lamp分离部署

lamp

1.lamp简介

所谓lamp,其实就是由Linux+Apache+Mysql/MariaDB+Php/Perl/Python的一组动态网站或者服务器的开源软件,除Linux外其它各部件本身都是各自独立的程序,但是因为经常被放在一起使用,拥有了越来越高的兼容度,共同组成了一个强大的Web应用程序平台。

LAMP指的是Linux(操作系统)、Apache(HTTP服务器)、MySQL(也指MariaDB,数据库软件)和PHP(有时也是指Perl或Python)的第一个字母,一般用来建立web应用平台。

2.web服务器的工作流程

web服务器的资源分为两种,静态资源和动态资源

  • 静态资源就是指静态内容,客户端从服务器获得的资源的表现形式与原文件相同。可以简单的理解为就是直接存储于文件系统中的资源
  • 动态资源则通常是程序文件,需要在服务器执行之后,将执行的结果返回给客户端

那么web服务器如何执行程序并将结果返回给客户端呢?下面通过一张图来说明一下web服务器如何处理客户端的请求
在这里插入图片描述
阶段①显示的是httpd服务器(即apache)和php服务器通过FastCGI协议进行通信,且php作为独立的服务进程运行

阶段②显示的是php程序和mysql数据库间通过mysql协议进行通信。php与mysql本没有什么联系,但是由Php语言写成的程序可以与mysql进行数据交互。

通过上面的图说明一下web的工作流程:

  • 客户端通过http协议请求web服务器资源
  • web服务器收到请求后判断客户端请求的资源是静态资源或是动态资源
    若是静态资源则直接从本地文件系统取之返回给客户端。
    否则若为动态资源则通过FastCGI协议与php服务器联系,通过CGI程序的master进程调度worker进程来执行程序以获得客户端请求的动态资源,并将执行的结果通过FastCGI协议返回给httpd服务器,httpd服务器收到php的执行结果后将其封装为http响应报文响应给客户端。在执行程序获取动态资源时若需要获得数据库中的资源时,由Php服务器通过mysql协议与MySQL/MariaDB服务器交互,取之而后返回给httpd,httpd将从php服务器收到的执行结果封装成http响应报文响应给客户端。

2.1 cgi与fastcgi

CGI(Common Gateway Interface,通用网关接口),CGI是外部应用程序(CGI程序)与WEB服务器之间的接口标准,是在CGI程序和Web服务器之间传递信息的过程。CGI规范允许Web服务器执行外部程序,并将它们的输出发送给Web浏览器,CGI将web的一组简单的静态超媒体文档变成一个完整的新的交互式媒体。

FastCGI(Fast Common Gateway Interface)是CGI的改良版,CGI是通过启用一个解释器进程来处理每个请求,耗时且耗资源,而FastCGI则是通过master-worker形式来处理每个请求,即启动一个master主进程,然后根据配置启动几个worker进程,当请求进来时,master会从worker进程中选择一个去处理请求,这样就避免了重复的生成和杀死进程带来的频繁cpu上下文切换而导致耗时

2.2 httpd与php结合的方式

httpd与php结合的方式有以下三种:

  • modules:php将以httpd的扩展模块形式存在,需要加载动态资源时,httpd可以直接通过php模块来加工资源并返回给客户端
                  httpd prefork:libphp5.so(多进程模型的php)
                  httpd event or worker:libphp5-zts.so(线程模型的php)
  • CGI:httpd需要加载动态资源时,通过CGI与php解释器联系,获得php执行的结果,此时httpd负责与php连接的建立和断开等
  • FastCGI:利用php-fpm机制,启动为服务进程,php自行运行为一个服务,https通过socket与php通信
    较于CGI方式,FastCGI更为常用,很少有人使用CGI方式来加载动态资源

3.lamp搭建

环境说明:

服务器类型ip地址应用操作系统
httpd192.168.100.100httpdcentos7/redhat7
mysql192.168.100.96mysqlcentos7/redhat7
php192.168.100.27phpcentos7/redhat7


安装httpd:

# 关闭防火墙和selinux
[root@100 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@100 ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
[root@100 ~]# getenforce
Disabled


# 安装开发工具包
[root@100 ~]# yum groups mark install 'Development Tools'

# 创建apache服务的用户和组
[root@100 ~]# groupadd -r apache
[root@100 ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin -g apache apache 

# 安装依赖包
[root@100 ~]# yum -y install openssl-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool

# 安装编译工具
[root@27 php-7.2.8]# yum -y install gcc gcc-c++

# 下载和安装apr以及apr-util
[root@100 ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@100 src]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/apr/apr-1.6.5.tar.gz

[root@100 src]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz

[root@100 src]# ls
apr-1.6.5.tar.gz  apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz  debug  kernels
[root@100 src]# tar xf apr-1.6.5.tar.gz
[root@100 src]# tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
[root@100 src]# ls
apr-1.6.5  apr-1.6.5.tar.gz  apr-util-1.6.1  apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz  debug  kernels
[root@100 src]# cd apr-1.6.5
[root@100 apr-1.6.5]# vim configure
    cfgfile="${ofile}T"
    trap "$RM \"$cfgfile\"; exit 1" 1 2 15
    # $RM "$cfgfile"        //将此行加上注释,或者删除此行

[root@100 apr-1.6.5]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
配置过程略...
[root@100 apr-1.6.5]# make && make install
编译安装过程略...

[root@100 apr-1.6.5]# cd /usr/src/apr-util-1.6.1
[root@100 apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
配置过程略...
[root@100 apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install
编译安装过程略...

# 编译安装httpd
[root@100 ~]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz



[root@100 ~]# ls
httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz
[root@100 ~]# tar xf httpd-2.4.38.tar.gz
[root@100 ~]# cd httpd-2.4.38
[root@100 httpd-2.4.38]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache \
--sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 \
--enable-so \
--enable-ssl \
--enable-cgi \
--enable-rewrite \
--with-zlib \
--with-pcre \
--with-apr=/usr/local/apr \
--with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ \
--enable-modules=most \
--enable-mpms-shared=all \
--with-mpm=prefork

[root@100 httpd-2.4.38]# make && make install
编译安装过程略...

# 安装后配置
[root@100 ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/apache/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@100 ~]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@100 ~]# ln -s /usr/local/apache/include/ /usr/include/httpd
[root@100 ~]# echo 'MANPATH /usr/local/apache/man' >> /etc/man.config

# 取消ServerName前面的注释
[root@100 ~]# sed -i '/#ServerName/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf 

# 启动apache
[root@100 ~]# apachectl start
[root@100 ~]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q   Local Address:Port                  Peer Address:Port
LISTEN     0      128                  *:22                               *:*
LISTEN     0      100          127.0.0.1:25                               *:*
LISTEN     0      128                 :::80                              :::*
LISTEN     0      128                 :::22                              :::*
LISTEN     0      100                ::1:25                              :::* 


安装mysql:

# 关闭防火墙和selinux
[root@96 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@96 ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
[root@96 ~]# getenforce
Disabled


# 安装依赖包
[root@96 ~]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake mariadb-devel

# 安装编译工具
[root@27 php-7.2.8]# yum -y install gcc gcc-c++

# 创建用户和组
[root@96 src]# groupadd -r -g 306 mysql
[root@96 src]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g 306 -u 306 mysql


# 下载二进制格式的mysql软件包
[root@96 ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@96 src]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

# 解压软件至/usr/local/
[root@96 src]# ls
debug  kernels  mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@96 src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@96 ~]# ls /usr/local/
bin  games    lib    libexec                              sbin   src
etc  include  lib64  mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64  share
[root@96 ~]# cd /usr/local/
[root@96 local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
‘mysql’ -> ‘mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/’

# 修改目录/usr/local/mysql的属主属组
[root@96 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql

# 添加环境变量
[root@96 ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql
bin  COPYING  docs  include  lib  man  README  share  support-files
[root@96 ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@96 ~]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@96 ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin


# 建立数据存放目录
[root@96 mysql]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@96 mysql]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
[root@96 mysql]# ll /opt/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 6 Aug 14 16:54 data

# 初始化数据库
[root@96 ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/
2018-08-15T07:57:46.168380Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2018-08-15T07:57:50.542516Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2018-08-15T07:57:50.927286Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2018-08-15T07:57:51.071260Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: e8600890-a060-11e8-b1a2-000c294c50b4.
2018-08-15T07:57:51.074566Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2018-08-15T07:57:51.078089Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generatedfor root@localhost: hfGdwnViq6,,
# 请注意,这个命令的最后会生成一个临时密码,此处密码是hfGdwnViq6,,

# 配置mysql
[root@96 ~]# ln -sv /usr/local/mysql/include/ /usr/local/include/mysql
‘/usr/local/include/mysql’ -> ‘/usr/local/mysql/include/’
[root@96 ~]# echo '/usr/local/mysql/lib' > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
[root@96 ~]# ldconfig -v

# 生成配置文件
[root@96 ~]# cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
EOF

# 配置服务启动脚本
[root@96 ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@96 ~]# sed -ri 's#^(basedir=).*#\1/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@96 ~]# sed -ri 's#^(datadir=).*#\1/opt/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld

# 启动mysql
[root@96 ~]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!  
[root@96 ~]# ss -antl
State       Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port
LISTEN      0      128         *:22                      *:*
LISTEN      0      100    127.0.0.1:25                      *:*
LISTEN      0      128        :::22                     :::*
LISTEN      0      100       ::1:25                     :::*
LISTEN      0      80         :::3306                   :::* 
 
# 修改密码
# 使用临时密码登录
[root@96 ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘hfGdwnViq6,,’
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 

# 设置新密码
mysql> set password = password('shicailun123!');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye

# 使用新密码登录
[root@96 ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘shicailun123!’
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 


安装php:

# 关闭防火墙和selinux
[root@27 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@27 ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
[root@27 ~]# getenforce
Disabled

# 配置网络源,epel源,php源
[root@27 ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@27 yum.repos.d]# wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@27 ~]# sed -i 's/\$releasever/7/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@27 ~]# sed -i 's/^enabled=.*/enabled=1/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[root@27 ~]# yum -y install epel-release
[root@27 ~]# wget https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/webtatic-release.rpm
[root@27 ~]# rpm -Uvh webtatic-release.rpm 

# 安装依赖包
[root@27 ~]# yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel openssl openssl-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel libcurl libcurl-devel libicu-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel openldap-devel  libpcre-devel freetype freetype-devel gmp gmp-devel libmcrypt libmcrypt-devel readline readline-devel libxslt libxslt-devel mhash mhash-devel php72w-mysqlnd

# 安装编译工具
[root@27 php-7.2.8]# yum -y install gcc gcc-c++

# 下载php
[root@27 ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@27 src]# wget http://cn.php.net/distributions/php-7.2.8.tar.xz

# 编译安装php
[root@27 src]# tar xf php-7.2.8.tar.xz
[root@27 src]# cd php-7.2.8
[root@27 php-7.2.8]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php7  \
--with-config-file-path=/etc \
--enable-fpm \
--enable-inline-optimization \
--disable-debug \
--disable-rpath \
--enable-shared \
--enable-soap \
--with-openssl \
--enable-bcmath \
--with-iconv \
--with-bz2 \
--enable-calendar \
--with-curl \
--enable-exif  \
--enable-ftp \
--with-gd \
--with-jpeg-dir \
--with-png-dir \
--with-zlib-dir \
--with-freetype-dir \
--with-gettext \
--enable-json \
--enable-mbstring \
--enable-pdo \
--with-mysqli=mysqlnd \
--with-pdo-mysql=mysqlnd \
--with-readline \
--enable-shmop \
--enable-simplexml \
--enable-sockets \
--enable-zip \
--enable-mysqlnd-compression-support \
--with-pear \
--enable-pcntl \
--enable-posix

[root@27 php-7.2.8]# make && make install

# 安装后配置
[root@27 ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/php7/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/php7.sh
[root@27 ~]# source /etc/profile.d/php7.sh
[root@27 php-7.2.8]# which php
/usr/local/php7/bin/php
[root@27 php-7.2.8]# php -v
PHP 7.2.8 (cli) (built: Aug 16 2018 13:27:30) ( NTS )
Copyright (c) 1997-2018 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v3.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2018 Zend Technologies

# 配置php-fpm(必须在此目录下操作)
[root@27 php-7.2.8]# cp php.ini-production /etc/php.ini
[root@27 php-7.2.8]# cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm
[root@27 php-7.2.8]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/php-fpm
[root@27 php-7.2.8]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
[root@27 php-7.2.8]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf


# 编辑php-fpm的配置文件(/usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf)最后添加以下几行内容:
[root@27 php-7.2.8]# vim /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
pm.max_children = 50        # 最多同时提供50个进程提供50个并发服务
pm.start_servers = 5        # 启动时启动5个进程
pm.min_spare_servers = 2    # 最小空闲进程数
pm.max_spare_servers = 8    # 最大空闲进程数

[root@localhost ~]# tail /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
; file.
; Relative path can also be used. They will be prefixed by:
;  - the global prefix if it's been set (-p argument)
;  - /usr/local/php7 otherwise
include=/usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/*.conf
pm.max_children = 50
pm.start_servers = 5
pm.min_spare_servers = 2
pm.max_spare_servers = 8

# 启动php-fpm
[root@27 ~]# service php-fpm start
Starting php-fpm  done

# 查看9000端口是否启动
[root@27 ~]# ss -antl
State       Recv-Q Send-Q                Local Address:Port                               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN      0      128                               *:111                                           *:*                  
LISTEN      0      5                     192.168.122.1:53                                            *:*                  
LISTEN      0      128                               *:22                                            *:*                  
LISTEN      0      128                       127.0.0.1:631                                           *:*                  
LISTEN      0      128                       127.0.0.1:9000                                          *:*                  
LISTEN      0      128                              :::111                                          :::*                  
LISTEN      0      128                              :::22                                           :::*                  
LISTEN      0      128                             ::1:631                                          :::


httpd,mysql,php安装完成后做以下操作:

httpd服务端:

# 启用代理模块
[root@100 ~]# sed -i '/proxy_module/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
[root@100 ~]# sed -i '/proxy_fcgi_module/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf

# 编辑配置文件添加以下内容
[root@100 ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>
    DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs"
    ServerName www.scl.com
    ProxyRequests Off
    ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://192.168.100.27:9000/www/ddd/$1
    <Directory "/www/ddd/">
        Options none
        AllowOverride none
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

# 搜索AddType,添加以下内容
	AddType application/x-compress .Z
    AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
    AddType application/x-httpd-php .php       		# 添加此行
    AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps        # 添加此行

[root@100 htdocs]# sed -i '/    DirectoryIndex/s/index.html/index.php index.html/g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf   
# 做完上面的操作后保存退出


php服务端:

# 修改php-fpm的配置文件 
[root@27 ~]# vim /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
listen = 192.168.100.27:9000		# 找到此行将自己的ip地址监听
;listen.allowed_clients = 192.168.100.100		#找到此行将httpd地址设置可访问
# 保存退出

# 创建根目录
[root@27 ~]# mkdir /www/ddd -p
[root@27 ~]# cd /www/ddd/
[root@27 ddd]# vim index.php
<?php
    phpinfo();
?>


重启php服务和httpd服务

[root@27 ddd]# service php-fpm restart
Gracefully shutting down php-fpm . done
Starting php-fpm  done

[root@100 ~]# apachectl stop
[root@100 ~]# apachectl start


添加hosts文件

C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts
# localhost name resolution is handled within DNS itself.
# 127.0.0.1       localhost
# ::1             localhost
192.168.100.100      www.scl.com


访问验证:
在这里插入图片描述

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