Word Ladder

题目127：Word Ladder

题目描述：
Given two words (beginWord and endWord), and a dictionary, find the length of shortest transformation sequence from beginWord to endWord, such that:

Only one letter can be changed at a time
Each intermediate word must exist in the dictionary
For example,

Given:
start = “hit”
end = “cog”
dict = [“hot”,”dot”,”dog”,”lot”,”log”]
As one shortest transformation is “hit” -> “hot” -> “dot” -> “dog” -> “cog”,
return its length 5.

Note:
Return 0 if there is no such transformation sequence.
All words have the same length.
All words contain only lowercase alphabetic characters.
题目分析：
给定一个字典，一个beginWord和一个endWord，求从begin到end的最短路径，广度优先搜索，bfs适合求最短路径、树最小深度问题。
广度优先搜索，使用辅助队列，从beginWord开始，如果其相邻的单词在字典中，则添加到队列中；相邻单词指beginWord中任意一个字母改变成的新单词。为了防止出现死循环，如hot->dot->hot，加入队列后要从字典中删除或者采用visit数组标明是否已访问。求最短路径，需要求从beginWord到endWord的深度，必须知道每层的结束位置，所以可以添加特殊符号确定结束位置。

int ladderlength(string beginWord, string endWord, unordered_set<string> &wordDict) {
    if (wordDict.size() == 0)
        return 0;
    queue<string> que;
    que.push(beginWord);
    que.push("");
    int res = 1;
    while (!que.empty()) {
        string up = que.front();
        que.pop();
        if (up != "") {
            int i, uplen;
            char c, ch;
            uplen = up.size();
            for (i = 0; i < uplen; i ++) {
                ch = up[i];
                for (c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c ++) {
                    up[i] = c;
                    if (c == ch)
                        continue;
                    if (up == endWord)
                        return res + 1;
                    if (wordDict.find(up) != wordDict.end()) {
                        que.push(up);
                        wordDict.erase();
                    }
                }
                up[i] = ch;
            }
        } else if (!que.empty()) {
            /* 
             * 到达当前层的结尾，当前层的结点都出队列，当前层的
             * 子结点都入队列，且当前层不能是最后一层。 
             */
            ++ res;
            que.push("");
        }
    }
    return 0;
};

稍加修改，就可以改成使用visit数组记录是否访问。

unordered_set<string> visit;
/* 
 * 判断是否需要入队列条件，同时判断是否被访问过，只有没有被访问的   
 * 结点才可以入队列 
 */
 if (wordDict.find(up) != wordDict.end() && visit.find(up) == visit.end()) {
    que.push(up);
    visit.insert(up);
}

参考：
[1] http://www.cnblogs.com/TenosDoIt/p/3443512.html