算法复杂度这件事
这篇文章覆盖了计算机科学里面常见算法的时间和空间的大 O 复杂度。我之前在参加面试前,经常需要花费很多时间从互联网上查找各种搜索和排序算法的优劣,以便我在面试时不会被问住。最近这几年,我面试了几家硅谷的初创企业和一些更大一些的公司,如 Yahoo、eBay、LinkedIn 和 Google,每次我都需要准备这个,我就在问自己,“为什么没有人创建一个漂亮的大 O 速查表呢?”所以,为了节省大家的时间,我就创建了这个,希望你喜欢!
— Eric
图例
绝佳 | 不错 | 一般 | 不佳 | 糟糕 |
数据结构操作
数据结构 | 时间复杂度 | 空间复杂度 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
平均 | 最差 | 最差 | |||||||
访问 | 搜索 | 插入 | 删除 | 访问 | 搜索 | 插入 | 删除 | ||
Array | O(1) | O(n) | O(n) | O(n) | O(1) | O(n) | O(n) | O(n) | O(n) |
Stack | O(n) | O(n) | O(1) | O(1) | O(n) | O(n) | O(1) | O(1) | O(n) |
Singly-Linked List | O(n) | O(n) | O(1) | O(1) | O(n) | O(n) | O(1) | O(1) | O(n) |
Doubly-Linked List | O(n) | O(n) | O(1) | O(1) | O(n) | O(n) | O(1) | O(1) | O(n) |
Skip List | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(n) | O(n) | O(n) | O(n) | O(n log(n)) |
Hash Table | – | O(1) | O(1) | O(1) | – | O(n) | O(n) | O(n) | O(n) |
Binary Search Tree | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(n) | O(n) | O(n) | O(n) | O(n) |
Cartesian Tree | – | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | – | O(n) | O(n) | O(n) | O(n) |
B-Tree | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(n) |
Red-Black Tree | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(n) |
Splay Tree | – | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | – | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(n) |
AVL Tree | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(n) |
数组排序算法
算法 | 时间复杂度 | 空间复杂度 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
最佳 | 平均 | 最差 | 最差 | |
Quicksort | O(n log(n)) | O(n log(n)) | O(n^2) | O(log(n)) |
Mergesort | O(n log(n)) | O(n log(n)) | O(n log(n)) | O(n) |
Timsort | O(n) | O(n log(n)) | O(n log(n)) | O(n) |
Heapsort | O(n log(n)) | O(n log(n)) | O(n log(n)) | O(1) |
Bubble Sort | O(n) | O(n^2) | O(n^2) | O(1) |
Insertion Sort | O(n) | O(n^2) | O(n^2) | O(1) |
Selection Sort | O(n^2) | O(n^2) | O(n^2) | O(1) |
Shell Sort | O(n) | O((nlog(n))^2) | O((nlog(n))^2) | O(1) |
Bucket Sort | O(n+k) | O(n+k) | O(n^2) | O(n) |
Radix Sort | O(nk) | O(nk) | O(nk) | O(n+k) |
图操作
节点 / 边界管理 | 存储 | 增加顶点 | 增加边界 | 移除顶点 | 移除边界 | 查询 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjacency list | O(|V|+|E|) | O(1) | O(1) | O(|V| + |E|) | O(|E|) | O(|V|) |
Incidence list | O(|V|+|E|) | O(1) | O(1) | O(|E|) | O(|E|) | O(|E|) |
Adjacency matrix | O(|V|^2) | O(|V|^2) | O(1) | O(|V|^2) | O(1) | O(1) |
Incidence matrix | O(|V| ⋅ |E|) | O(|V| ⋅ |E|) | O(|V| ⋅ |E|) | O(|V| ⋅ |E|) | O(|V| ⋅ |E|) | O(|E|) |
堆操作
类型 | 时间复杂度 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HEAPIFY | 查找最大值 | 分离最大值 | 提升键 | 插入 | 删除 | 合并 | |
Linked List (sorted) | – | O(1) | O(1) | O(n) | O(n) | O(1) | O(m+n) |
Linked List (unsorted) | – | O(n) | O(n) | O(1) | O(1) | O(1) | O(1) |
Binary Heap | O(n) | O(1) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(m+n) |
Binomial Heap | – | O(1) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) | O(1) | O(log(n)) | O(log(n)) |
Fibonacci Heap | – | O(1) | O(log(n)) | O(1) | O(1) | O(log(n)) | O(1) |
大 O 复杂度图表
Big O Complexity Graph
推荐阅读
- Cracking the Coding Interview: 150 Programming Questions and Solutions
- Introduction to Algorithms, 3rd Edition
- Data Structures and Algorithms in Java (2nd Edition)
- High Performance JavaScript (Build Faster Web Application Interfaces)
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