算法导论 11.3-5

定义一个从有限集合U到有限集合B上的散列函数簇为ε全域的,对U中所有的不同元素对k和l,都有:


其中概率是相对于从函数簇Η中随机抽取的散列函数h而言的。证明:一个ε全域的散列函数簇必须满足:


Solution

设b = |B|,u = |U|。如果一个哈希函数能够将U中的u/b个元素映射到B中b个槽中的每一个槽中,那么我们得到的总的碰撞数是最小的。对于给定的一个哈希函数,设为映射到B中j槽中的元素个数,j∈B。于是,可以得到:


同时也可以得到一个给定值j∈B的碰撞数是:



推论:对于每一个j∈B,当=u/b时,总的碰撞数是最小的。

证明:如≤u/b,称j为“未满”(underloaded),如果≥u/b,称j为超载(overloaded)。考虑一个不平衡的情况,即至少有一个值j∈B,有≠u/b。将一个平衡的情形,即所有的都等于u/b,通过不断地将匹配到underloaded中的值匹配到overloaded中来产生一个不平衡的情形(你可以将B中的每个值看作是一个桶,我们重复地从至多有u/b个元素的桶中移动元素到那些至少有u/b个元素的桶中)。

现在我们要证明每一次这样的移动都会增加碰撞的次数,所以所有的移动加起来一定会增加碰撞的次数。假设我们从一个underloaded的值j移动一个元素到overloaded的值k中,同时我们保证其它元素不发生任何改变或是移动。因为j为underloaded,而k为overloaded,所以有


现在,我们只考虑值j和k的碰撞数,在移动前我们有


个碰撞,在移动后我们有


我们希望证明的是:


现在通过下列等价的不等式来证明:


由此可证,这样的每一次移动都会增加碰撞的次数

结论:对于每一个j∈B,当=u/b时碰撞数是最小的。


通过上面的推论,对于任何的哈希函数,总的碰撞数至少为b(u/b)(u/b-1)/2,其中(u/b)(u/b-1)/2为每个j∈B的碰撞数,而B中共有b个值,所以总的碰撞数为b(u/b)(u/b-1)/2。U中由不同元素组成的元素对共有u(u-1)/2个。因此每一对不同元素构成的元素对的碰撞数至少为:


所以,任何一对不同元素发生碰撞的可能性的边界ε不能少于



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中文名: 算法导论 原名: Introduction to Algorithms 作者: Thomas H. Cormen Ronald L. Rivest Charles E. Leiserson Clifford Stein 资源格式: PDF 版本: 文字版 出版社: The MIT Press书号: 978-0262033848发行时间: 2009年09月30日 地区: 美国 语言: 英文 简介: 内容介绍: Editorial Reviews Review "In light of the explosive growth in the amount of data and the diversity of computing applications, efficient algorithms are needed now more than ever. This beautifully written, thoughtfully organized book is the definitive introductory book on the design and analysis of algorithms. The first half offers an effective method to teach and study algorithms; the second half then engages more advanced readers and curious students with compelling material on both the possibilities and the challenges in this fascinating field." —Shang-Hua Teng, University of Southern California "Introduction to Algorithms, the 'bible' of the field, is a comprehensive textbook covering the full spectrum of modern algorithms: from the fastest algorithms and data structures to polynomial-time algorithms for seemingly intractable problems, from classical algorithms in graph theory to special algorithms for string matching, computational geometry, and number theory. The revised third edition notably adds a chapter on van Emde Boas trees, one of the most useful data structures, and on multithreaded algorithms, a topic of increasing importance." —Daniel Spielman, Department of Computer Science, Yale University "As an educator and researcher in the field of algorithms for over two decades, I can unequivocally say that the Cormen book is the best textbook that I have ever seen on this subject. It offers an incisive, encyclopedic, and modern treatment of algorithms, and our department will continue to use it for teaching at both the graduate and undergraduate levels, as well as a reliable research reference." —Gabriel Robins, Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia Product Description Some books on algorithms are rigorous but incomplete; others cover masses of material but lack rigor. Introduction to Algorithms uniquely combines rigor and comprehensiveness. The book covers a broad range of algorithms in depth, yet makes their design and analysis accessible to all levels of readers. Each chapter is relatively self-contained and can be used as a unit of study. The algorithms are described in English and in a pseudocode designed to be readable by anyone who has done a little programming. The explanations have been kept elementary without sacrificing depth of coverage or mathematical rigor. The first edition became a widely used text in universities worldwide as well as the standard reference for professionals. The second edition featured new chapters on the role of algorithms, probabilistic analysis and randomized algorithms, and linear programming. The third edition has been revised and updated throughout. It includes two completely new chapters, on van Emde Boas trees and multithreaded algorithms, and substantial additions to the chapter on recurrences (now called "Divide-and-Conquer"). It features improved treatment of dynamic programming and greedy algorithms and a new notion of edge-based flow in the material on flow networks. Many new exercises and problems have been added for this edition. As of the third edition, this textbook is published exclusively by the MIT Press. About the Author Thomas H. Cormen is Professor of Computer Science and former Director of the Institute for Writing and Rhetoric at Dartmouth College. Charles E. Leiserson is Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ronald L. Rivest is Andrew and Erna Viterbi Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Clifford Stein is Professor of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research at Columbia University. 目录: Introduction 3 1 The Role of Algorithms in Computing 5 1.1 Algorithms 5 1.2 Algorithms as a technology 11 2 Getting Started 16 2.1 Insertion sort 16 2.2 Analyzing algorithms 23 2.3 Designing algorithms 29 3 Growth of Functions 43 3.1 Asymptotic notation 43 3.2 Standard notations and common functions 53 4 Divide-and-Conquer 65 4.1 The maximum-subarray problem 68 4.2 Strassen's algorithm for matrix multiplication 75 4.3 The substitution method for solving recurrences 83 4.4 The recursion-tree method for solving recurrences 88 4.5 The master method for solving recurrences 93 4.6 Proof of the master theorem 97 5 Probabilistic Analysis and Randomized Algorithms 114 5.1 The hiring problem 114 5.2 Indicator random variables 118 5.3 Randomized algorithms 122 5.4 Probabilistic analysis and further uses of indicator random variables 130 II Sorting and Order Statistics Introduction 147 6 Heapsort 151 6.1 Heaps 151 6.2 Maintaining the heap property 154 6.3 Building a heap 156 6.4 The heapsort algorithm 159 6.5 Priority queues 162 7 Quicksort 170 7.1 Description of quicksort 170 7.2 Performance of quicksort 174 7.3 A randomized version of quicksort 179 7.4 Analysis of quicksort 180 8 Sorting in Linear Time 191 8.1 Lower bounds for sorting 191 8.2 Counting sort 194 8.3 Radix sort 197 8.4 Bucket sort 200 9 Medians and Order Statistics 213 9.1 Minimum and maximum 214 9.2 Selection in expected linear time 215 9.3 Selection in worst-case linear time 220 III Data Structures Introduction 229 10 Elementary Data Structures 232 10.1 Stacks and queues 232 10.2 Linked lists 236 10.3 Implementing pointers and objects 241 10.4 Representing rooted trees 246 11 Hash Tables 253 11.1 Direct-address tables 254 11.2 Hash tables 256 11.3 Hash functions 262 11.4 Open addressing 269 11.5 Perfect hashing 277 12 Binary Search Trees 286 12.1 What is a binary search tree? 286 12.2 Querying a binary search tree 289 12.3 Insertion and deletion 294 12.4 Randomly built binary search trees 299 13 Red-Black Trees 308 13.1 Properties of red-black trees 308 13.2 Rotations 312 13.3 Insertion 315 13.4 Deletion 323 14 Augmenting Data Structures 339 14.1 Dynamic order statistics 339 14.2 How to augment a data structure 345 14.3 Interval trees 348 IV Advanced Design and Analysis Techniques Introduction 357 15 Dynamic Programming 359 15.1 Rod cutting 360 15.2 Matrix-chain multiplication 370 15.3 Elements of dynamic programming 378 15.4 Longest common subsequence 390 15.5 Optimal binary search trees 397 16 Greedy Algorithms 414 16.1 An activity-selection problem 415 16.2 Elements of the greedy strategy 423 16.3 Huffman codes 428 16.4 Matroids and greedy methods 437 16.5 A task-scheduling problem as a matroid 443 17 Amortized Analysis 451 17.1 Aggregate analysis 452 17.2 The accounting method 456 17.3 The potential method 459 17.4 Dynamic tables 463 V Advanced Data Structures Introduction 481 18 B-Trees 484 18.1 Definition of B-trees 488 18.2 Basic operations on B-trees 491 18.3 Deleting a key from a B-tree 499 19 Fibonacci Heaps 505 19.1 Structure of Fibonacci heaps 507 19.2 Mergeable-heap operations 510 19.3 Decreasing a key and deleting a node 518 19.4 Bounding the maximum degree 523 20 van Emde Boas Trees 531 20.1 Preliminary approaches 532 20.2 A recursive structure 536 20.3 The van Emde Boas tree 545 21 Data Structures for Disjoint Sets 561 21.1 Disjoint-set operations 561 21.2 Linked-list representation of disjoint sets 564 21.3 Disjoint-set forests 568 21.4 Analysis of union by rank with path compression 573 VI Graph Algorithms Introduction 587 22 Elementary Graph Algorithms 589 22.1 Representations of graphs 589 22.2 Breadth-first search 594 22.3 Depth-first search 603 22.4 Topological sort 612 22.5 Strongly connected components 615 23 Minimum Spanning Trees 624 23.1 Growing a minimum spanning tree 625 23.2 The algorithms of Kruskal and Prim 631 24 Single-Source Shortest Paths 643 24.1 The Bellman-Ford algorithm 651 24.2 Single-source shortest paths in directed acyclic graphs 655 24.3 Dijkstra's algorithm 658 24.4 Difference constraints and shortest paths 664 24.5 Proofs of shortest-paths properties 671 25 All-Pairs Shortest Paths 684 25.1 Shortest paths and matrix multiplication 686 25.2 The Floyd-Warshall algorithm 693 25.3 Johnson's algorithm for sparse graphs 700 26 Maximum Flow 708 26.1 Flow networks 709 26.2 The Ford-Fulkerson method 714 26.3 Maximum bipartite matching 732 26.4 Push-relabel algorithms 736 26.5 The relabel-to-front algorithm 748 VII Selected Topics Introduction 769 27 Multithreaded Algorithms Sample Chapter - Download PDF (317 KB) 772 27.1 The basics of dynamic multithreading 774 27.2 Multithreaded matrix multiplication 792 27.3 Multithreaded merge sort 797 28 Matrix Operations 813 28.1 Solving systems of linear equations 813 28.2 Inverting matrices 827 28.3 Symmetric positive-definite matrices and least-squares approximation 832 29 Linear Programming 843 29.1 Standard and slack forms 850 29.2 Formulating problems as linear programs 859 29.3 The simplex algorithm 864 29.4 Duality 879 29.5 The initial basic feasible solution 886 30 Polynomials and the FFT 898 30.1 Representing polynomials 900 30.2 The DFT and FFT 906 30.3 Efficient FFT implementations 915 31 Number-Theoretic Algorithms 926 31.1 Elementary number-theoretic notions 927 31.2 Greatest common divisor 933 31.3 Modular arithmetic 939 31.4 Solving modular linear equations 946 31.5 The Chinese remainder theorem 950 31.6 Powers of an element 954 31.7 The RSA public-key cryptosystem 958 31.8 Primality testing 965 31.9 Integer factorization 975 32 String Matching 985 32.1 The naive string-matching algorithm 988 32.2 The Rabin-Karp algorithm 990 32.3 String matching with finite automata 995 32.4 The Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm 1002 33 Computational Geometry 1014 33.1 Line-segment properties 1015 33.2 Determining whether any pair of segments intersects 1021 33.3 Finding the convex hull 1029 33.4 Finding the closest pair of points 1039 34 NP-Completeness 1048 34.1 Polynomial time 1053 34.2 Polynomial-time verification 1061 34.3 NP-completeness and reducibility 1067 34.4 NP-completeness proofs 1078 34.5 NP-complete problems 1086 35 Approximation Algorithms 1106 35.1 The vertex-cover problem 1108 35.2 The traveling-salesman problem 1111 35.3 The set-covering problem 1117 35.4 Randomization and linear programming 1123 35.5 The subset-sum problem 1128 VIII Appendix: Mathematical Background Introduction 1143 A Summations 1145 A.1 Summation formulas and properties 1145 A.2 Bounding summations 1149 B Sets, Etc. 1158 B.1 Sets 1158 B.2 Relations 1163 B.3 Functions 1166 B.4 Graphs 1168 B.5 Trees 1173 C Counting and Probability 1183 C.1 Counting 1183 C.2 Probability 1189 C.3 Discrete random variables 1196 C.4 The geometric and binomial distributions 1201 C.5 The tails of the binomial distribution 1208 D Matrices 1217 D.1 Matrices and matrix operations 1217 D.2 Basic matrix properties 122
在有关算法的书中,有一些叙述非常严谨,但不够全面;另一些涉及了大量的题材,但又缺乏严谨性。本书将严谨性和全面性融为一体,深入讨论各类算法,并着力使这些算法的设计和分析能为各个层次的读者接受。全书各章自成体系,可以作为独立的学习单元;算法以英语和伪代码的形式描述,具备初步程序设计经验的人就能看懂;说明和解释力求浅显易懂,不失深度和数学严谨性。 --------------------------------------------------------------- 目录 Introduction to Algorithms, Third Edition 出版者的话 译者序 前言 第一部分 基础知识 第1章 算法在计算中的作用  1.1 算法  1.2 作为一种技术的算法  思考题  本章注记 第2章 算法基础  2.1 插入排序  2.2 分析算法  2.3 设计算法   2.3.1 分治法   2.3.2 分析分治算法  思考题  本章注记 第3章 函数的增长  3.1 渐近记号  3.2 标准记号与常用函数  思考题  本章注记 第4章 分治策略  4.1 最大子数组问题  4.2 矩阵乘法的Strassen算法  4.3 用代入法求解递归式  4.4 用递归树方法求解递归式  4.5 用主方法求解递归式  4.6 证明主定理   4.6.1 对b的幂证明主定理   4.6.2 向下取整和向上取整  思考题  本章注记 第5章 概率分析和随机算法  5.1 雇用问题  5.2 指示器随机变量  5.3 随机算法  ?5.4 概率分析和指示器随机变量的进一步使用   5.4.1 生日悖论   5.4.2 球与箱子   5.4.3 特征序列   5.4.4 在线雇用问题  思考题  本章注记 第二部分 排序和顺序统计量 第6章 堆排序  6.1 堆  6.2 维护堆的性质  6.3 建堆  6.4 堆排序算法  6.5 优先队列  思考题  本章注记 第7章 快速排序  7.1 快速排序的描述  7.2 快速排序的性能  7.3 快速排序的随机化版本  7.4 快速排序分析   7.4.1 最坏情况分析   7.4.2 期望运行时间  思考题  本章注记 第8章 线性时间排序  8.1 排序算法的下界  8.2 计数排序  8.3 基数排序  8.4 桶排序  思考题  本章注记 第9章 中位数和顺序统计量  9.1 最小值和最大值  9.2 期望为线性时间的选择算法  9.3 最坏情况为线性时间的选择算法  思考题  本章注记 第三部分 数据结构 第10章 基本数据结构  10.1 栈和队列  10.2 链表  10.3 指针和对象的实现  10.4 有根树的表示  思考题  本章注记 第11章 散列表  11.1 直接寻址表  11.2 散列表  11.3 散列函数   11.3.1 除法散列法   11.3.2 乘法散列法   11.3.3 全域散列法  11.4 开放寻址法  11.5 完全散列  思考题  本章注记 第12章 二叉搜索树  12.1 什么是二叉搜索树  12.2 查询二叉搜索树  12.3 插入和删除  12.4 随机构建二叉搜索树  思考题  本章注记 第13章 红黑树  13.1 红黑树的性质  13.2 旋转  13.3 插入  13.4 删除  思考题  本章注记 第14章 数据结构的扩张  14.1 动态顺序统计  14.2 如何扩张数据结构  14.3 区间树  思考题  本章注记 第四部分 高级设计和分析技术 第15章 动态规划  15.1 钢条切割  15.2 矩阵链乘法  15.3 动态规划原理  15.4 最长公共子序列  15.5 最优二叉搜索树  思考题  本章注记 第16章 贪心算法  16.1 活动选择问题  16.2 贪心算法原理  16.3 赫夫曼编码  16.4 拟阵和贪心算法  16.5 用拟阵求解任务调度问题  思考题  本章注记 第17章 摊还分析  17.1 聚合分析  17.2 核算法  17.3 势能法  17.4 动态表   17.4.1 表扩张   17.4.2 表扩张和收缩  思考题  本章注记 第五部分 高级数据结构 第18章 B树  18.1 B树的定义  18.2 B树上的基本操作  18.3 从B树中删除关键字  思考题  本章注记 第19章 斐波那契堆  19.1 斐波那契堆结构  19.2 可合并堆操作  19.3 关键字减值和删除一个结点  19.4 最大度数的界  思考题  本章注记 第20章 van Emde Boas树  20.1 基本方法  20.2 递归结构   20.2.1 原型van Emde Boas结构   20.2.2 原型van Emde Boas结构上的操作  20.3 van Emde Boas树及其操作   20.3.1 van Emde Boas树   20.3.2 van Emde Boas树的操作  思考题  本章注记 第21章 用于不相交集合的数据结构  21.1 不相交集合的操作  21.2 不相交集合的链表表示  21.3 不相交集合森林  *21.4 带路径压缩的按秩合并的分析  思考题  本章注记 第六部分 图算法 第22章 基本的图算法  22.1 图的表示  22.2 广度优先搜索  22.3 深度优先搜索  22.4 拓扑排序  22.5 强连通分量  思考题  本章注记 第23章 最小生成树  23.1 最小生成树的形成  23.2 Kruskal算法和Prim算法  思考题  本章注记 第24章 单源最短路径  24.1 Bellman?Ford算法  24.2 有向无环图中的单源最短路径问题  24.3 Dijkstra算法  24.4 差分约束和最短路径  24.5 最短路径性质的证明  思考题  本章注记 第25章 所有结点对的最短路径问题  25.1 最短路径和矩阵乘法  25.2 Floyd?Warshall算法  25.3 用于稀疏图的Johnson算法  思考题  本章注记 第26章 最大流  26.1 流网络  26.2 Ford\Fulkerson方法  26.3 最大二分匹配  26.4 推送重贴标签算法  26.5 前置重贴标签算法  思考题  本章注记 第七部分 算法问题选编 第27章 多线程算法  27.1 动态多线程基础  27.2 多线程矩阵乘法  27.3 多线程归并排序  思考题  本章注记 第28章 矩阵运算  28.1 求解线性方程组  28.2 矩阵求逆  28.3 对称正定矩阵和最小二乘逼近  思考题  本章注记 第29章 线性规划  29.1 标准型和松弛型  29.2 将问题表达为线性规划  29.3 单纯形算法  29.4 对偶性  29.5 初始基本可行解  思考题  本章注记 第30章 多项式与快速傅里叶变换  30.1 多项式的表示  30.2 DFT与FFT  30.3 高效FFT实现  思考题  本章注记 第31章 数论算法  31.1 基础数论概念  31.2 最大公约数  31.3 模运算  31.4 求解模线性方程  31.5 中国余数定理  31.6 元素的幂  31.7 RSA公钥加密系统  31.8 素数的测试  31.9 整数的因子分解  思考题  本章注记 第32章 字符串匹配  32.1 朴素字符串匹配算法  32.2 Rabin\Karp算法  32.3 利用有限自动机进行字符串匹配  32.4 Knuth?Morris?Pratt算法  思考题  本章注记 第33章 计算几何学  33.1 线段的性质  33.2 确定任意一对线段是否相交  33.3 寻找凸包  33.4 寻找最近点对  思考题  本章注记 第34章 NP完全性  34.1 多项式时间  34.2 多项式时间的验证  34.3 NP完全性与可归约性  34.4 NP完全性的证明  34.5 NP完全问题   34.5.1 团问题   34.5.2 顶点覆盖问题   34.5.3 哈密顿回路问题   34.5.4 旅行商问题   34.5.5 子集和问题  思考题  本章注记 第35章 近似算法  35.1 顶点覆盖问题  35.2 旅行商问题  35.2.1 满足三角不等式的旅行商问题  35.2.2 一般旅行商问题  35.3 集合覆盖问题  35.4 随机化和线性规划  35.5 子集和问题  思考题  本章注记 第八部分 附录:数学基础知识 附录A 求和  A.1 求和公式及其性质  A.2 确定求和时间的界  思考题  附录注记 附录B 集合等离散数学内容  B.1 集合  B.2 关系  B.3 函数  B.4 图  B.5 树   B.5.1 自由树   B.5.2 有根树和有序树   B.5.3 二叉树和位置树  思考题  附录注记 附录C 计数与概率  C.1 计数  C.2 概率 C.3 离散随机变量  C.4 几何分布与二项分布  *C.5 二项分布的尾部  思考题  附录注记 附录D 矩阵  D.1 矩阵与矩阵运算  D.2 矩阵基本性质  思考题  附录注记
Preface xiii I Foundations Introduction 3 1 The Role of Algorithms in Computing 5 1.1 Algorithms 5 1.2 Algorithms as a technology 11 2 Getting Started 16 2.1 Insertion sort 16 2.2 Analyzing algorithms 23 2.3 Designing algorithms 29 3 Growth of Functions 43 3.1 Asymptotic notation 43 3.2 Standard notations and common functions 53 4 Divide-and-Conquer 65 4.1 The maximum-subarray problem 68 4.2 Strassen’s algorithm for matrix multiplication 75 4.3 The substitution method for solving recurrences 83 4.4 The recursion-tree method for solving recurrences 88 4.5 The master method for solving recurrences 93 4.6 Proof of the master theorem 97 5 Probabilistic Analysis and Randomized Algorithms 114 5.1 The hiring problem 114 5.2 Indicator random variables 118 5.3 Randomized algorithms 122 5.4 Probabilistic analysis and further uses of indicator random variables 130 II Sorting and Order Statistics Introduction 147 6Heapsort151 6.1 Heaps 151 6.2 Maintaining the heap property 154 6.3 Building a heap 156 6.4 The heapsort algorithm 159 6.5 Priority queues 162 7 Quicksort 170 7.1 Description of quicksort 170 7.2 Performance of quicksort 174 7.3 A randomized version of quicksort 179 7.4 Analysis of quicksort 180 8 Sorting in Linear Time 191 8.1 Lower bounds for sorting 191 8.2 Counting sort 194 8.3 Radix sort 197 8.4 Bucket sort 200 9 Medians and Order Statistics 213 9.1 Minimum and maximum 214 9.2 Selection in expected linear time 215 9.3 Selection in worst-case linear time 220 III Data Structures Introduction 229 10 Elementary Data Structures 232 10.1 Stacks and queues 232 10.2 Linked lists 236 10.3 Implementing pointers and objects 241 10.4 Representing rooted trees 246 11 Hash Tables 253 11.1 Direct-address tables 254 11.2 Hash tables 256 11.3 Hash functions 262 11.4 Open addressing 269 11.5 Perfect hashing 277 12 Binary Search Trees 286 12.1 What is a binary search tree? 286 12.2 Querying a binary search tree 289 12.3 Insertion and deletion 294 ? 12.4 Randomly built binary search trees 299 13 Red-Black Trees 308 13.1 Properties of red-black trees 308 13.2 Rotations 312 13.3 Insertion 315 13.4 Deletion 323 14 Augmenting Data Structures 339 14.1 Dynamic order statistics 339 14.2 How to augment a data structure 345 14.3 Interval trees 348 IV Advanced Design and Analysis Techniques Introduction 357 15 Dynamic Programming 359 15.1 Rod cutting 360 15.2 Matrix-chain multiplication 370 15.3 Elements of dynamic programming 378 15.4 Longest common subsequence 390 15.5 Optimal binary search trees 397 16 Greedy Algorithms 414 16.1 An activity-selection problem 415 16.2 Elements of the greedy strategy 423 16.3 Huffman codes 428 ? 16.4 Matroids and greedy methods 437 ? 16.5 A task-scheduling problem as a matroid 443 17 Amortized Analysis 451 17.1 Aggregate analysis 452 17.2 The accounting method 456 17.3 The potential method 459 17.4 Dynamic tables 463 V Advanced Data Structures Introduction 481 18 B-Trees 484 18.1 Definition of B-trees 488 18.2 Basic operations on B-trees 491 18.3 Deleting a key from a B-tree 499 19 Fibonacci Heaps 505 19.1 Structure of Fibonacci heaps 507 19.2 Mergeable-heap operations 510 19.3 Decreasing a key and deleting a node 518 19.4 Bounding the maximum degree 523 20 van Emde Boas Trees 531 20.1 Preliminary approaches 532 20.2 A recursive structure 536 20.3 The van Emde Boas tree 545 21 Data Structures for Disjoint Sets 561 21.1 Disjoint-set operations 561 21.2 Linked-list representation of disjoint sets 564 21.3 Disjoint-set forests 568 ? 21.4 Analysis of union by rank with path compression 573 VI Graph Algorithms Introduction 587 22 Elementary Graph Algorithms 589 22.1 Representations of graphs 589 22.2 Breadth-first search 594 22.3 Depth-first search 603 22.4 Topological sort 612 22.5 Strongly connected components 615 23 Minimum Spanning Trees 624 23.1 Growing a minimum spanning tree 625 23.2 The algorithms of Kruskal and Prim 631 24 Single-Source Shortest Paths 643 24.1 The Bellman-Ford algorithm 651 24.2 Single-source shortest paths in directed acyclic graphs 655 24.3 Dijkstra’s algorithm 658 24.4 Difference constraints and shortest paths 664 24.5 Proofs of shortest-paths properties 671 25 All-Pairs Shortest Paths 684 25.1 Shortest paths and matrix multiplication 686 25.2 The Floyd-Warshall algorithm 693 25.3 Johnson’s algorithm for sparse graphs 700 26 Maximum Flow 708 26.1 Flow networks 709 26.2 The Ford-Fulkerson method 714 26.3 Maximum bipartite matching 732 ? 26.4 Push-relabel algorithms 736 ? 26.5 The relabel-to-front algorithm 748 VII Selected Topics Introduction 769 27 Multithreaded Algorithms 772 27.1 The basics of dynamic multithreading 774 27.2 Multithreaded matrix multiplication 792 27.3 Multithreaded merge sort 797 28 Matrix Operations 813 28.1 Solving systems of linear equations 813 28.2 Inverting matrices 827 28.3 Symmetric positive-definite matrices and least-squares approximation 832 29 Linear Programming 843 29.1 Standard and slack forms 850 29.2 Formulating problems as linear programs 859 29.3 The simplex algorithm 864 29.4 Duality 879 29.5 The initial basic feasible solution 886 VIII Appendix: Mathematical Background Introduction 1143 A Summations 1145 A.1 Summation formulas and properties 1145 A.2 Bounding summations 1149 B Sets, Etc. 1158 B.1 Sets 1158 B.2 Relations 1163 B.3 Functions 1166 B.4 Graphs 1168 B.5 Trees 1173 C Counting and Probability 1183 C.1 Counting 1183 C.2 Probability 1189 C.3 Discrete random variables 1196 C.4 The geometric and binomial distributions 1201 ? C.5 The tails of the binomial distribution 1208 D Matrices 1217 D.1 Matrices and matrix operations 1217 D.2 Basic matrix properties 1222 Bibliography 1231 Index 1251
算法导论英文版,非图片版。 I Foundations Introduction 3 1 The Role of Algorithms in Computing 5 1.1 Algorithms 5 1.2 Algorithms as a technology 11 2 Getting Started 16 2.1 Insertion sort 16 2.2 Analyzing algorithms 23 2.3 Designing algorithms 29 3 Growth of Functions 43 3.1 Asymptotic notation 43 3.2 Standard notations and common functions 53 4 Divide-and-Conquer 65 4.1 The maximum-subarray problem 68 4.2 Strassen’s algorithm for matrix multiplication 75 4.3 The substitution method for solving recurrences 4.4 The recursion-tree method for solving recurrences 88 4.5 The master method for solving recurrences 93 ? 4.6 Proof of the master theorem 97 5 Probabilistic Analysis and Randomized Algorithms 114 5.1 The hiring problem 114 5.2 Indicator random variables 118 5.3 Randomized algorithms 122 ? 5.4 Probabilistic analysis and further uses of indicator random variables 130 83 vi Contents II Sorting and Order Statistics Introduction 147 6 Heapsort 151 6.1 Heaps 151 6.2 Maintaining the heap property 154 6.3 Building a heap 156 6.4 The heapsort algorithm 159 6.5 Priority queues 162 7 Quicksort 170 7.1 Description of quicksort 170 7.2 Performance of quicksort 174 7.3 A randomized version of quicksort 179 7.4 Analysis of quicksort 180 8 Sorting in Linear Time 191 8.1 Lower bounds for sorting 191 8.2 Counting sort 194 8.3 Radix sort 197 8.4 Bucket sort 200 9 Medians and Order Statistics 213 9.1 Minimum and maximum 214 9.2 Selection in expected linear time 215 9.3 Selection in worst-case linear time 220 III Data Structures Introduction 229 10 Elementary Data Structures 232 10.1 Stacks and queues 232 10.2 Linked lists 236 10.3 Implementing pointers and objects 241 10.4 Representing rooted trees 246 11 Hash Tables 253 11.1 Direct-address tables 254 11.2 Hash tables 256 11.3 Hash functions 262 11.4 Open addressing 269 ? 11.5 Perfect hashing 277 Contents vii 12 Binary Search Trees 286 12.1 What is a binary search tree? 286 12.2 Querying a binary search tree 289 12.3 Insertion and deletion 294 ? 12.4 Randomly built binary search trees 299 13 Red-Black Trees 308 13.1 Properties of red-black trees 308 13.2 Rotations 312 13.3 Insertion 315 13.4 Deletion 323 14 Augmenting Data Structures 339 14.1 Dynamic order statistics 339 14.2 How to augment a data structure 345 14.3 Interval trees 348 IV Advanced Design and Analysis Techniques Introduction 357 15 Dynamic Programming 359 15.1 Rod cutting 360 15.2 Matrix-chain multiplication 370 15.3 Elements of dynamic programming 378 15.4 Longest common subsequence 390 15.5 Optimal binary search trees 397 16 Greedy Algorithms 414 16.1 An activity-selection problem 16.2 Elements of the greedy strategy 423 16.3 Huffman codes 428 415 ? 16.4 Matroids and greedy methods 437 ? 16.5 A task-scheduling problem as a matroid 443 17 Amortized Analysis 451 17.1 Aggregate analysis 452 17.2 The accounting method 456 17.3 The potential method 459 17.4 Dynamic tables 463 viii Contents V Advanced Data Structures Introduction 481 18 B-Trees 484 18.1 Definition of B-trees 488 18.2 Basic operations on B-trees 491 18.3 Deleting a key from a B-tree 499 19 Fibonacci Heaps 505 19.1 Structure of Fibonacci heaps 507 19.2 Mergeable-heap operations 510 19.3 Decreasing a key and deleting a node 518 19.4 Bounding the maximum degree 523 20 van Emde Boas Trees 531 20.1 Preliminary approaches 532 20.2 A recursive structure 536 20.3 The van Emde Boas tree 545 21 Data Structures for Disjoint Sets 561 21.1 Disjoint-set operations 561 21.2 Linked-list representation of disjoint sets 564 21.3 Disjoint-set forests 568 ? 21.4 Analysis of union by rank with path compression 573 VI Graph Algorithms Introduction 587 22 Elementary Graph Algorithms 589 22.1 Representations of graphs 589 22.2 Breadth-first search 594 22.3 Depth-first search 22.4 Topological sort 612 22.5 Strongly connected components 615 23 Minimum Spanning Trees 624 23.1 Growing a minimum spanning tree 625 23.2 The algorithms of Kruskal and Prim 631 603 Contents ix 24 Single-Source Shortest Paths 643 24.1 The Bellman-Ford algorithm 651 24.2 Single-source shortest paths in directed acyclic graphs 24.3 Dijkstra’s algorithm 658 24.4 Difference constraints and shortest paths 664 24.5 Proofs of shortest-paths properties 671 655 25 All-Pairs Shortest Paths 684 25.1 Shortest paths and matrix multiplication 25.2 The Floyd-Warshall algorithm 693 25.3 Johnson’s algorithm for sparse graphs 686 700 26 Maximum Flow 708 26.1 Flow networks 709 26.2 The Ford-Fulkerson method 714 26.3 Maximum bipartite matching 732 ? 26.4 Push-relabel algorithms 736 ? 26.5 The relabel-to-front algorithm 748 VII Selected Topics Introduction 769 27 Multithreaded Algorithms 772 27.1 The basics of dynamic multithreading 27.2 Multithreaded matrix multiplication 792 27.3 Multithreaded merge sort 797 28 Matrix Operations 813 28.1 Solving systems of linear equations 813 28.2 Inverting matrices 827 28.3 Symmetric positive-definite matrices and least-squares approximation 832 29 Linear Programming 843 29.1 Standard and slack forms 850 29.2 Formulating problems as linear programs 859 29.3 The simplex algorithm 864 29.4 Duality 879 29.5 The initial basic feasible solution 886 774 x Contents 30 Polynomials and the FFT 898 30.1 Representing polynomials 900 30.2 The DFT and FFT 906 30.3 Efficient FFT implementations 915 31 Number-Theoretic Algorithms 926 31.1 Elementary number-theoretic notions 927 31.2 Greatest common divisor 933 31.3 Modular arithmetic 939 31.4 Solving modular linear equations 946 31.5 The Chinese remainder theorem 950 31.6 Powers of an element 954 31.7 The RSA public-key cryptosystem ? 31.8 Primality testing 965 ? 31.9 Integer factorization 975 958 32 String Matching 985 32.1 The naive string-matching algorithm 988 32.2 The Rabin-Karp algorithm 990 32.3 String matching with finite automata 995 ? 32.4 The Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm 1002 33 Computational Geometry 1014 33.1 Line-segment properties 1015 33.2 Determining whether any pair of segments intersects 1021 33.3 Finding the convex hull 1029 33.4 Finding the closest pair of points 1039 34 NP-Completeness 1048 34.1 Polynomial time 1053 34.2 Polynomial-time verification 1061 34.3 NP-completeness and reducibility 1067 34.4 NP-completeness proofs 1078 34.5 NP-complete problems 1086 35 Approximation Algorithms 1106 35.1 The vertex-cover problem 1108 35.2 The traveling-salesman problem 1111 35.3 The set-covering problem 1117 35.4 Randomization and linear programming 1123 35.5 The subset-sum problem 1128 Contents xi VIII Appendix: Mathematical Background Introduction 1143 A Summations 1145 A.1 Summation formulas and properties 1145 A.2 Bounding summations 1149 B Sets, Etc. 1158 B.1 Sets 1158 B.2 Relations 1163 B.3 Functions 1166 B.4 Graphs 1168 B.5 Trees 1173 C Counting and Probability 1183 C.1 Counting 1183 C.2 Probability 1189 C.3 Discrete random variables 1196 C.4 The geometric and binomial distributions 1201 D Matrices 1217 D.1 Matrices and matrix operations 1217 D.2 Basic matrix properties 1222 Bibliography 1231 Index 1251

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