一个小示例
static void Main(string[] args) { Task t = new Task(() => { Console.WriteLine("任务开始工作……"); //模拟工作过程 Thread.Sleep(5000); }); t.Start(); #ContinueWith:继续做 组合任务 t.ContinueWith((task) => { Console.WriteLine("任务完成,完成时候的状态为:"); Console.WriteLine("IsCanceled={0}\tIsCompleted={1}\tIsFaulted={2}", task.IsCanceled, task.IsCompleted, task.IsFaulted); }); Console.ReadKey(); }
1.用法
方式1:
var t1 = new Task(() => TaskMethod("Task 1")); t1.Start(); Task.WaitAll(t1);//等待所有任务结束
方式2:
Task.Run(() => TaskMethod("Task 2"));
方式3:
Task.Factory.StartNew(() => TaskMethod("Task 3")); //直接异步的方法 //或者 var t3=Task.Factory.StartNew(() => TaskMethod("Task 3")); Task.WaitAll(t3);//等待所有任务结束
例3:
static void Main(string[] args) { var t1 = new Task(() => TaskMethod("Task 1")); var t2 = new Task(() => TaskMethod("Task 2")); t2.Start(); t1.Start(); Task.WaitAll(t1, t2); Task.Run(() => TaskMethod("Task 3")); Task.Factory.StartNew(() => TaskMethod("Task 4")); //标记为长时间运行任务,则任务不会使用线程池,而在单独的线程中运行。 Task.Factory.StartNew(() => TaskMethod("Task 5"), TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning); #region 常规的使用方式 Console.WriteLine("主线程执行业务处理."); //创建任务 Task task = new Task(() => { Console.WriteLine("使用`System.Threading.Tasks.Task`执行异步操作."); for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { Console.WriteLine(i); } }); //启动任务,并安排到当前任务队列线程中执行任务(System.Threading.Tasks.TaskScheduler) task.Start(); Console.WriteLine("主线程执行其他处理"); task.Wait(); #endregion Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)); Console.ReadLine(); } static void TaskMethod(string name) { Console.WriteLine("Task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. Is thread pool thread: {2}", name, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread); }
方式4:
Task<int> task = CreateTask("Task 1"); task.Start(); int result = task.Result;
例4:
using System; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace ConsoleApp1 { class Program { public static void Main() { var ret1 = AsyncGetsum(); Console.WriteLine("主线程执行其他处理"); for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) Console.WriteLine("Call Main()"); int result = ret1.Result; //阻塞主线程 Console.WriteLine("任务执行结果:{0}", result); } async static Task<int> AsyncGetsum() { await Task.Delay(1); int sum = 0; Console.WriteLine("使用`Task`执行异步操作."); for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { sum += i; } return sum; } } }
TASK 的取消和暂停:
CancellationTokenSource tokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource(); CancellationToken token = tokenSource.Token; ManualResetEvent resetEvent = new ManualResetEvent(true); #定义Task Task task = new Task(async () => { while (true) { if (token.IsCancellationRequested) { return; } resetEvent.WaitOne();//标识为false时阻塞当前线程 Task.Delay(100); } }, token); task.Start(); #暂停Task resetEvent.Reset(); //设置标识为false; #继续Task resetEvent.Set(); //设置标识为true; #取消Task tokenSource.Cancel();
2.组合 任务:
2.1 简单DEMO
public static void Main() { //创建一个任务 Task<int> task = new Task<int>(() => { int sum = 0; Console.WriteLine("使用`Task`执行异步操作."); for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { sum += i; } return sum; }); //启动任务,并安排到当前任务队列线程中执行任务(System.Threading.Tasks.TaskScheduler) task.Start(); Console.WriteLine("主线程执行其他处理"); //任务完成时执行处理。 Task cwt = task.ContinueWith(t => { Console.WriteLine("任务完成后的执行结果:{0}", t.Result.ToString()); }); task.Wait(); cwt.Wait(); }
2.2 任务的串行
static void Main(string[] args) { //线程安全的栈 ConcurrentStack<int> stack = new ConcurrentStack<int>(); //t1先串行 var t1 = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => { stack.Push(1); stack.Push(2); }); //t2,t3并行执行 var t2 = t1.ContinueWith(t => { int result; stack.TryPop(out result); Console.WriteLine("Task t2 result={0},Thread id {1}", result, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); }); //t2,t3并行执行 var t3 = t1.ContinueWith(t => { int result; stack.TryPop(out result); Console.WriteLine("Task t3 result={0},Thread id {1}", result, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); }); //等待t2和t3执行完 Task.WaitAll(t2, t3); //t4串行执行 var t4 = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => { Console.WriteLine("当前集合元素个数:{0},Thread id {1}", stack.Count, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); }); t4.Wait(); }
2.3 子任务
TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent
父任务等待所有子任务完成后整个任务才算完成
public static void Main() { Task<string[]> parent = new Task<string[]>(state => { Console.WriteLine(state); string[] result = new string[2]; //创建并启动子任务 new Task(() => { result[0] = "我是子任务1。"; }, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent).Start(); new Task(() => { result[1] = "我是子任务2。"; }, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent).Start(); return result; }, "我是父任务,并在我的处理过程中创建多个子任务,所有子任务完成以后我才会结束执行。"); //任务处理完成后执行的操作 parent.ContinueWith(t => { Array.ForEach(t.Result, r => Console.WriteLine(r)); }); parent.Start(); //启动父任务 parent.Wait();//等待任务结束Wait只能等待父线程结束,没办法等到父线程的ContinueWith结束 Console.ReadLine(); }
2.4 动态并行
class Node { public Node Left { get; set; } public Node Right { get; set; } public string Text { get; set; } } class Program { static Node GetNode() { Node root = new Node { Left = new Node { Left = new Node{ Text = "L-L" }, Right = new Node{ Text = "L-R" }, Text = "L" }, Right = new Node { Left = new Node{ Text = "R-L" }, Right = new Node{ Text = "R-R" }, Text = "R" }, Text = "Root" }; return root; } static void Main(string[] args) { Node root = GetNode(); DisplayTree(root); } static void DisplayTree(Node root) { var task = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => DisplayNode(root), CancellationToken.None, TaskCreationOptions.None, TaskScheduler.Default); task.Wait(); } static void DisplayNode(Node current) { if (current.Left != null) Task.Factory.StartNew(() => DisplayNode(current.Left), CancellationToken.None, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent, TaskScheduler.Default); if (current.Right != null) Task.Factory.StartNew(() => DisplayNode(current.Right), CancellationToken.None, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent, TaskScheduler.Default); Console.WriteLine("当前节点的值为{0};处理的ThreadId={1}", current.Text, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); } }
3、取消任务CancellationTokenSource
private static int TaskMethod(string name, int seconds, CancellationToken token) { Console.WriteLine("Task {0} 正在运行,当前线程id {1}. Is thread pool thread: {2}", name, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread); for (int i = 0; i < seconds; i++) { Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)); if (token.IsCancellationRequested) return -1; } return 42 * seconds; } private static void Main(string[] args) { var cts = new CancellationTokenSource(); var longTask = new Task<int>(() => TaskMethod("Task 1", 10, cts.Token), cts.Token); Console.WriteLine(longTask.Status); cts.Cancel(); Console.WriteLine(longTask.Status); Console.WriteLine("第一个任务在执行前已被取消"); cts = new CancellationTokenSource(); longTask = new Task<int>(() => TaskMethod("Task 2", 10, cts.Token), cts.Token); longTask.Start(); for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.5)); Console.WriteLine(longTask.Status); } cts.Cancel(); for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.5)); Console.WriteLine(longTask.Status); } Console.WriteLine("任务已完成,结果为 {0}.", longTask.Result); }
4、处理任务中的异常
4.1 单个任务
static int TaskMethod(string name, int seconds) { Console.WriteLine("Task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. Is thread pool thread: {2}", name, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread); Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds)); throw new Exception("Boom!"); return 42 * seconds; } static void Main(string[] args) { try { Task<int> task = Task.Run(() => TaskMethod("Task 2", 2)); int result = task.GetAwaiter().GetResult(); Console.WriteLine("Result: {0}", result); } catch (Exception ex) { Console.WriteLine("Task 2 Exception caught: {0}", ex.Message); } Console.WriteLine("----------------------------------------------"); Console.ReadLine(); }
4.2 多个任务
static int TaskMethod(string name, int seconds) { Console.WriteLine("Task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. Is thread pool thread: {2}", name, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread); Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds)); throw new Exception(string.Format("Task {0} Boom!", name)); return 42 * seconds; } public static void Main(string[] args) { try { var t1 = new Task<int>(() => TaskMethod("Task 3", 3)); var t2 = new Task<int>(() => TaskMethod("Task 4", 2)); var complexTask = Task.WhenAll(t1, t2); var exceptionHandler = complexTask.ContinueWith(t => Console.WriteLine("Result: {0}", t.Result), TaskContinuationOptions.OnlyOnFaulted ); t1.Start(); t2.Start(); Task.WaitAll(t1, t2); } catch (AggregateException ex) { ex.Handle(exception => { Console.WriteLine(exception.Message); return true; }); } }
4.3 ASYNC/AWAIT的方式
class Program { static async Task ThrowNotImplementedExceptionAsync() { throw new NotImplementedException(); } static async Task ThrowInvalidOperationExceptionAsync() { throw new InvalidOperationException(); } static async Task Normal() { await Fun(); } static Task Fun() { return Task.Run(() => { for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { Console.WriteLine("i={0}", i); Thread.Sleep(200); } }); } static async Task ObserveOneExceptionAsync() { var task1 = ThrowNotImplementedExceptionAsync(); var task2 = ThrowInvalidOperationExceptionAsync(); var task3 = Normal(); try { Task allTasks = Task.WhenAll(task1, task2, task3); //异步的方式 await allTasks; //Task.WaitAll(task1, task2, task3); //同步的方式 } catch (NotImplementedException ex) { Console.WriteLine("task1 任务报错!"); } catch (InvalidOperationException ex) { Console.WriteLine("task2 任务报错!"); } catch (Exception ex) { Console.WriteLine("任务报错!"); } } public static void Main() { Task task = ObserveOneExceptionAsync(); Console.WriteLine("主线程继续运行........"); task.Wait(); } }
5、Task.FromResult的应用
class Program { static IDictionary<string, string> cache = new Dictionary<string, string>() { {"0001","A"}, {"0002","B"}, {"0003","C"}, {"0004","D"}, {"0005","E"}, {"0006","F"} }; public static void Main() { Task<string> task = GetValueFromCache("0006"); Console.WriteLine("主程序继续执行。。。。"); string result = task.Result; Console.WriteLine("result={0}", result); } private static Task<string> GetValueFromCache(string key) { Console.WriteLine("GetValueFromCache开始执行。。。。"); string result = string.Empty; //Task.Delay(5000); Thread.Sleep(5000); Console.WriteLine("GetValueFromCache继续执行。。。。"); if (cache.TryGetValue(key, out result)) { return Task.FromResult(result); } return Task.FromResult(""); } }
6、使用IProgress实现异步编程的进程通知
IProgress<in T>
只提供了一个方法void Report(T value)
,通过Report
方法把一个T
类型的值报告给IProgress
,然后IProgress<in T>
的实现类Progress<in T>
的构造函数接收类型为Action<T>
的形参,通过这个委托让进度显示在UI
界面中。
class Program { static void DoProcessing(IProgress<int> progress) { for (int i = 0; i <= 100; ++i) { Thread.Sleep(100); if (progress != null) { progress.Report(i); } } } static async Task Display() { //当前线程 var progress = new Progress<int>(percent => { Console.Clear(); Console.Write("{0}%", percent); }); //线程池线程 await Task.Run(() => DoProcessing(progress)); Console.WriteLine(""); Console.WriteLine("结束"); } public static void Main() { Task task = Display(); task.Wait(); } }
7、Factory.FromAsync的应用
简APM
模式(委托)转换为任务,BeginXXX
和EndXXX
7.1 带回调方式的
class Program { private delegate string AsynchronousTask(string threadName); private static string Test(string threadName) { Console.WriteLine("开始..."); Console.WriteLine("线程池是线程吗: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread); Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2)); Thread.CurrentThread.Name = threadName; return string.Format("线程名称: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.Name); } private static void Callback(IAsyncResult ar) { Console.WriteLine("开始一个回调..."); Console.WriteLine("传递给callbak的状态: {0}", ar.AsyncState); Console.WriteLine("线程池是线程吗: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread); Console.WriteLine("线程池工作线程id: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId); } //执行的流程是:先执行Test--->Callback--->task.ContinueWith static void Main(string[] args) { AsynchronousTask d = Test; Console.WriteLine("Option 1"); Task<string> task = Task<string>.Factory.FromAsync( d.BeginInvoke("AsyncTaskThread", Callback, "委托异步调用"), d.EndInvoke); task.ContinueWith(t => Console.WriteLine("完成回调, 现在继续! Result: {0}", t.Result)); while (!task.IsCompleted) { Console.WriteLine(task.Status); Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.5)); } Console.WriteLine(task.Status); } }
7.2 不带回调方式的
class Program { private delegate string AsynchronousTask(string threadName); private static string Test(string threadName) { Console.WriteLine("开始..."); Console.WriteLine("线程池是线程吗: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread); Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2)); Thread.CurrentThread.Name = threadName; return string.Format("线程名称: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.Name); } //执行的流程是:先执行Test--->task.ContinueWith static void Main(string[] args) { AsynchronousTask d = Test; Task<string> task = Task<string>.Factory.FromAsync( d.BeginInvoke, d.EndInvoke, "AsyncTaskThread", "委托异步调用"); task.ContinueWith(t => Console.WriteLine("任务完成,现在运行一个延续! Result: {0}", t.Result)); while (!task.IsCompleted) { Console.WriteLine(task.Status); Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.5)); } Console.WriteLine(task.Status); } }
7.3 TASK启动带参数和返回值的函数任务
方法1
private int MyTest(object i) { this.Invoke(new Action(() => { pictureBox1.Visible = true; })); System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(3000); MessageBox.Show("hello:" + i); this.Invoke(new Action(() => { pictureBox1.Visible = false; })); return 0; } private void Call() { //Func<string, string> funcOne = delegate(string s){ return "fff"; }; object i = 55; var t = Task<int>.Factory.StartNew(new Func<object, int>(MyTest), i); }
方法2
private async Task<int> MyTest(object i) { this.Invoke(new Action(() => { pictureBox1.Visible = true; })); HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); var a = await client.GetAsync("http://www.baidu.com"); Task<string> s = a.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); MessageBox.Show (s.Result); this.Invoke(new Action(() => { pictureBox1.Visible = false; })); return 0; } async private void Call() { object i = 55; var t = Task<Task<int>>.Factory.StartNew(new Func<object, Task<int>>(MyTest), i); }
方法3
private async void MyTest() { this.Invoke(new Action(() => { pictureBox1.Visible = true; })); HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); var a = await client.GetAsync("http://www.baidu.com"); Task<string> s = a.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); MessageBox.Show (s.Result); this.Invoke(new Action(() => { pictureBox1.Visible = false; })); } private void Call() { var t = Task.Run(new Action(MyTest)); //相当于 //Thread th= new Thread(new ThreadStart(MyTest)); //th.Start(); }