ImageMagick简介
ImageMagick是一个适用于创建、编辑和组合位图的软件。它能够读、写和转换超过百余种格式的图片。
另外，ImageMagick针对主流的编程语言都有借口，包括G2F (Ada), MagickCore (C), MagickWand (C), ChMagick (Ch), ImageMagickObject (COM+), Magick++ (C++), JMagick (Java), L-Magick (Lisp), NMagick (Neko/haXe), MagickNet (.NET), PascalMagick (Pascal), PerlMagick (Perl), MagickWand for PHP (PHP), IMagick (PHP), PythonMagick (Python), RMagick (Ruby), 和 TclMagick (Tcl/TK)。当然，你也可以通过命令行的方式将它与其它程序组合起来。
ImageMagick是一个开源软件，以可运行的二进制文件和源代码两种方式发布。你可以在公开和私有的程序中随意地使用、复制、修改和分发它。它基于Apache 2.0风格的协议发布。
ImageMagick使用实例
Image MagicK 是一个强大的图象处理工具包。它提供了几个非常方 便的命令行命令: display, animate,import, montage,mogrify,identify等，可以进行图象的显示，缩放，旋转， 调色，加框，加注释等，还能制作GIF动画，图象索引，能自动生成 图象.
- 制作索引图和动画
!/bin/bash montage -bordercolor red -borderwidth 3 -label "%f" -tile 5x3 *.JPG montage.jpg mogrify -format gif *.JPG display montage.jpg animate *.JPG - 缩放 convert -sample 80x40 input.jpg output.jpg #注意：缩放后图像保持原来的长宽比例 convert -sample 25%x25% input.jpg output.jpg
- 为当前目录的所有图像生成缩略图
for img in `ls *.jpg` do convert -sample 25%x25% $img thumb-$img done - 获取文件信息 libtiff
tiffinfo filename.tiff pnginfo filename.png - 可以使用 ImageMagick 的 identify
identify -verbose sample.png identify -format "%wx%h" sample.png - 旋转图像
convert -rotate 90 input.jpg output.jpg - 更改文件类型
convert input.jpg output.png - 为图像增加注释文字
convert -font helvetica -fill white -pointsize 36 \ -draw 'text 10,50 "Floriade 2002, Canberra, Australia"' \ floriade.jpg comment.jpg convert -font fonts/1900805.ttf -fill white -pointsize 36 \ -draw 'text 10,475 "stillhq.com"' \ floriade.jpg stillhq.jpg - 特殊效果
convert -charcoal 2 input.jpg output.jpg #炭笔 convert -colorize 255 input.jpg output.jpg #着色 可以指定三种颜色 red/green/blue convert -implode 4 input.jpg output.jpg #内爆效果 convert -solarize 42 input.jpg output.jpg #曝光，模拟胶片曝光 convert -spread 5 input.jpg output.jpg #随机移动，参数是位移大小 - 一次执行多个操作
convert -sample 25%x25% -spread 4 -charcoal 4 input.jpg output.jpg
ImageMagick FAQ 摘要
- 如何让animate在显示图片的过程保持窗口的标题不变
animate -title "My Image Sequence" images. - import抓得的图片与X服务器上显示的不一致怎么办？
import -descend image.miff - 如何动画显示YUV 图片序列?
animate -geometry 352x240 -scene 0-71 yuv3:frame%d - 如果只看一个RGB图片的红色通道(red channel)?
display -gamma 1.0,0.0,0.0 image.miff - 如何改变PostScript默认纸张大小?
要改变默认的612x792大小，修改magick/image.h中的PSPageGeometry的值并重编译. - 如何自左至右无边无框无文字半三幅画连接在一起？
convert +append image1.ppm image2.ppm image3.ppm side_by_side.miff # 或 convert -size 350x500 xc:black composite.miff composite -geometry +0+0 composite.miff image1.gif composite.miff composite -geometry +100+0 composite.miff image2.gif composite.miff composite -geometry +0+300 composite.miff image3.gif composite.miff composite -geometry +0+375 composite.miff image4.gif composite.miff - 如何生成gif动画?
convert -delay 20 frame*.gif animation.gif convert -delay 20 frame1.gif -delay 10 frame2.gif -delay 5 frame3.gif animation.gif convert frame1.gif -page +50+100 frame2.gif -page +0+100 frame3.gif animation.gif convert -loop 50 frame*.gif animation.gif convert +adjoin images.* frames%d.gif - 如果完整的显示PostScript图片？
display -page letter image.ps - 什么是图片目录？如何使用它们?
#图片目录（visual image directory ，VID）的创建： montage *.jpg directory.vid convert 'vid:*.jpg' directory.vid #显示图片目录 display directory.vid display vid:movie.mpg - 如果带框架保存一个窗口?
xwininfo -frame import -frame -window ID window.miff - 图片以单一颜色（a solid color）显示，是怎么回事？ 图片被破坏，或含有值为0的matte层，试着:
display +matte image.miff - 出现 "???? library is not available ..."是怎么回事? 没安装相关的函数库。参见安装说明。
- 如何查看图片不光滑层(matte channel)的值？
convert image.tiff image.matte display -size 640x480 gray:image.matte - 运行"Convert in.gif out.png" 时显示 "Invalid Parameter - out. 你运行的convert是windows的分区类型转换程序。
- 如何在图片增加斜角?
#对图片边缘的处理共分四类。 1）增加有色边 convert -bordercolor red -border 25x25 image.jpg image.gif 2）加亮或变暗图片边缘，以增强3D效果 convert -raise 25 image.jpg image.gif 3）在图片周围增加装饰性框架。 convert -mattecolor gray -frame 25x25 image.jpg image.gif 4）在图片边缘增加升、降斜角 convert -mattecolor gray -frame 25x25+0+25 image.jpg image.gif convert -mattecolor gray -frame 25x25+25+0 image.jpg image.gif - 用窗口管理器运行display失败了，怎么办? 用下列命令之一来确认display运行在一个交互环境中：
display logo:Untitled display < /dev/console - 将PostScript文件转换为其它格式时，如何改善文字的外观？
convert -density 288 -geometry 25% image.ps image.gif - 如何用2－3英寸高的文字注释一个图片? 先检查有无可缩放字体： xlsfonts -fn '*-0-0-0-0-*' 有则：
convert -font '-*-helvetica-*-*-*--300-300-*-*-*-*-iso8859-1' \ -fill green -draw 'text 50,300 Magick' image.gif annotated.gif # If you have the FreeType support built into ImageMagick, # just increase your pointsize and/or density: convert -font Helvetica -pointsize 100 -density 300 ... - 如何将gif文件分析为一系列的单个图片？
convert animation.gif frame%02d.gif - 用NetScape显示的图片，如何去掉周围的背景色？ convert +page alpha.gif beta.gif
- 如何用web安全的颜色（Web safe colors）创建GIF或PNG图片？
convert -map netscape: alpha.gif beta.gif - 为何Adobe Acrobat 2.1不能读ImageMagick's制作的PDF? 用 Acrobat 3.0或以上版本，来阅读这种经zip压缩的pdf，或制作PDF时不进行压缩。
convert +compress images.tiff image.pdf - 如何在图片上增加一个不光滑层(matte channel)?
convert image.gif -matte temp.miff composite -compose CopyOpacity mask.xbm temp.miff transparent.gif - 在NT环境下如何用convert在图片上写字？
convert -font Arial -fill blue -draw "text 10,10 'your text here'" d:\test.tif png:d:\test.png convert.exe -pointsize 18 -draw "text 0,0 "This is my text!"" C:\blank.gif c:\text.gif - 为何GIF文件比期望的大? 需要在编译源码时加 --enable-lzw 参数，来打开LZW压缩功能。
- 为何JPEG文件比期望的大? 可能嵌入Exif或IPTC等"profiles", 或者含有没压缩的thumbnails. 可以用命令行参数 +profile ""或相关的API来将它们去掉。
- 如何从图片文件中抽取第一张图片？
convert "Image.gif[0]" first.gif - 如何创建一张空白图片？
convert -size 800x600 xc:"#ddddff" ltblue.ppm convert -size 800x600 null:white white.ppm convert in.png -threshold 100% black.ppm #<--与in.png同大小 - 为何GIF文件比期望的大? 需要在编译源码时加 --enable-lzw 参数，来打开LZW压缩功能。
- 为何JPEG文件比期望的大? 可能嵌入Exif或IPTC等"profiles", 或者含有没压缩的thumbnails. 可以用命令行参数 +profile ""或相关的API来将它们去掉。
使用笔记
- 把matlab中画出的多幅图作成GIF动画
for i in `ls *.jpg`; do convert -trim -resize 350x305 $i crop.$i; done convert -delay 10 -loop 3 crop.frame*.jpg string.gif rm crop.frame*.jpg - 生成png格式的email地址
convert -size 185x19 null:white email.png convert -font monospace -fill black -pointsize 16 -draw 'text 4,14 "youremail@yourdomain"' email.png email.png convert -font monospace -fill blue -pointsize 16 -draw 'text 3,13 "youremail@yourdomain"' email.png email.png
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
convert -crop 300x300+0+0 -resize 200x200 -colors 100 +profile "*" 1.jpg 1.png
表示：把1.jpg先从左上角(0,0)为起点裁剪一块300x300的部分，然后把这部分缩小到200x200，然后把颜色缩减到100色，最后生成1.png。
+profile "*": 意味着在图片文件里不存储附加信息，以减小图片体积。
注意，-resize会试图保留原图的视觉比例，因此不一定生成的图片和你指定的尺寸一定匹配，比如，如果2.jpg大小是400x200，所以如果用命令：convert 2.jpg -resize 100x100 2.png，那么生成的图片2.png的实际大小是100x50。
常用的参数有：
-crop 宽x高+起点横坐标+起点纵坐标：裁剪图
-resize 宽x高!：改变尺寸，如果使用惊叹号，表示不保留视觉比例，强行改变尺寸匹配给定的宽和高；如果仅给定宽或者高，如“宽x”或“x高”形式的参数(“x高”与“宽x高”的效果是一样的)，则以已知参数为基准按比例改变尺寸。
-colors 颜色数：设定图片采用的颜色数，如果是生成png或gif图片应指定这个参数
-quality 质量：设定jpeg图片输出质量，推荐采用80，此命令仅用于输出格式是jpg的情况，不应省略，省略的话默认质量是95，生成图片过大
+profile "*"：图片中不存储附加信息，必须使用，否则生成图片过大
convert.exe工具命令列表
Use the convert program to convert between image formats as well as resize an image, blur, crop, despeckle, dither, draw on, flip, join, re-sample, and much more. See Command Line Processing for advice on how to structure your convert command or see below for example usages of the command.
Example Usage
We list a few examples of the convert command here to illustrate its usefulness and ease of use. To get started, lets convert an image in the JPEG format to PNG:
$ convert rose.jpg rose.png
Next, we reduce the image size before it is written to the PNG format:
$ convert rose.jpg -resize 50% rose.png
You can combine multiple image-processing operations to produce complex results:
$ convert -size 320x85 canvas:none -font Bookman-DemiItalic -pointsize 72 \
-draw "text 25,60 'Magick'" -channel RGBA -blur 0x6 -fill darkred -stroke magenta \
-draw "text 20,55 'Magick'" fuzzy-magick.png
or here we resize an image with improved quality:
$ convert input.png -colorspace RGB +sigmoidal-contrast 11.6933 \
-define filter:filter=Sinc -define filter:window=Jinc -define filter:lobes=3 \
-resize 400% -sigmoidal-contrast 11.6933 -colorspace sRGB output.png
You can find additional examples of using convert in Examples of ImageMagick Usage.
Option Summary
The convert command recognizes these options. Click on an option to get more details about how that option works.
| Option | Description |
|---|---|
| -adaptive-blur geometry | adaptively blur pixels; decrease effect near edges |
| -adaptive-resize geometry | adaptively resize image with data dependent triangulation. |
| -adaptive-sharpen geometry | adaptively sharpen pixels; increase effect near edges |
| -adjoin | join images into a single multi-image file |
| -affine matrix | affine transform matrix |
| -alpha | on, activate, off, deactivate, set, opaque, copy", transparent, extract, background, or shape the alpha channel |
| -annotate geometry text | annotate the image with text |
| -antialias | remove pixel-aliasing |
| -append | append an image sequence |
| -authenticate value | decipher image with this password |
| -auto-gamma | automagically adjust gamma level of image |
| -auto-level | automagically adjust color levels of image |
| -auto-orient | automagically orient image |
| -background color | background color |
| -bench iterations | measure performance |
| -bias value | add bias when convolving an image |
| -black-threshold value | force all pixels below the threshold into black |
| -blue-primary point | chromaticity blue primary point |
| -blue-shift factor | simulate a scene at nighttime in the moonlight |
| -blur geometry | reduce image noise and reduce detail levels |
| -border geometry | surround image with a border of color |
| -bordercolor color | border color |
| -brightness-contrastgeometry | improve brightness / contrast of the image |
| -canny geometry | use a multi-stage algorithm to detect a wide range of edges in the image |
| -caption string | assign a caption to an image |
| -cdl filename | color correct with a color decision list |
| -channel type | apply option to select image channels |
| -charcoal radius | simulate a charcoal drawing |
| -chop geometry | remove pixels from the image interior |
| -clamp | set each pixel whose value is below zero to zero and any the pixel whose value is above the quantum range to the quantum range (e.g. 65535) otherwise the pixel value remains unchanged. |
| -clip | clip along the first path from the 8BIM profile |
| -clip-mask filename | associate clip mask with the image |
| -clip-path id | clip along a named path from the 8BIM profile |
| -clone index | clone an image |
| -clut | apply a color lookup table to the image |
| -contrast-stretch geometry | improve the contrast in an image by `stretching' the range of intensity value |
| -coalesce | merge a sequence of images |
| -colorize value | colorize the image with the fill color |
| -color-matrix matrix | apply color correction to the image. |
| -colors value | preferred number of colors in the image |
| -colorspace type | set image colorspace |
| -combine | combine a sequence of images |
| -comment string | annotate image with comment |
| -compare | compare image |
| -complexoperator | perform complex mathematics on an image sequence |
| -compose operator | set image composite operator |
| -composite | composite image |
| -compress type | image compression type |
| -contrast | enhance or reduce the image contrast |
| -convolve coefficients | apply a convolution kernel to the image |
| -crop geometry | crop the image |
| -cycle amount | cycle the image colormap |
| -decipher filename | convert cipher pixels to plain |
| -debug events | display copious debugging information |
| -define format:option | define one or more image format options |
| -deconstruct | break down an image sequence into constituent parts |
| -delay value | display the next image after pausing |
| -delete index | delete the image from the image sequence |
| -density geometry | horizontal and vertical density of the image |
| -depth value | image depth |
| -despeckle | reduce the speckles within an image |
| -direction type | render text right-to-left or left-to-right |
| -display server | get image or font from this X server |
| -dispose method | layer disposal method |
| -distribute-cache port | launch a distributed pixel cache server |
| -distort type coefficients | distort image |
| -dither method | apply error diffusion to image |
| -draw string | annotate the image with a graphic primitive |
| -duplicate count,indexes | duplicate an image one or more times |
| -edge radius | apply a filter to detect edges in the image |
| -emboss radius | emboss an image |
| -encipher filename | convert plain pixels to cipher pixels |
| -encoding type | text encoding type |
| -endian type | endianness (MSB or LSB) of the image |
| -enhance | apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image |
| -equalize | perform histogram equalization to an image |
| -evaluate operator value | evaluate an arithmetic, relational, or logical expression |
| -evaluate-sequence operator | evaluate an arithmetic, relational, or logical expression for an image sequence |
| -extent geometry | set the image size |
| -extract geometry | extract area from image |
| -family name | render text with this font family |
| -features distance | analyze image features (e.g. contract, correlations, etc.). |
| -fft | implments the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) |
| -fill color | color to use when filling a graphic primitive |
| -filter type | use this filter when resizing an image |
| -flatten | flatten a sequence of images |
| -flip | flip image in the vertical direction |
| -floodfill geometry color | floodfill the image with color |
| -flop | flop image in the horizontal direction |
| -font name | render text with this font |
| -format string | output formatted image characteristics |
| -frame geometry | surround image with an ornamental border |
| -function name | apply a function to the image |
| -fuzz distance | colors within this distance are considered equal |
| -fx expression | apply mathematical expression to an image channel(s) |
| -gamma value | level of gamma correction |
| -gaussian-blur geometry | reduce image noise and reduce detail levels |
| -geometry geometry | preferred size or location of the image |
| -gravity type | horizontal and vertical text placement |
| -grayscale method | convert image to grayscale |
| -green-primary point | chromaticity green primary point |
| -help | print program options |
| -hough-lines geometry | identify lines in the image |
| -identify | identify the format and characteristics of the image |
| -ift | implements the inverse discrete Fourier transform (DFT) |
| -implode amount | implode image pixels about the center |
| -insert index | insert last image into the image sequence |
| -intensity method | method to generate an intensity value from a pixel |
| -intent type | type of rendering intent when managing the image color |
| -interlace type | type of image interlacing scheme |
| -interline-spacing value | the space between two text lines |
| -interpolate method | pixel color interpolation method |
| -interword-spacing value | the space between two words |
| -kerning value | the space between two characters |
| -label string | assign a label to an image |
| -lat geometry | local adaptive thresholding |
| -layers method | optimize or compare image layers |
| -level value | adjust the level of image contrast |
| -limit type value | pixel cache resource limit |
| -linear-stretch geometry | linear with saturation histogram stretch |
| -liquid-rescale geometry | rescale image with seam-carving |
| -list type | Color, Configure, Delegate, Format, Magic, Module, Resource, or Type |
| -log format | format of debugging information |
| -loop iterations | add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation |
| -mask filename | associate a mask with the image |
| -mattecolor color | frame color |
| -median radius | apply a median filter to the image |
| -mean-shift geometry | delineate arbitrarily shaped clusters in the image |
| -metric type | measure differences between images with this metric |
| -mode radius | make each pixel the 'predominant color' of the neighborhood |
| -modulate value | vary the brightness, saturation, and hue |
| -moments | display image moments. |
| -monitor | monitor progress |
| -monochrome | transform image to black and white |
| -morph value | morph an image sequence |
| -morphology method kernel | apply a morphology method to the image |
| -motion-blur geometry | simulate motion blur |
| -negate | replace each pixel with its complementary color |
| -noise radius | add or reduce noise in an image |
| -normalize | transform image to span the full range of colors |
| -opaque color | change this color to the fill color |
| -ordered-dither NxN | ordered dither the image |
| -orient type | image orientation |
| -page geometry | size and location of an image canvas (setting) |
| -paint radius | simulate an oil painting |
| -perceptible | set each pixel whose value is less than |epsilon| to -epsilon or epsilon (whichever is closer) otherwise the pixel value remains unchanged. |
| -ping | efficiently determine image attributes |
| -pointsize value | font point size |
| -polaroid angle | simulate a Polaroid picture |
| -poly terms | build a polynomial from the image sequence and the corresponding terms (coefficients and degree pairs). |
| -posterize levels | reduce the image to a limited number of color levels |
| -precision value | set the maximum number of significant digits to be printed |
| -preview type | image preview type |
| -print string | interpret string and print to console |
| -process image-filter | process the image with a custom image filter |
| -profile filename | add, delete, or apply an image profile |
| -quality value | JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level |
| -quantize colorspace | reduce image colors in this colorspace |
| -quiet | suppress all warning messages |
| -radial-blur angle | radial blur the image |
| -raise value | lighten/darken image edges to create a 3-D effect |
| -random-threshold low,high | random threshold the image |
| -red-primary point | chromaticity red primary point |
| -regard-warnings | pay attention to warning messages. |
| -region geometry | apply options to a portion of the image |
| -remap filename | transform image colors to match this set of colors |
| -render | render vector graphics |
| -repage geometry | size and location of an image canvas |
| -resample geometry | change the resolution of an image |
| -resize geometry | resize the image |
| -respect-parentheses | settings remain in effect until parenthesis boundary. |
| -roll geometry | roll an image vertically or horizontally |
| -rotate degrees | apply Paeth rotation to the image |
| -sample geometry | scale image with pixel sampling |
| -sampling-factor geometry | horizontal and vertical sampling factor |
| -scale geometry | scale the image |
| -scene value | image scene number |
| -seed value | seed a new sequence of pseudo-random numbers |
| -segment values | segment an image |
| -selective-blur geometry | selectively blur pixels within a contrast threshold |
| -separate | separate an image channel into a grayscale image |
| -sepia-tone threshold | simulate a sepia-toned photo |
| -set attribute value | set an image attribute |
| -shade degrees | shade the image using a distant light source |
| -shadow geometry | simulate an image shadow |
| -sharpen geometry | sharpen the image |
| -shave geometry | shave pixels from the image edges |
| -shear geometry | slide one edge of the image along the X or Y axis |
| -sigmoidal-contrastgeometry | increase the contrast without saturating highlights or shadows |
| -smush offset | smush an image sequence together |
| -size geometry | width and height of image |
| -sketch geometry | simulate a pencil sketch |
| -solarize threshold | negate all pixels above the threshold level |
| -splice geometry | splice the background color into the image |
| -spread radius | displace image pixels by a random amount |
| -statistic type geometry | replace each pixel with corresponding statistic from the neighborhood |
| -strip | strip image of all profiles and comments |
| -stroke color | graphic primitive stroke color |
| -strokewidth value | graphic primitive stroke width |
| -stretch type | render text with this font stretch |
| -style type | render text with this font style |
| -swap indexes | swap two images in the image sequence |
| -swirl degrees | swirl image pixels about the center |
| -synchronize | synchronize image to storage device |
| -taint | mark the image as modified |
| -texture filename | name of texture to tile onto the image background |
| -threshold value | threshold the image |
| -thumbnail geometry | create a thumbnail of the image |
| -tile filename | tile image when filling a graphic primitive |
| -tile-offset geometry | set the image tile offset |
| -tint value | tint the image with the fill color |
| -transform | affine transform image |
| -transparent color | make this color transparent within the image |
| -transparent-color color | transparent color |
| -transpose | flip image in the vertical direction and rotate 90 degrees |
| -transverse | flop image in the horizontal direction and rotate 270 degrees |
| -treedepth value | color tree depth |
| -trim | trim image edges |
| -type type | image type |
| -undercolor color | annotation bounding box color |
| -unique-colors | discard all but one of any pixel color. |
| -units type | the units of image resolution |
| -unsharp geometry | sharpen the image |
| -verbose | print detailed information about the image |
| -version | print version information |
| -view | FlashPix viewing transforms |
| -vignette geometry | soften the edges of the image in vignette style |
| -virtual-pixel method | access method for pixels outside the boundaries of the image |
| -wave geometry | alter an image along a sine wave |
| -weight type | render text with this font weight |
| -white-point point | chromaticity white point |
| -white-threshold value | force all pixels above the threshold into white |
| -write filename | write images to this file |
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