Python3中urllib详细使用方法(header,代理,超时,认证,异常处理)



urllib是python的一个获取url(Uniform Resource Locators,统一资源定址器)了，我们可以利用它来抓取远程的数据进行保存哦，下面整理了一些关于urllib使用中的一些关于header,代理,超时,认证,异常处理处理方法，下面一起来看看。 

python3 抓取网页资源的 N 种方法

1、最简单

import urllib.request
 response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://python.org/')
 html = response.read()

2、使用 Request

import urllib.request

req = urllib.request.Request('http://python.org/')
 response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
 the_page = response.read()

3、发送数据

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.parse
 import urllib.request

url = 'http://localhost/login.php'
 user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
 values = {
 'act' : 'login',
 'login[email]' : 'yzhang@i9i8.com',
 'login[password]' : '123456'
 }

data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)
 req = urllib.request.Request(url, data)
 req.add_header('Referer', 'http://www.python.org/')
 response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
 the_page = response.read()

print(the_page.decode("utf8"))

4、发送数据和header

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.parse
 import urllib.request

url = 'http://localhost/login.php'
 user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
 values = {
 'act' : 'login',
 'login[email]' : 'yzhang@i9i8.com',
 'login[password]' : '123456'
 }
 headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent }

data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)
 req = urllib.request.Request(url, data, headers)
 response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
 the_page = response.read()

print(the_page.decode("utf8"))

5、http 错误

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.request

req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.111cn.net ')
 try:
 urllib.request.urlopen(req)
 except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
 print(e.code)
 print(e.read().decode("utf8"))

6、异常处理1

#! /usr/bin/env python3

from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
 from urllib.error import URLError, HTTPError
 req = Request("http://www.111cn.net /")
 try:
 response = urlopen(req)
 except HTTPError as e:
 print('The server couldn't fulfill the request.')
 print('Error code: ', e.code)
 except URLError as e:
 print('We failed t(www.111cn.net)o reach a server.')
 print('Reason: ', e.reason)
 else:
 print("good!")
 print(response.read().decode("utf8"))

7、异常处理2

#! /usr/bin/env python3

from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
 from urllib.error import  URLError
 req = Request("http://www.111cn.net /")
 try:
 response = urlopen(req)
 except URLError as e:
 if hasattr(e, 'reason'):
 print('We failed to reach a server.')
 print('Reason: ', e.reason)
 elif hasattr(e, 'code'):
 print('The server couldn't fulfill the request.')
 print('Error code: ', e.code)
 else:
 print("good!")
 print(response.read().decode("utf8"))

8、HTTP 认证

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.request

# create a password manager
 password_mgr = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()

# Add the username and password.
 # If we knew the realm, we could use it instead of None.
 top_level_url = "https://www.111cn.net /"
 password_mgr.add_password(None, top_level_url, 'rekfan', 'xxxxxx')

handler = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_mgr)

# create "opener" (OpenerDirector instance)
 opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)

# use the opener to fetch a URL
 a_url = "https://www.111cn.net /"
 x = opener.open(a_url)
 print(x.read())

# Install the opener.
 # Now all calls to urllib.request.urlopen use our opener.
 urllib.request.install_opener(opener)

a = urllib.request.urlopen(a_url).read().decode('utf8')
 print(a)

9、使用代理

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.request

proxy_support = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({'sock5': 'localhost:1080'})
 opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_support)
 urllib.request.install_opener(opener)

 a = urllib.request.urlopen("http://www.111cn.net ").read().decode("utf8")
 print(a)

10、超时

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import socket
 import urllib.request

# timeout in seconds
 timeout = 2
 socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)

# this call to urllib.request.urlopen now uses the default timeout
 # we have set in the socket module
 req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.111cn.net /')
 a = urllib.request.urlopen(req).read()
 print(a)
from:http://www.111cn.net/phper/python/68713.htm