线程安全:
当多个线程访问某一个类(对象或方法)时,这个对象始终都能表现出正确的行为,那么这个类(对象或方法)就是线程安全的
synchronized:
可以在任意对象及方法上加锁,而加锁的这段代码称为"互斥区"或"临界区"
例子:
public class MyThread extends Thread{
private int count = 5 ;
//synchronized加锁
public void run(){
count--;
System.out.println(this.currentThread().getName() + " count = "+ count);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread myThread = new MyThread();
Thread t1 = new Thread(myThread,"t1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(myThread,"t2");
Thread t3 = new Thread(myThread,"t3");
Thread t4 = new Thread(myThread,"t4");
Thread t5 = new Thread(myThread,"t5");
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
t4.start();
t5.start();
}
}
输出结果:t2 count = 3
t1 count = 3
t4 count = 2
t3 count = 1
t5 count = 0
count值并没有按照顺序去减
下面 将run方法加上synchronized
public class MyThread extends Thread{
private int count = 5 ;
//synchronized加锁
public synchronized void run(){
count--;
System.out.println(this.currentThread().getName() + " count = "+ count);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread myThread = new MyThread();
Thread t1 = new Thread(myThread,"t1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(myThread,"t2");
Thread t3 = new Thread(myThread,"t3");
Thread t4 = new Thread(myThread,"t4");
Thread t5 = new Thread(myThread,"t5");
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
t4.start();
t5.start();
}
}
输出结果:t1 count = 4
t3 count = 3
t4 count = 2
t2 count = 1
t5 count = 0
结论分析:
当多个线程访问myThread的run方法时,以排队的方式进行处理(这里排对是按照CPU分配的先后顺序而定的),一个线程想要执行synchronized修饰的方法里的代码:
1 尝试获得锁
2 如果拿到锁,执行synchronized代码体内容;拿不到锁,这个线程就会不断的尝试获得这把锁,直到拿到为止,
而且是多个线程同时去竞争这把锁。(也就是会有锁竞争的问题)
对象锁和类级别锁
关键字synchronized取得的锁都是对象锁,而不是把一段代码(方法)当做锁,所以代码中哪个线程先执行synchronized关键字的方法,哪个线程就持有该方法所属对象的锁(Lock)
在静态方法上加synchronized关键字,表示锁定.class类,类一级别的锁(独占.class类)。
列子
public class MultiThread {
private int num = 0;
/** static */
public synchronized void printNum(String tag){
try {
if(tag.equals("a")){
num = 100;
System.out.println("tag a, set num over!");
Thread.sleep(1000);
} else {
num = 200;
System.out.println("tag b, set num over!");
}
System.out.println("tag " + tag + ", num = " + num);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//注意观察run方法输出顺序
public static void main(String[] args) {
//俩个不同的对象
final MultiThread m1 = new MultiThread();
final MultiThread m2 = new MultiThread();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
m1.printNum("a");
}
});
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
m2.printNum("b");
}
});
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
结果
tag a, set num over!
tag b, set num over!
tag b, num = 200
tag a, num = 100
结果分析: 线程m1 m2都执行了run方法,如果m1线程调到run方法时,获得了对象锁,m2等待m1执行完才执行,结果应该是 :
tag a, set num over!
tag a, num = 100
tag b, set num over!
tag b, num = 200
其实不然,m1 m2 是2个对象,有2把锁,没有冲突,所以都可以执行,可以使用类级别锁,输出结果会按照顺序
public class MultiThread {
private static int num = 0;
/** static */
public static synchronized void printNum(String tag){
try {
if(tag.equals("a")){
num = 100;
System.out.println("tag a, set num over!");
Thread.sleep(1000);
} else {
num = 200;
System.out.println("tag b, set num over!");
}
System.out.println("tag " + tag + ", num = " + num);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//注意观察run方法输出顺序
public static void main(String[] args) {
//俩个不同的对象
final MultiThread m1 = new MultiThread();
final MultiThread m2 = new MultiThread();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
m1.printNum("a");
}
});
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
m2.printNum("b");
}
});
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
结果:
tag a, set num over!
tag a, num = 100
tag b, set num over!
tag b, num = 200
结果分析:在静态方法上加synchronized关键字,表示锁定.class类,类一级别的锁(独占.class类),无论创建几个对象,调用printNum()方法,获取的都是类级别锁
结论:
关键字synchronized取得的锁都是对象锁,而不是把一段代码(方法)当做锁,所以代码中哪个线程先执行synchronized关键字的方法,哪个线程就持有该方法所属对象的锁(Lock),
在静态方法上加synchronized关键字,表示锁定.class类,类一级别的锁(独占.class类)。
对象锁的同步和异步
同步: synchronized
同步的概念就是共享,我们要牢牢记住共享这2个字,如果不是“共享”资源,就没必要进行同步
异步:
异步的概念就是独立,相互之间不受任何制约,就好像学习http的时候,在页面发起ajax请求,还可以继续浏览和操作页面的内容,二者之间没有任何关系
public class MyObject {
//同步方法
public synchronized void method1(){
try {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
Thread.sleep(4000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
/** 异步方法,没有任何锁的机制就是异步方法*/
public void method2(){
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}
区别:
method1异步方法多个线程需要排队的方法,而method2同步方法多个线程可以并发的访问
例子
public class MyObject {
public synchronized void method1(){
try {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
Thread.sleep(4000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
/** synchronized */
public void method2(){
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final MyObject mo = new MyObject();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
mo.method1();
}
},"t1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
mo.method2();
}
},"t2");
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
结果:
同时输出 t1 t2,没有等待4秒输出t2
分析:
t1线程先持有object对象的Lock锁,t2线程可以以异步的方式调用对象中的非synchronized修饰的方法
t1线程先持有object对象的Lock锁,t2线程如果在这个时候调用对象中的同步(synchronized)方法则需等待,也就是同步