93. Restore IP Addresses

Given a string containing only digits, restore it by returning all possible valid IP address combinations.

Example:

Input: "25525511135"
Output: ["255.255.11.135", "255.255.111.35"]

方法1:

思路：

尝试放置三个点，每一次检查前面切出来的是否是0 - 255之间的数字，然后backtracking。

易错点

1. 很长的corner case：用s.size（）>12剪掉
2. 要确保stoi的参数不是“”：i <= min(3， (int) s.size())
3. 推入的条件

class Solution {
public:
    vector<string> restoreIpAddresses(string s) {
        vector<string> result;
        restoreHelper(s, result, "", 3);
        return result;
    }
    
    void restoreHelper(string s, vector<string> & result, string current, int dots) {
        if (s.size() > 12) return;
        if (dots == -1 && s.empty()) {
            result.push_back(current);
            return;
        }
        
        for (int i = 1;i <=  min(3, (int)s.size()); i ++) {
            string segment = s.substr(0, i);
            string rest = s.substr(i);
            if (rest.size() < dots) break;
            if (segment.size() > 1 && segment[0] == '0') continue;
            if (stoi(segment) <= 255 && stoi(segment) >= 0) {
                if (dots > 0 ) {
                    restoreHelper(rest, result, current + segment + '.', dots - 1);
                }
                else {
                    restoreHelper(rest, result, current + segment, dots - 1);
                }
            }
        }
        return;
    }
};

加速版：
grandyang: http://www.cnblogs.com/grandyang/p/4305572.html

tricks:

1. k != std::to_string(val).size()：比如当k=3时，说明应该是个三位数，但如果字符是"010"，那么转为整型val=10，再转回字符串就是"10"，此时的长度和k值不同了，这样就可以找出不合要求的情况了
2. if (s.size() < k) break：“000”，此时如果k=3，不可能合法

class Solution {
public:
    vector<string> restoreIpAddresses(string s) {
        vector<string> res;
        helper(s, 0, "", res);
        return res;
    }
    void helper(string s, int n, string out, vector<string>& res) {
        if (n == 4) {
            if (s.empty()) res.push_back(out);
        } else {
            for (int k = 1; k < 4; ++k) {
                if (s.size() < k) break;
                int val = atoi(s.substr(0, k).c_str());
                if (val > 255 || k != std::to_string(val).size()) continue;
                helper(s.substr(k), n + 1, out + s.substr(0, k) + (n == 3 ? "" : "."), res);
            }
        }
    }
};