一、基于xml自动装配
自动装配:根据指定的策略,在IOC容器中匹配某一个bean,自动为指定的bean中所依赖的类类型或接口类型属性赋值。
1.场景模拟
//创建类UserController
package com.spring.autowire.controller
public class UserController {
private UserService userService;
public void setUserService(UserService userService) {
this.userService = userService;
}
public void saveUser(){
userService.saveUser();
}
}
//创建接口UserService
package com.spring.autowire.service
public interface UserService {
void saveUser();
}
//创建类UserServiceImpl实现接口UserService
package com.spring.autowire.service.impl
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
private UserDao userDao;
public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {
this.userDao = userDao;
}
@Override
public void saveUser() {
userDao.saveUser();
}
}
//创建接口UserDao
package com.spring.autowire.dao
public interface UserDao {
void saveUser();
}
//创建类UserDaoImpl实现接口UserDao
package com.spring.autowire.dao.impl
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
@Override
public void saveUser() {
System.out.println("保存成功");
}
}
2.配置bean
使用bean标签的autowire属性设置自动装配效果
- 自动装配方式:byType
- byType:根据类型匹配IOC容器中某个兼容类型的bean,为属性自动赋值
- 若在IOC中,没有任何一个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值,则该属性不装配,即默认值为null
- 若在IOC中,有多个兼容类型的bean能为属性赋值,则抛出异常
<bean id="userController" class="com.spring.autowire.controller.UserController" autowire="byType"></bean>
<bean id="userService" class="com.spring.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byType"></bean>
<bean id="userDao" class="com.spring.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
- 自动装配方式:byName
- byName:将自动装配的属性名,作为bean的id在IOC容器中匹配相对应的bean进行赋值
<bean id="userController" class="com.spring.autowire.controller.UserController" autowire="byName"></bean>
<bean id="userService" class="com.spring.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byName"></bean>
<bean id="userServiceImpl" class="com.spring.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byName"></bean>
<bean id="userDao" class="com.spring.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
<bean id="userDaoImpl" class="com.spring.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
3.测试
@Test
public void testAutoWireByXML(){
ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("autowire-xml.xml");
UserController userController = ac.getBean(UserController.class);
userController.saveUser();
}
二、基于注解管理Bean
Spring通过注解实现自动装配的步骤如下:
- 引入依赖
- 开启组件扫描
- 使用注解定义Bean
- 依赖注入
1.添加依赖:
//添加依赖
<dependencies>
<!--spring context依赖-->
<!--当你引入Spring Context依赖之后,表示将Spring的基础依赖引入了-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>6.0.3</version>
</dependency>
<!--junit5测试-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--log4j2的依赖-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
<artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId>
<version>2.19.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
<artifactId>log4j-slf4j2-impl</artifactId>
<version>2.19.0</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
2.开启组件扫描:
Spring默认不使用注解装配Bean,因此我们需要在Spring的XML配置中,通过<context:component-scan>元素开启Spring Beans的自动扫描功能。开启此功能后,Spring会自动从扫描指定的包(base-package属性设置)及其子包下的所有类,如果类上使用了@Component注解,就将该类装配到容器中。
//xml文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<!--开启组件扫描功能-->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.spring"></context:component-scan>
</beans>
注意:在使用<context:component-scan>元素开启自动扫描功能前,首先需要在XML配置的一级标签<beans>中添加context相关的约束。
情况一:最基本的扫描方式
<context:component-scan base-package="com.spring">
</context:component-scan>
情况二:指定要排除的组件
<context:component-scan base-package="com.spring">
<!-- context:exclude-filter标签:指定排除规则 -->
<!--
type:设置排除或包含的依据
type="annotation",根据注解排除,expression中设置要排除的注解的全类名
type="assignable",根据类型排除,expression中设置要排除的类型的全类名
-->
<context:exclude-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
<!--<context:exclude-filter type="assignable" expression="com.spring.controller.UserController"/>-->
</context:component-scan>
情况三:只扫描指定组件
<context:component-scan base-package="com" use-default-filters="false">
<!-- context:include-filter标签:指定在原有扫描规则的基础上追加的规则 -->
<!-- use-default-filters属性:取值false表示关闭默认扫描规则 -->
<!-- 此时必须设置use-default-filters="false",因为默认规则即扫描指定包下所有类 -->
<!--
type:设置排除或包含的依据
type="annotation",根据注解排除,expression中设置要排除的注解的全类名
type="assignable",根据类型排除,expression中设置要排除的类型的全类名
-->
<context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/>
<!--<context:include-filter type="assignable" expression="com.spring.controller.UserController"/>-->
</context:component-scan>
3.使用注解定义bean
Spring提供了以下多个注解,这些注解可以直接标注在Java类上,将它们定义成Spring Bean。
注解 | 说明 |
@Component | 该注解用于描述Spring中的Bean,它是一个泛化的概念,仅仅表示容器中的一个组件(Bean),并且可以作用在应用的任何层次,如Service层,Dao层等。使用时只需将该注解标注在相应类上即可。 |
@Repository | 该注解用于将数据访问层(Dao层)的类标识为Spring中的Bean,其功能与@Component相同 |
@Service | 该注解通常用在业务层(Service层),用于将业务层的类标识为Spring中的Bean,其功能与@Component相同 |
@Controller | 该注解通常作用在控制层(如SpringMVC 的 Controller),用于将控制层的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean,其功能与 @Component 相同。 |
4.@Autowired注入
单独使用@Autowired注解,默认根据类型装配(默认是byType)
场景一:属性注入
//创建UserDao接口
package com.atguigu.spring6.dao;
public interface UserDao {
public void print();
}
//创建UserDaoImpl实现
package com.atguigu.spring6.dao.impl;
import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
@Repository
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("Dao层执行结束");
}
}
//创建UserService接口
package com.atguigu.spring6.service;
public interface UserService {
public void out();
}
//创建UserServiceImpl实现类
package com.spring.service.impl;
import com.spring.dao.UserDao;
import com.spring.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
@Autowired
private UserDao userDao;
@Override
public void out() {
userDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}
//创建UserController类
package com.spring.controller;
import com.spring.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
@Controller
public class UserController {
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
public void out() {
userService.out();
System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");
}
}
//测试一
package com.spring.bean;
import com.spring.controller.UserController;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class UserTest {
private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserTest.class);
@Test
public void testAnnotation(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("Beans.xml");
UserController userController = context.getBean("userController", UserController.class);
userController.out();
logger.info("执行成功");
}
}
场景二:set注入
//修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.spring.service.impl;
import com.spring.dao.UserDao;
import com.spring.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
private UserDao userDao;
@Autowired
public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {
this.userDao = userDao;
}
@Override
public void out() {
userDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}
package com.spring.controller;
import com.spring.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
@Controller
public class UserController {
private UserService userService;
@Autowired
public void setUserService(UserService userService) {
this.userService = userService;
}
public void out() {
userService.out();
System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");
}
}
场景三:构造方法注入
//修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.spring.service.impl;
import com.spring.dao.UserDao;
import com.spring.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
private UserDao userDao;
@Autowired
public UserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao) {
this.userDao = userDao;
}
@Override
public void out() {
userDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}
//修改UserController类
package com.spring.controller;
import com.spring.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
@Controller
public class UserController {
private UserService userService;
@Autowired
public UserController(UserService userService) {
this.userService = userService;
}
public void out() {
userService.out();
System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");
}
}
场景四:形参上注入
//修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.spring.service.impl;
import com.spring.dao.UserDao;
import com.spring.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
private UserDao userDao;
public UserServiceImpl(@Autowired UserDao userDao) {
this.userDao = userDao;
}
@Override
public void out() {
userDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}
//修改UserController类
package com.spring.controller;
import com.spring.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
@Controller
public class UserController {
private UserService userService;
public UserController(@Autowired UserService userService) {
this.userService = userService;
}
public void out() {
userService.out();
System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");
}
}
场景五:只有一个构造函数,无注解
//修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.spring.service.impl;
import com.spring.dao.UserDao;
import com.spring.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
@Autowired
private UserDao userDao;
public UserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao) {
this.userDao = userDao;
}
@Override
public void out() {
userDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}
当有参数的构造方法只有一个时,@Autowired注解可以省略。
场景六:@Auwired注解和@Qualifier注解联合
//添加dao层实现
package com.spring.dao.impl;
import com.spring.dao.UserDao;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
@Repository
public class UserDaoRedisImpl implements UserDao {
@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("Redis Dao层执行结束");
}
}
当有多个类实现UserDao时,错误信息提示:不能装配,则这时需要根据名称进行装配。
//修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.spring.service.impl;
import com.spring.dao.UserDao;
import com.spring.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
@Autowired
@Qualifier("userDaoImpl") // 指定bean的名字
private UserDao userDao;
@Override
public void out() {
userDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}
总结:
- @Autowired注解可以出现在:属性上,构造方法上,构造方法的参数上,setter方法上。
- @Autowired注解默认根据类型输入,如果要根据名称输入的话,需要配合@Qualifier注解一起使用。
- 当带参数的构造方法只有一个,@Autowired注解可以省略。
三、@Resource注入
@Resouece注解也可以实现属性注入,它和@Autowired注解的区别如下:
- @Resource注解是JDK扩展包中的,即属于JDK的一部分。所以该注解是标准注解,更加具有通用性。
- @Autowired注解是Spring框架自己的
- @Resource注解默认根据名称装配,未指定name时,使用属性名作为name。通过name找不到的话会自动启动通过类型装配。
- @Autowired注解默认根据类型装配byType,如果想根据名称装配,需要配合@Qualifier注解一起用。
-
@Resource注解用在属性上、setter方法上。
-
@Autowired注解用在属性上、setter方法上、构造方法上、构造方法参数上。
@Resource注解属于JDK扩展包,所以不在JDK当中,需要额外引入以下依赖:
<dependency>
<groupId>jakarta.annotation</groupId>
<artifactId>jakarta.annotation-api</artifactId>
<version>2.1.1</version>
</dependency>
场景一:根据name注入
//修改UserDaoImpl类
package com.spring.dao.impl;
import com.spring.dao.UserDao;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
@Repository("myUserDao")
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("Dao层执行结束");
}
}
//修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.spring.service.impl;
import com.spring.dao.UserDao;
import com.spring.service.UserService;
import jakarta.annotation.Resource;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
@Resource(name = "myUserDao")
private UserDao myUserDao;
@Override
public void out() {
myUserDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}
场景二:name未知注入
//修改UserDaoImpl类
package com.spring.dao.impl;
import com.spring.dao.UserDao;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
@Repository("myUserDao")
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("Dao层执行结束");
}
}
//修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.spring.service.impl;
import com.spring.dao.UserDao;
import com.spring.service.UserService;
import jakarta.annotation.Resource;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
@Resource
private UserDao myUserDao;
@Override
public void out() {
myUserDao.print();
System.out.println("Service层执行结束");
}
}
当@Resource注解使用时没有指定name的时候,还是根据name进行查找,这个name是属性名。
四、全注解开发
全注解开发就是不再使用spring配置文件了,写一个配置类来代替配置文件。
package com.spring.config;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
@Configuration
//@ComponentScan({"com.spring.controller", "com.spring.service","com.spring.dao"})
@ComponentScan("com.spring")
public class SpringConfig {
}
测试类
@Test
public void testAllAnnotation(){
ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(Spring6Config.class);
UserController userController = context.getBean("userController", UserController.class);
userController.out();
logger.info("执行成功");
}