
)
+
F
y
(
x
0
,
y
0
,
z
0
)
(
y
−
y
0
)
+
F
z
(
x
0
,
y
0
,
z
0
)
(
z
−
z
0
)
F_x(x_0,y_0,z_0)(x-x_0)+F_y(x_0,y_0,z_0)(y-y_0)+F_z(x_0,y_0,z_0)(z-z_0)
Fx(x0,y0,z0)(x−x0)+Fy(x0,y0,z0)(y−y0)+Fz(x0,y0,z0)(z−z0)
法线为:
x
−
x
0
F
x
=
y
−
y
0
F
y
=
z
−
z
0
F
z
\dfrac{x-x_0}{F_x} = \dfrac{y-y_0}{F_y} = \dfrac{z-z_0}{F_z}
Fxx−x0=Fyy−y0=Fzz−z0
车灯线光源的优化设计
题目
A题 车灯线光源的优化设计
安装在汽车头部的车灯的形状为一旋转抛物面,车灯的对称轴水平地指向正前方, 其开口半径36毫米,深度21.6毫米。经过车灯的焦点,在与对称轴相垂直的水平方向,对称地放置一定长度的均匀分布的线光源。要求在某一设计规范标准下确定线光源的长度。
该设计规范在简化后可描述如下。在焦点F正前方25米处的A点放置一测试屏,屏与FA垂直,用以测试车灯的反射光。在屏上过A点引出一条与地面相平行的直线,在该直线A点的同侧取B点和C点,使AC=2AB=2.6米。要求C点的光强度不小于某一额定值(可取为1个单位),B点的光强度不小于该额定值的两倍(只须考虑一次反射)。
旋转抛物面求法
对于
{
y
=
x
2
z
=
0
\begin{cases} y = x^2\\ z = 0 \end{cases}
{y=x2z=0
绕
y
y
y 轴旋转
设旋转抛物面上一点为
A
(
x
1
,
y
1
,
z
1
)
A(x_1,y_1,z_1)
A(x1,y1,z1)
设在
X
O
Y
XOY
XOY平面上的一点
B
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
B(x,y,z)
B(x,y,z)使得
y
=
y
1
y = y_1
y=y1
因为点
A
A
A和点
B
B
B距离
y
y
y轴距离相等,通过两点间距离公式可得
(
x
1
−
0
)
2
+
(
y
1
−
y
1
)
2
+
(
z
1
−
0
)
2
=
(
x
−
0
)
2
+
(
y
−
y
)
2
+
(
z
−
0
)
2
\sqrt{(x1-0)^2+(y_1-y_1)^2+(z_1-0)^2} = \sqrt{(x-0)^2+(y-y)^2+(z-0)^2}
(x1−0)2+(y1−y1)2+(z1−0)2=(x−0)2+(y−y)2+(z−0)2
得到 x 1 2 + z 1 2 = x 2 + z 2 x_1^2+z_1^2 = x^2+z^2 x12+z12=x2+z2
因为
z
=
0
z = 0
z=0(点
B
B
B在
X
O
Y
XOY
XOY平面上)
又因为
y
=
x
2
y = x^2
y=x2
所以 x 2 + z 2 = y x^2+z^2=y x2+z2=y
如果 y = 1 2 p x 2 y = \dfrac{1}{2p}x^2 y=2p1x2
那么 x 2 + z 2 = 2 p y x^2+z^2 = 2py x2+z2=2py
确定旋转抛物面方程
得到旋转抛物面方程为
x
2
+
z
2
=
2
p
y
x^2+z^2=2py
x2+z2=2py
点
(
0
,
0
,
0
)
(0,0,0)
(0,0,0)和点
(
0
,
21.6
,
36
)
(0,21.6,36)
(0,21.6,36)在旋转抛物面上
带入得到
p
=
3
6
2
2
∗
21.6
=
30
p = \dfrac{36^2}{2*21.6} = 30
p=2∗21.6362=30
所以方程为 x 2 + z 2 = 60 y x^2+z^2=60y x2+z2=60y
求反射到屏幕的点
假设线光源(焦点)
P
(
x
2
,
y
2
,
z
2
)
P(x_2,y_2,z_2)
P(x2,y2,z2)射到抛物面上有某一反射点
Q
(
x
0
,
y
0
,
z
0
)
Q(x_0,y_0,z_0)
Q(x0,y0,z0)
设反射光线上有一点
D
(
x
1
,
y
1
,
z
1
)
D(x_1,y_1,z_1)
D(x1,y1,z1)
连接
P
D
PD
PD交经过反射点
Q
Q
Q的切平面的法线于点
M
(
x
2
+
x
1
2
,
y
2
+
y
1
2
,
z
2
+
z
1
2
)
M(\dfrac{x_2+x_1}{2},\dfrac{y_2+y_1}{2},\dfrac{z_2+z_1}{2})
M(2x2+x1,2y2+y1,2z2+z1)
将点 Q Q Q带入分别对 x , y , z x,y,z x,y,z求偏导,法线方程为
x − x 0 F x = y − y 0 F y = z − z 0 F z \dfrac{x-x_0}{F_x} = \dfrac{y-y_0}{F_y} = \dfrac{z-z_0}{F_z} Fxx−x0=Fyy−y0=Fzz−z0
即法线为:
x
−
x
0
2
x
0
=
y
−
y
0
−
60
=
z
−
z
0
2
z
0
\dfrac{x-x_0}{2x_0} = \dfrac{y-y_0}{-60} = \dfrac{z-z_0}{2z_0}
2x0x−x0=−60y−y0=2z0z−z0
点
M
M
M在法线上
则有
x
2
+
x
1
2
−
x
0
2
x
0
=
y
2
+
y
1
2
−
y
0
−
60
=
z
2
+
z
1
2
−
z
0
2
z
0
\dfrac{\dfrac{x_2+x_1}{2}-x_0}{2x_0} = \dfrac{\dfrac{y_2+y_1}{2}-y_0}{-60} = \dfrac{\dfrac{z_2+z_1}{2}-z_0}{2z_0}
2x02x2+x1−x0=−602y2+y1−y0=2z02z2+z1−z0
让公式等于
t
t
t有
x
2
+
x
1
2
−
x
0
2
x
0
=
y
2
+
y
1
2
−
y
0
−
60
=
z
2
+
z
1
2
−
z
0
2
z
0
=
t
\dfrac{\dfrac{x_2+x_1}{2}-x_0}{2x_0} = \dfrac{\dfrac{y_2+y_1}{2}-y_0}{-60} = \dfrac{\dfrac{z_2+z_1}{2}-z_0}{2z_0} = t
2x02x2+x1−x0=−602y2+y1−y0=2z02z2+z1−z0=t
解得
{
x
1
=
2
x
0
(
2
t
+
1
)
−
x
2
y
1
=
−
120
t
+
2
y
0
−
y
2
z
1
=
2
z
0
(
2
t
+
1
)
−
z
2
\begin{cases}x_1 = 2x_0(2t+1)-x_2\\ y_1 = -120t+2y_0-y_2\\z_1 = 2z_0(2t+1)-z_2\end{cases}
⎩
⎨
⎧x1=2x0(2t+1)−x2y1=−120t+2y0−y2z1=2z0(2t+1)−z2
根据
M
Q
→
\overrightarrow{MQ}
MQ与
P
D
→
\overrightarrow{PD}
PD垂直得到
(
x
2
+
x
1
2
−
x
0
,
y
2
+
y
1
2
−
y
0
,
z
2
+
z
1
2
−
z
0
)
⋅
(
x
1
−
x
2
,
y
1
−
y
2
,
z
1
−
z
2
)
=
0
(\dfrac{x_2+x_1}{2}-x_0,\dfrac{y_2+y_1}{2}-y_0,\dfrac{z_2+z_1}{2}-z_0)\cdot (x_1-x_2,y_1-y_2,z_1-z_2) = 0
(2x2+x1−x0,2y2+y1−y0,2z2+z1−z0)⋅(x1−x2,y1−y2,z1−z2)=0
所以
(
x
2
+
2
x
0
(
2
t
+
1
)
−
x
2
2
−
x
0
,
y
2
+
−
120
t
+
2
y
0
−
y
2
2
−
y
0
,
z
2
+
2
z
0
(
2
t
+
1
)
−
z
2
2
−
z
0
)
⋅
(
2
x
0
(
2
t
+
1
)
−
x
2
−
x
2
,
−
120
t
+
2
y
0
−
y
2
−
y
2
,
2
z
0
(
2
t
+
1
)
−
z
2
−
z
2
)
=
0
(\dfrac{x_2+2x_0(2t+1)-x_2}{2}-x_0,\dfrac{y_2+-120t+2y_0-y_2}{2}-y_0,\dfrac{z_2+2z_0(2t+1)-z_2}{2}-z_0)\cdot (2x_0(2t+1)-x_2-x_2,-120t+2y_0-y_2-y_2,2z_0(2t+1)-z_2-z_2) = 0
(2x2+2x0(2t+1)−x2−x0,2y2+−120t+2y0−y2−y0,2z2+2z0(2t+1)−z2−z0)⋅(2x0(2t+1)−x2−x2,−120t+2y0−y2−y2,2z0(2t+1)−z2−z2)=0
已知焦点的 z 2 = 0 , y 2 = 15 z_2 = 0 , y_2 = 15 z2=0,y2=15
但发现有 t 2 t^2 t2出现
其实
M
Q
→
\overrightarrow{MQ}
MQ就是法线向量,根据上面求法线为:
x
−
x
0
2
x
0
=
y
−
y
0
−
60
=
z
−
z
0
2
z
0
\dfrac{x-x_0}{2x_0} = \dfrac{y-y_0}{-60} = \dfrac{z-z_0}{2z_0}
2x0x−x0=−60y−y0=2z0z−z0
得到法线向量为 n ⃗ = ( 2 x 0 , − 60 , 2 z 0 ) = ( x 0 , − 30 , z 0 ) \vec{n} = (2x_0,-60,2z_0) = (x_0,-30,z_0) n=(2x0,−60,2z0)=(x0,−30,z0)
那么关于垂直的等式就变为
(
x
0
,
−
30
,
z
0
)
⋅
(
x
1
−
x
2
,
y
1
−
y
2
,
z
1
−
z
2
)
=
0
(x_0,-30,z_0)\cdot (x_1-x_2,y_1-y_2,z_1-z_2) = 0
(x0,−30,z0)⋅(x1−x2,y1−y2,z1−z2)=0
即
(
x
0
,
−
30
,
z
0
)
⋅
(
2
x
0
(
2
t
+
1
)
−
2
x
2
,
−
120
t
+
2
y
0
−
30
,
2
z
0
(
2
t
+
1
)
)
=
0
(x_0,-30,z_0)\cdot (2x_0(2t+1)-2x_2,-120t+2y_0-30,2z_0(2t+1)) = 0
(x0,−30,z0)⋅(2x0(2t+1)−2x2,−120t+2y0−30,2z0(2t+1))=0
解得
t
=
2
x
0
x
2
−
2
x
0
2
+
60
y
0
−
2
z
0
2
−
900
4
x
0
2
+
4
z
0
2
+
3600
t = \dfrac{2x_0x_2-2x_0^2+60y_0-2z_0^2-900}{4x_0^2+4z_0^2+3600}
t=4x02+4z02+36002x0x2−2x02+60y0−2z02−900
所以解得点
D
(
x
1
,
y
1
,
z
1
)
D(x_1,y_1,z_1)
D(x1,y1,z1)
{
x
1
=
2
x
0
(
2
t
+
1
)
−
x
2
y
1
=
−
120
t
+
2
y
0
−
y
2
z
1
=
2
z
0
(
2
t
+
1
)
−
z
2
\begin{cases}x_1 = 2x_0(2t+1)-x_2\\ y_1 = -120t+2y_0-y_2\\z_1 = 2z_0(2t+1)-z_2\end{cases}
⎩
⎨
⎧x1=2x0(2t+1)−x2y1=−120t+2y0−y2z1=2z0(2t+1)−z2
已知向量
Q
D
→
=
(
x
3
,
y
3
,
z
3
)
\overrightarrow{QD} = (x_3,y_3,z_3)
QD=(x3,y3,z3),求向量
Q
D
→
\overrightarrow{QD}
QD在
Y
=
25015
Y=25015
Y=25015平面上的交点
G
(
x
4
,
y
4
,
z
4
)
G(x_4,y_4,z_4)
G(x4,y4,z4),其中
{
x
3
=
x
1
−
x
0
y
3
=
y
1
−
y
0
z
3
=
z
1
−
z
0
\begin{cases}x_3 = x_1 - x_0\\ y_3 = y_1 - y_0\\z_3 = z_1 - z_0\end{cases}
⎩
⎨
⎧x3=x1−x0y3=y1−y0z3=z1−z0
Q D : x − x 0 x 3 = y − y 0 y 3 = z − z 0 z 3 {QD} :\dfrac{x-x_0}{x_3} = \dfrac{y-y_0}{y_3} = \dfrac{z-z_0}{z_3} QD:x3x−x0=y3y−y0=z3z−z0
带入点 G ( x 4 , 25015 , z 4 ) G(x_4,25015,z_4) G(x4,25015,z4)即可求解