思维训练第二课 独立主格

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文章目录


前言


提示:以下是本篇文章正文内容,下面案例可供参考

一、独立主格

独立主格结构由名词或者代词加上其他成分(分词,不定式,名词,代词,形容词,副词或介词短语构成。独立主格是一个独立的短语,它是一个“格”,而不是一个“句子”,在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构,而在这个结构中,没有真正的主语和谓语动词,但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。

我们称动作或状态实行者为逻辑主语,称该动作或状态为逻辑谓语。

特点

“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。独立主格有以下特点:

  1. 独立主格结构的作用相当于状语从句,可表时间,原因,条件,行为方式或伴随情况;
  2. 独立主格结构可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾;
  3. 独立主格结构主要用于书面语;
  4. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语和句子的主语不同,不指同一个人或同一事物。
  5. 其实,独立主格在实际应用中并不多见,主要出现文献中。一般外国人也不是很了解这一结构,但真的碰到了他肯定能看得懂。

二、独立主格的构成

1.名词/人称代词主格+现在分词

名词和代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者,与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系,如:

  • Weather permitting (if weather permits), we will have a picnic tomorrow. 如果天气好(许可),明天我们将去野餐。(表示条件)
  • Autumn coming on(when autumn came on), the leaves turned yellow.秋天到来,树叶变黄了。(表示时间)
  • It being Sunday(as it was Sunday),we had no classes.由于是星期天,我们没有课。(表示原因)
  • It being Christmas, the government office was
    closed由于是圣诞节,政府部门不办公。(表示原因)

2. 名词/人称代词主格+过去分词

名词和代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。

The signal given, the bus started.给了信号之后,汽车开始前进。(表示时间)
Their strength exhausted, they fell down one by one.他们筋疲力尽,一个个倒下了。(表示原因)
All things considered, her suggestion is better than yours.若全面考虑,她的建议比你的好。(表示条件)

3. 名词/人称代词主格+形容词/副词

形容词或副词常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征以及所处状态。

Everything ready, they started out.一切准备好,他们开始动身。(表示时间)
The kids were making a snowman, hands red with cold.孩子们在堆雪人,手都冻红了。(表示伴随)
The meeting over, the students left the hall one by one.会议结束了,学生一个个离开礼堂。(表示时间)
He looked at the beautiful picture, eyes wide open.他看着这幅美丽的图画,眼睛挣得大大的。(表示伴随)

4. 名词/人称代词主格+不定式

名词和代词是不定式的动作的执行者,与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系,这种结构可以位于句首或句末。

The teacher to help us, we will succeed.有了老师的帮助,我们就能成功。(表示原因)
He invited us to see a film, he himself to buy the tickets.他请我们看了一场电影,他破费买的票。(表示补充说明)
She proposed a picnic, she herself to pay the railway tickets, and Mary to provide the food. 她提议来一次野餐,她自己付车费,玛丽提供食物。(表示补充说明)

5. 名词/人称代词主格+介词短语

介词短语常用来说明名词和代词的特征或所处的状态。

the teacher entered the classroom, a book in hand 老师进入教室,手里拿着本书。(表示伴随)
the old farmer came back, a large basket on his shoulder.老农回来,一个大篮子扛在肩膀上。(表示伴随)

6.介词+复合宾语

这种结构,常用“介词with/without/like+名词/代词宾格+介词短语/分词/不定式/形容词/副词/名词”构成。

The teacher entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.老师拿着一本书走进了教室。(表示伴随)
The classroom is very bright with all lights turned on.所有的灯都打开,教室里非常明亮。(表示时间)
I can’t go to the party, with a lot of homework to do我不能去参加聚会了,因为有很多作业要做。(表示原因)
Don’t talk with your mouth full 不要吃着满口东西谈话。(表示行为方式)
He fought the tiger with a stick as his only weapon.他和老虎搏斗,唯一的武器是一根棒子。(表示行为方式)
Mary sat on the chair, with a cat in his hands.玛丽坐在椅子上,手里捧着一只猫。(表示伴随)

三、独立主格结构的句法功能

“独立主格结构”在句中的功能就相当于一个带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句。其实,虽然叫做独立主格结构,并不是真正的独立,它还是一种从属分句,在句中有多种作用。如:表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用。

独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:

1、表示时间

The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。the meeting being over相当于when the meeting was over

Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。her work done相当于when her work was done

2、表示条件

The condition being favorable (If the condition is favorable), he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。
Time permitting(If time permits), I will go to play basketball with you.如果时间允许,我会和你去打篮球的。

3、表示原因

There being no taxis(Since there was no taxis), we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care(as the night was dark and frosty), the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
My watch having been lost(as my watch has been lost).I didn’t know what time it was. 我的手表丢了,不知道几点了。

4、表示伴随情况

Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors,and silver is the best of all.)
He walked towards her, with a bundle of flowers in hand.他向她走过去,手里拿着一束花。

5、表示补充说明

We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。

四、独立主格结构的特点与例句

1、独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。

2、名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词存在逻辑上的主谓关系,即逻辑主语为动作执行者。

3、独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

举例

1、名词/代词+形容词

The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them.

It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.

2、名词/代词+现在分词

Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。
The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了,他出去散步。
The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后,我们结束了会议。

3、名词/代词+过去分词

“Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised.

4、名词/代词(主格)+不定式

We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我们十点四十五分集合,队伍十一点准时出发。
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这是前两卷,第三卷将于下月问世。
We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工,他擦窗户,我扫地。
The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend’s. 两个男孩彼此道了别,一个回了家,另一个去了他朋友家。

5、名词/代词+介词短语

I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand.

The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。

He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.

6、 名词/代词+副词

Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.

Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.

7、名词/代词+名词

he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着,唯一的武器是一根棍棒。

8、With的复合结构作独立主格

表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。
  with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
  举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised【rising亦可】.

9、其他例句

The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.   考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.   总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆

五、使用独立主格四点注意

1、独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。

如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后,学生很快离开了课室。

2、不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。

独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。

在There being+名词的结构中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。

3、通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。

如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand.

4、独立主格结构没有所有格形式

The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了,我们开始开会。

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