16，线程

线程介绍
线程是一种轻量级的进程
线程不含有资源

线程操作
创建线程：pthread_create()函数
线程终止：pthread_cancel()函数
等待线程结束：pthread_join()函数
线程间的同步和互斥


实例源码1：pthread_create.c
//pthread_create.c
#include <unistd.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

pthread_t ntid;

//公有函数，打印进程，线程ID
void printids(const char *s)
{

pid_t pid;

pthread_t tid;

pid = getpid();

tid = pthread_self();

printf("%s pid %u tid %u (0x%x)\n", s, (unsigned int)pid,

(unsigned int)tid, (unsigned int)tid);

}

//新线程函数
void *thr_fn(void *arg)
{

printids(arg);

return NULL;

}

int main(void)
{

int err;

void *ThreadReault;

//创建新线程

err = pthread_create(&ntid, NULL, thr_fn, "New thread: ");

if(err != 0)

{

fprintf(stderr, "can't create thread! \n\n", strerror(err));

wait(1);

}

printids("main thread: ");

if(0 != pthread_join(ntid, &ThreadReault))//等待新线程结束

printf("wait thread fail!\n");

return 0;

}

运行结果：
终端输入：
#gcc pthread_create.c -lpthread
#./a.out
显示结果：
main thread:  pid 11265 tid 3078026944 (0xb776f6c0)
New thread:  pid 11265 tid 3078024048 (0xb776eb70)

注意： pthread 库不是 Linux 系统默认的库，连接时需要使用静态库 libpthread.a，所以 在编译中要加 -lpthread参数，否则，编译时出现如下错误：
undefined reference to 'pthread_create'
undefined reference to 'pthread_join'


实例源码2：pthread_cancle.c
//pthread_cancel.c
#include <unistd.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

//新线程1函数
void *thr_fn1(void *arg)
{

printf("thread 1 returning\n");

return (void *)1;

}

//新线程2函数
void *thr_fn2(void *arg)
{

printf("thread 2 exiting\n");

pthread_exit((void *)2);

}

//新线程3函数
void *thr_fn3(void *arg)
{

//死循环，每隔１s，打印一次

while(1)

{

printf("thread 3 writing\n");

sleep(1);

}

}

int main(void)
{

pthread_t tid;

void *tret;

//创建新线程1

pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thr_fn1, NULL);

pthread_join(tid, &tret);

printf("thread 1 exit code %d!\n", (int)tret);

//创建新线程2

pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thr_fn2, NULL);

pthread_join(tid, &tret);

printf("thread 2 exit code %d!\n", (int)tret);

//创建新线程3

pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thr_fn3, NULL);

sleep(3);//休眠３s，便于观察线程３执行过程

pthread_cancel(tid);//终止线程

pthread_join(tid, &tret);

printf("thread 3 exit code %d!\n", (int)tret);

return 0;

}


运行结果：
终端输入：
#gcc pthread_cancel.c -lpthread
#./a.out
显示结果：
thread 1 returning
thread 1 exit code 1!
thread 2 exiting
thread 2 exit code 2!
thread 3 writing
thread 3 writing
thread 3 writing
thread 3 exit code -1!


实例源码3：pthread_mutex.c
//pthread_mutex.c

#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int counter;
pthread_mutex_t counter_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

void *update(void *vptr)
{

int val;

while(1)

{

pthread_mutex_lock(&counter_mutex);

val = counter;

printf("%x: %d\n", (unsigned int)pthread_self(), val + 1);

counter = val + 1;

pthread_mutex_unlock(&counter_mutex);

sleep(1);

}

return  NULL;

}


int main(void)
{

pthread_t tha, thb;

pthread_create(&tha, NULL, update, NULL);

pthread_create(&thb, NULL, update, NULL);

pthread_join(tha, NULL);

pthread_join(tha, NULL);

return 0;

}


运行结果：
终端输入：
#gcc pthread_mutex.c -lpthread
#./a.out
显示结果：
b70d1b70: 1
b78d2b70: 2
b70d1b70: 3
b78d2b70: 4
b70d1b70: 5
b78d2b70: 6
...