教你如何配置CISCO路由器

第一章:Cisco路由器配置基础

                        一、基本设置方式

                        一般来说,可以用5种方式来设置路由器:

                        1.Console口接终端或运行终端仿真软件的微机;
                        2.AUX口接MODEM,通过电话线与远方的终端或运行终端仿真软件的微机相连;
                        3.通过Ethernet上的TFTP服务器;
                        4.通过Ethernet上的TELNET程序;
                        5.通过Ethernet上的SNMP网管工作站。

                        但路由器的第一次设置必须通过第一种方式进行,此时终端的硬件设置如下:

                        波特率 :9600
                        数据位 :8
                        停止位 :1
                        奇偶校验: 无

                        二、命令状态

                        1. router>

                        路由器处于用户命令状态,这时用户可以看路由器的连接状态,访问其它网络和主机,但不能看到和更改路由器的设置内容。

                        2. router#

                        在router>提示符下键入enable,路由器进入特权命令状态router#,这时不但可以执行所有的用户命令,还可以看到和更改路由器的设置内容。


                        3. router(config)#

                        在router#提示符下键入configure
                        terminal,出现提示符router(config)#,此时路由器处于全局设置状态,这时可以设置路由器的全局参数。


                        4. router(config-if)#; router(config-line)#;
                        router(config-router)#;…

                        路由器处于局部设置状态,这时可以设置路由器某个局部的参数。

                        5. >

                        路由器处于RXBOOT状态,在开机后60秒内按ctrl-break可进入此状态,这时路由器不能完成正常的功能,只能进行软件升级和手工引导。


                        设置对话状态

                        这是一台新路由器开机时自动进入的状态,在特权命令状态使用SETUP命令也可进入此状态,这时可通过对话方式对路由器进行设置。


                        三、设置对话过程

                        显示提示信息
                        全局参数的设置
                        接口参数的设置
                        显示结果

                        利用设置对话过程可以避免手工输入命令的烦琐,但它还不能完全代替手工设置,一些特殊的设置还必须通过手工输入的方式完成。

                        进入设置对话过程后,路由器首先会显示一些提示信息:

                        --- System Configuration Dialog ---
                        At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.


                        Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.
                        Default settings are in square brackets '[]'.

                        这是告诉你在设置对话过程中的任何地方都可以键入“?”得到系统的帮助,按ctrl-c可以退出设置过程,缺省设置将显示在‘[]’中。然后路由器会问是否进入设置对话:

                        Would you like to enter the initial configuration
                        dialog? [yes]:

                        如果按y或回车,路由器就会进入设置对话过程。首先你可以看到各端口当前的状况:

                        First, would you like to see the current interface
                        summary? [yes]:
                        Any interface listed with OK? value "NO" does not have a

                        valid configuration
                        Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
                        Ethernet0 unassigned NO unset up up
                        Serial0 unassigned NO unset up up
                        ……… ……… … …… … …

                        然后,路由器就开始全局参数的设置:

                        Configuring global parameters:

                        1.设置路由器名:
                        Enter host name [Router]:

                        2.设置进入特权状态的密文(secret),此密文在设置以后不会以明文方式显示:
                        The enable secret is a one-way cryptographic secret used

                        instead of the enable password when it exists.
                        Enter enable secret: cisco

                        3.设置进入特权状态的密码(password),此密码只在没有密文时起作用,并且在设置以后会以明文方式显示:
                        The enable password is used when there is no enable
                        secret
                        and when using older software and some boot images.
                        Enter enable password: pass

                        4.设置虚拟终端访问时的密码:
                        Enter virtual terminal password: cisco

                        5.询问是否要设置路由器支持的各种网络协议:
                        Configure SNMP Network Management? [yes]:
                        Configure DECnet? [no]:
                        Configure AppleTalk? [no]:
                        Configure IPX? [no]:
                        Configure IP? [yes]:
                        Configure IGRP routing? [yes]:
                        Configure RIP routing? [no]:
                        ………

                        6.如果配置的是拨号访问服务器,系统还会设置异步口的参数:
                        Configure Async lines? [yes]:

                        1) 设置线路的最高速度:
                        Async line speed [9600]:
                        2) 是否使用硬件流控:
                        Configure for HW flow control? [yes]:
                        3) 是否设置modem:
                        Configure for modems? [yes/no]: yes
                        4) 是否使用默认的modem命令:
                        Configure for default chat s cript? [yes]:
                        5) 是否设置异步口的PPP参数:
                        Configure for Dial-in IP SLIP/PPP access? [no]: yes
                        6) 是否使用动态IP地址:
                        Configure for Dynamic IP addresses? [yes]:
                        7) 是否使用缺省IP地址:
                        Configure Default IP addresses? [no]: yes
                        8)是否使用TCP头压缩:
                        Configure for TCP Header Compression? [yes]:
                        9) 是否在异步口上使用路由表更新:
                        Configure for routing updates on async links? [no]: y
                        10) 是否设置异步口上的其它协议。
                        接下来,系统会对每个接口进行参数的设置。

                        1.Configuring interface Ethernet0:
                        1) 是否使用此接口:
                        Is this interface in use? [yes]:
                        2) 是否设置此接口的IP参数:
                        Configure IP on this interface? [yes]:
                        3) 设置接口的IP地址:
                        IP address for this interface: 192.168.162.2
                        4) 设置接口的IP子网掩码:
                        Number of bits in subnet field [0]:
                        Class C network is 192.168.162.0, 0 subnet bits; mask is
                        /24

                        在设置完所有接口的参数后,系统会把整个设置对话过程的结果显示出来:
                        The following configuration command s cript was created:

                        hostname Router
                        enable secret 5 $1$W5Oh$p6J7tIgRMBOIKVXVG53Uh1
                        enable password pass
                        …………
                        请注意在enable secret后面显示的是乱码,而enable password后面显示的是设置的内容。
                        显示结束后,系统会问是否使用这个设置:
                        Use this configuration? [yes/no]: yes
                        如果回答yes,系统就会把设置的结果存入路由器的NVRAM中,然后结束设置对话过程,使路由器开始正常的工作。
                         
                        四、常用命令

                        1. 帮助
                        在IOS操作中,无论任何状态和位置,都可以键入“?”得到系统的帮助。

                        2. 改变命令状态

                        任务 命令
                        进入特权命令状态 enable
                        退出特权命令状态 disable
                        进入设置对话状态 setup
                        进入全局设置状态 config terminal
                        退出全局设置状态 end
                        进入端口设置状态 interface type slot/number
                        进入子端口设置状态interface type number.subinterface
                        [point-to-point | multipoint]
                        进入线路设置状态 line type slot/number
                        进入路由设置状态 router protocol
                        退出局部设置状态 exit

                        3. 显示命令

                        任务 命令
                        查看版本及引导信息 show version
                        查看运行设置 show running-config
                        查看开机设置 show startup-config
                        显示端口信息 show interface type slot/number
                        显示路由信息 show ip router

                        4. 拷贝命令
                        用于IOS及CONFIG的备份和升级

                        5. 网络命令

                        任务 命令
                        登录远程主机 telnet hostname|IP address
                        网络侦测 ping hostname|IP address
                        路由跟踪 trace hostname|IP address
                         
                        6. 基本设置命令

                        任务 命令
                        全局设置 config terminal
                        设置访问用户及密码 username username password password
                        设置特权密码 enable secret password
                        设置路由器名 hostname name
                        设置静态路由 ip route destination subnet-mask next-hop
                        启动IP路由 ip routing
                        启动IPX路由 ipx routing
                        端口设置 interface type slot/number
                        设置IP地址 ip address address subnet-mask
                        设置IPX网络 ipx network network
                        激活端口 no shutdown
                        物理线路设置 line type number
                        启动登录进程 login [local|tacacs server]
                        设置登录密码 password password

                        五、配置IP寻址

                        1. IP地址分类

                        IP地址分为网络地址和主机地址二个部分,A类地址前8位为网络地址,后24位为主机地址,B类地址16位为网络地址,后16位为主机地址,C类地址前24位为网络地址,后8位为主机地址,网络地址范围如下表所示:

                        种类 网络地址范围
                        A  1.0.0.0 到126.0.0.0有效 0.0.0.0 和127.0.0.0保留
                        B 128.1.0.0到191.254.0.0有效 128.0.0.0和191.255.0.0保留
                        C 192.0.1.0 到223.255.254.0有效 192.0.0.0和223.255.255.0保留
                        D 224.0.0.0到239.255.255.255用于多点广播
                        E 240.0.0.0到255.255.255.254保留 255.255.255.255用于广播

                        2. 分配接口IP地址

                        任务 命令
                        接口设置 interface type slot/number
                        为接口设置IP地址 ip address ip-address mask

                        掩玛(mask)用于识别IP地址中的网络地址位数,IP地址(ip-address)和掩码(mask)相与即得到网络地址。

                        3. 使用可变长的子网掩码

                        通过使用可变长的子网掩码可以让位于不同接口的同一网络编号的网络使用不同的掩码,这样可以节省IP地址,充分利用有效的IP地址空间。

                        Router1和Router2的E0端口均使用了C类地址192.1.0.0作为网络地址,Router1的E0的网络地址为192.1.0.128,掩码为255.255.255.192,
                        Router2的E0的网络地址为192.1.0.64,掩码为255.255.255.192,这样就将一个C类网络地址分配给了二个网,既划分了二个子网,起到了节约地址的作用。

                        4. 使用网络地址翻译(NAT)

                        NAT(Network Address
                        Translation)起到将内部私有地址翻译成外部合法的全局地址的功能,它使得不具有合法IP地址的用户可以通过NAT访问到外部Internet.当建立内部网的时候,建议使用以下地址组用于主机,这些地址是由Network
                        Working Group(RFC 191保留用于私有网络地址分配的.
                        ? ; Class A:10.1.1.1 to 10.254.254.254
                        ? ; Class B:172.16.1.1 to 172.31.254.254
                        ? ; Class C:192.168.1.1 to 192.168.254.254

                        命令描述如下:

                        任务 命令

                        定义一个标准访问列表 access-list access-list-number permit source
                        [source-wildcard]
                        定义一个全局地址池 ip nat pool name start-ip end-ip {netmask
                        netmask | prefix-length prefix-length} [type rotary]
                        建立动态地址翻译 ip nat inside source {list {access-list-number
                        | name} pool name [overload] | static local-ip
                        global-ip}
                        指定内部和外部端口 ip nat {inside | outside}

                        路由器的Ethernet
                        0端口为inside端口,即此端口连接内部网络,并且此端口所连接的网络应该被翻译,Serial
                        0端口为outside端口,其拥有合法IP地址(由NIC或服务提供商所分配的合法的IP地址),来自网络10.1.1.0/24的主机将从IP地址池c2501中选择一个地址作为自己的合法地址,经由Serial
                        0口访问Internet。命令ip nat inside source list 2 pool c2501
                        overload中的参数overload,将允许多个内部地址使用相同的全局地址(一个合法IP地址,它是由NIC或服务提供商所分配的地址)。命令ip
                        nat pool c2501 202.96.38.1 202.96.38.62 netmask
                        255.255.255.192定义了全局地址的范围。

                        设置如下:
                        ip nat pool c2501 202.96.38.1 202.96.38.62 netmask
                        255.255.255.192
                        interface Ethernet 0
                        ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
                        ip nat inside
                        !
                        interface Serial 0
                        ip address 202.200.10.5 255.255.255.252
                        ip nat outside
                        !
                        ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Serial 0
                        access-list 2 permit 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255
                        ! Dynamic NAT
                        !
                        ip nat inside source list 2 pool c2501 overload
                        line console 0
                        exec-timeout 0 0
                        !
                        line vty 0 4
                        end

                        六、配置静态路由

                        通过配置静态路由,用户可以人为地指定对某一网络访问时所要经过的路径,在网络结构比较简单,且一般到达某一网络所经过的路径唯一的情况下采用静态路由。

                        任务 命令

                        建立静态路由 ip route prefix mask {address | interface}
                        [distance] [tag tag] [permanent]
                        Prefix : 所要到达的目的网络
                        mask : 子网掩码
                        address : 下一个跳的IP地址,即相邻路由器的端口地址。
                        interface : 本地网络接口
                        distance : 管理距离(可选)
                        tag tag : tag值(可选)
                        permanent : 指定此路由即使该端口关掉也不被移掉。

                        以下在Router1上设置了访问192.1.0.64/26这个网下一跳地址为192.200.10.6,即当有目的地址属于192.1.0.64/26的网络范围的数据报,应将其路由到地址为192.200.10.6的相邻路由器。在Router3上设置了访问192.1.0.128/26及192.200.10.4/30这二个网下一跳地址为192.1.0.65。由于在Router1上端口Serial
                        0地址为192.200.10.5,192.200.10.4/30这个网属于直连的网,已经存在访问192.200.10.4/30的路径,所以不需要在Router1上添加静态路由。

                        Router1:
                        ip route 192.1.0.64 255.255.255.192 192.200.10.6
                        Router3:
                        ip route 192.1.0.128 255.255.255.192 192.1.0.65
                        ip route 192.200.10.4 255.255.255.252 192.1.0.65

                        同时由于路由器Router3除了与路由器Router2相连外,不再与其他路由器相连,所以也可以为它赋予一条默认路由以代替以上的二条静态路由,
                        ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.1.0.65
                        即只要没有在路由表里找到去特定目的地址的路径,则数据均被路由到地址为192.1.0.65的相邻路由器。

                        第二章:广域网协议设置

                        一、HDLC

                        HDLC是CISCO路由器使用的缺省协议,一台新路由器在未指定封装协议时默认使用HDLC封装。

                        1. 有关命令

                        端口设置

                        任务 命令

                        设置HDLC封装 encapsulation hdlc
                        设置DCE端线路速度 clockrate speed
                        复位一个硬件接口 clear interface serial unit
                        显示接口状态 show interfaces serial [unit] 1
                        注:
                        1.以下给出一个显示Cisco同步串口状态的例子.
                        Router#show interface serial 0
                        Serial 0 is up, line protocol is up
                        Hardware is MCI Serial
                        Internet address is 150.136.190.203, subnet mask is
                        255.255.255.0
                        MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely
                        255/255, load 1/255
                        Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10
                        sec)
                        Last input 0:00:07, output 0:00:00, output hang never
                        Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops
                        Five minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
                        Five minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
                        16263 packets input, 1347238 bytes, 0 no buffer
                        Received 13983 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants
                        2 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 2
                        abort
                        22146 packets output, 2383680 bytes, 0 underruns
                        0 output errors, 0 collisions, 2 interface resets, 0
                        restarts
                        1 carrier transitions

                        2. 举例 

                        设置如下:

                        Router1:
                        interface Serial0
                        ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0
                        clockrate 1000000
                        Router2:
                        interface Serial0
                        ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0
                        !

                        3. 举例使用E1线路实现多个64K专线连接.

                        相关命令:

                        任务 命令

                        进入controller配置模式 controller {t1 | e1} number
                        选择帧类型 framing {crc4 | no-crc4}
                        选择line-code类型 linecode {ami | b8zs | hdb3}
                        建立逻辑通道组与时隙的映射 channel-group number timeslots range1
                        [slot/port]2

                        注:
                        1. 当链路为T1时,channel-group编号为0-23, Timeslot范围1-24;
                        当链路为E1时, channel-group编号为0-30, Timeslot范围1-31.
                        2.使用show controllers
                        e1观察controller状态,以下为帧类型为crc4时controllers正常的状态.
                        Router# show controllers e1
                        e1 0/0 is up.
                        Applique type is Channelized E1 - unbalanced
                        Framing is CRC4, Line Code is HDB3 No alarms detected.
                        Data in current interval (725 seconds elapsed):
                        0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations
                        0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded
                        Mins
                        0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs,
                        0 Unavail Secs
                        Total Data (last 24 hours) 0 Line Code Violations, 0
                        Path Code Violations,
                        0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded
                        Mins,
                        0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs,
                        0 Unavail Secs
                        以下例子为E1连接3条64K专线, 帧类型为NO-CRC4,非平衡链路,路由器具体设置如下:
                        shanxi#wri t
                        Building configuration...
                        Current configuration:
                        !
                        version 11.2
                        no service udp-small-servers
                        no service tcp-small-servers
                        !
                        hostname shanxi
                        !
                        enable secret 5 $1$XN08$Ttr8nfLoP9.2RgZhcBzkk/
                        enable password shanxi
                        !
                        !
                        ip subnet-zero
                        !
                        controller E1 0
                        framing NO-CRC4
                        channel-group 0 timeslots 1
                        channel-group 1 timeslots 2
                        channel-group 2 timeslots 3
                        !
                        interface Ethernet0
                        ip address 133.118.40.1 255.255.0.0
                        media-type 10BaseT
                        !
                        interface Ethernet1
                        no ip address
                        shutdown
                        !
                        interface Serial0:0
                        ip address 202.119.96.1 255.255.255.252
                        no ip mroute-cache
                        !
                        interface Serial0:1
                        ip address 202.119.96.5 255.255.255.252
                        no ip mroute-cache
                        !
                        interface Serial0:2
                        ip address 202.119.96.9 255.255.255.252
                        no ip mroute-cache
                        !
                        no ip classless
                        ip route 133.210.40.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:0
                        ip route 133.210.41.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:1
                        ip route 133.210.42.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:2
                        !
                        line con 0
                        line aux 0
                        line vty 0 4
                        password shanxi
                        login
                        !
                        end

                        二、PPP

                        PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol)是SLIP(Serial Line IP
                        protocol)的继承者,它提供了跨过同步和异步电路实现路由器到路由器(router-to-router)和主机到网络(host-to-network)的连接。
                        CHAP(Challenge Handshake Authentication
                        Protocol)和PAP(Password Authentication Protocol)
                        (PAP)通常被用于在PPP封装的串行线路上提供安全性认证。使用CHAP和PAP认证,每个路由器通过名字来识别,可以防止未经授权的访问。CHAP和PAP在RFC
                        1334上有详细的说明。

                        1. 有关命令

                        端口设置
                        任务 命令
                        设置PPP封装 encapsulation ppp1
                        设置认证方法 ppp authentication {chap | chap pap | pap chap |
                        pap} [if-needed] [list-name | default] [callin]
                        指定口令 username name password secret
                        设置DCE端线路速度 clockrate speed

                        注:

                        1、要使用CHAP/PAP必须使用PPP封装。在与非Cisco路由器连接时,一般采用PPP封装,其它厂家路由器一般不支持Cisco的HDLC封装协议。


                        2. 举例

                        路由器Router1和Router2的S0口均封装PPP协议,采用CHAP做认证,在Router1中应建立一个用户,以对端路由器主机名作为用户名,即用户名应为router2。同时在Router2中应建立一个用户,以对端路由器主机名作为用户名,即用户名应为router1。所建的这两用户的password必须相同。

                        设置如下:
                        Router1:
                        hostname router1
                        username router2 password xxx
                        interface Serial0
                        ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0
                        clockrate 1000000
                        ppp authentication chap
                        !
                        Router2:
                        hostname router2
                        username router1 password xxx
                        interface Serial0
                        ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0
                        ppp authentication chap
                        !

                        三、x.25

                        1. X25技术

                        X.25规范对应OSI三层,X.25的第三层描述了分组的格式及分组交换的过程。X.25的第二层由LAPB(Link
                        Access Procedure,
                        Balanced)实现,它定义了用于DTE/DCE连接的帧格式。X.25的第一层定义了电气和物理端口特性。

                        X.25网络设备分为数据终端设备(DTE)、数据电路终端设备(DCE)及分组交换设备(PSE)。DTE是X.25的末端系统,如终端、计算机或网络主机,一般位于用户端,Cisco路由器就是DTE设备。DCE设备是专用通信设备,如调制解调器和分组交换机。PSE是公共网络的主干交换机。
                        X.25定义了数据通讯的电话网络,每个分配给用户的x.25
                        端口都具有一个x.121地址,当用户申请到的是SVC(交换虚电路)时,x.25一端的用户在访问另一端的用户时,首先将呼叫对方x.121地址,然后接收到呼叫的一端可以接受或拒绝,如果接受请求,于是连接建立实现数据传输,当没有数据传输时挂断连接,整个呼叫过程就类似我们拨打普通电话一样,其不同的是x.25可以实现一点对多点的连接。其中x.121地址、htc均必须与x.25服务提供商分配的参数相同。X.25
                        PVC(永久虚电路),没有呼叫的过程,类似DDN专线。

                        2. 有关命令:
                        任务 命令
                        设置X.25封装 encapsulation x25 [dce]
                        设置X.121地址 x25 address x.121-address
                        设置远方站点的地址映射 x25 map protocol address [protocol2
                        address2[...[protocol9 address9]]] x121-address [option]

                        设置最大的双向虚电路数 x25 htc citcuit-number1
                        设置一次连接可同时建立的虚电路数
                        x25 nvc count2
                        设置x25在清除空闲虚电路前的等待周期
                        x25 idle minutes
                        重新启动x25,或清一个svc,启动一个pvc相关参数
                        clear x25 {serial number | cmns-interface mac-address}
                        [vc-number] 3
                        清x25虚电路 clear x25-vc
                        显示接口及x25相关信息 show interfaces serial show x25 interface
                        show x25 map show x25 vc

                        注:
                        1、虚电路号从1到4095,Cisco路由器默认为1024,国内一般分配为16。
                        2、虚电路计数从1到8,缺省为1。
                        3、在改变了x.25各层的相关参数后,应重新启动x25(使用clear x25 {serial number |
                        cmns-interface mac-address} [vc-number]或clear
                        x25-vc命令),否则新设置的参数可能不能生效。同时应对照服务提供商对于x.25交换机端口的设置来配置路由器的相关参数,若出现参数不匹配则可能会导致连接失败或其它意外情况。


                        实例:
                        在以下实例中每二个路由器间均通过svc实现连接。

                        路由器设置如下:
                        Router1:
                        interface Serial0
                        encapsulation x25
                        ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0
                        x25 address 110101
                        x25 htc 16
                        x25 nvc 2
                        x25 map ip 192.200.10.2 110102 broadcast
                        x25 map ip 192.200.10.3 110103 broadcast
                        !

                        Router2:
                        interface Serial0
                        encapsulation x25
                        ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0
                        x25 address 110102
                        x25 htc 16
                        x25 nvc 2
                        x25 map ip 192.200.10.1 110101 broadcast
                        x25 map ip 192.200.10.3 110103 broadcast
                        !

                        Router:
                        interface Serial0
                        encapsulation x25
                        ip address 192.200.10.3 255.255.255.0
                        x25 address 110103
                        x25 htc 16
                        x25 nvc 2
                        x25 map ip 192.200.10.1 110101 broadcast
                        x25 map ip 192.200.10.2 110102 broadcast
                        !

                        相关调试命令:
                        clear x25-vc
                        show interfaces serial
                        show x25 map
                        show x25 route
                        show x25 vc

                        在以下实例中路由器router1和router2均通过svc与router连接,但router1和router2不通过svc直接连接,此三个路由器的串口运行RIP路由协议,使用了子接口的概念。由于使用子接口,router1和router2均学习到了访问对方局域网的路径,若不使用子接口,router1和router2将学不到到对方局域网的路由。

                        子接口(Subinterface)是一个物理接口上的多个虚接口,可以用于在同一个物理接口上连接多个网。我们知道为了避免路由循环,路由器支持split
                        horizon法则,它只允许路由更新被分配到路由器的其它接口,而不会再分配路由更新回到此路由被接收的接口。无论如何,在广域网环境使用基于连接的接口(象
                        X.25和Frame
                        Relay),同一接口通过虚电路(vc)连接多台远端路由器时,从同一接口来的路由更新信息不可以再被发回到相同的接口,除非强制使用分开的物理接口连接不同的路由器。Cisco提供子接口(subinterface)作为分开的接口对待。你可以将路由器逻辑地连接到相同物理接口的不同子接口,
                        这样来自不同子接口的路由更新就可以被分配到其他子接口,同时又满足split horizon法则。

                        Router1:
                        interface Serial0
                        encapsulation x25
                        ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0
                        x25 address 110101
                        x25 htc 16
                        x25 nvc 2
                        x25 map ip 192.200.10.3 110103 broadcast
                        !
                        router rip
                        network 192.200.10.0
                        !

                        Router2:
                        interface Serial0
                        encapsulation x25
                        ip address 192.200.11.2 255.255.255.0
                        x25 address 110102
                        x25 htc 16
                        x25 nvc 2
                        x25 map ip 192.200.11.3 110103 broadcast
                        !
                        router rip
                        network 192.200.11.0
                        !

                        Router:
                        interface Serial0
                        encapsulation x25
                        x25 address 110103
                        x25 htc 16
                        x25 nvc 2
                        !
                        interface Serial0.1 point-to-point
                        ip address 192.200.10.3 255.255.255.0
                        x25 map ip 192.200.10.1 110101 broadcast
                        !
                        interface Serial0.2 point-to-point
                        ip address 192.200.11.3 255.255.255.0
                        x25 map ip 192.200.11.2 110102 broadcast
                        !
                        router rip
                        network 192.200.10.0
                        network 192.200.11.0
                        !
                         


             

                         

 


                   
                       四、Frame Relay

                        1). 帧中继技术

                        帧中继是一种高性能的WAN协议,它运行在OSI参考模型的物理层和数据链路层。它是一种数据包交换技术,是X.25的简化版本。它省略了X.25的一些强健功能,如提供窗口技术和数据重发技术,而是依靠高层协议提供纠错功能,这是因为帧中继工作在更好的WAN设备上,这些设备较之X.25的WAN设备具有更可靠的连接服务和更高的可靠性,它严格地对应于OSI参考模型的最低二层,而X.25还提供第三层的服务,所以,帧中继比X.25具有更高的性能和更有效的传输效率。


                        帧中继广域网的设备分为数据终端设备(DTE)和数据电路终端设备(DCE),Cisco路由器作为 DTE设备。

                        帧中继技术提供面向连接的数据链路层的通信,在每对设备之间都存在一条定义好的通信链路,且该链路有一个链路识别码。这种服务通过帧中继虚电路实现,每个帧中继虚电路都以数据链路识别码(DLCI)标识自己。DLCI的值一般由帧中继服务提供商指定。帧中继即支持PVC也支持SVC。


                        帧中继本地管理接口(LMI)是对基本的帧中继标准的扩展。它是路由器和帧中继交换机之间信令标准,提供帧中继管理机制。它提供了许多管理复杂互联网络的特性,其中包括全局寻址、虚电路状态消息和多目发送等功能。


                        2). 有关命令:

                        端口设置
                        任务 命令
                        设置Frame Relay封装 encapsulation frame-relay[ietf] 1
                        设置Frame Relay LMI类型 frame-relay lmi-type {ansi | cisco |
                        q933a}2
                        设置子接口 interface interface-type
                        interface-number.subinterface-number
                        [multipoint|point-to-point]
                        映射协议地址与DLCI frame-relay map protocol protocol-address
                        dlci [broadcast]3
                        设置FR DLCI编号 frame-relay interface-dlci dlci [broadcast]

                        注:

                        1.若使Cisco路由器与其它厂家路由设备相连,则使用Internet工程任务组(IETF)规定的帧中继封装格式。


                        2.从Cisco IOS版本11.2开始,软件支持本地管理接口(LMI)“自动感觉”,
                        “自动感觉”使接口能确定交换机支持的LMI类型,用户可以不明确配置LMI接口类型。

                        3.broadcast选项允许在帧中继网络上传输路由广播信息。

                        3). 帧中继point to point配置实例:

                        Router1:
                        interface serial 0
                        encapsulation frame-relay
                        !
                        interface serial 0.1 point-to-point
                        ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
                        frame-reply interface-dlci 105
                        !
                        interface serial 0.2 point-to-point
                        ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
                        frame-reply interface-dlci 102
                        !
                        interface serial 0.3 point-to-point
                        ip address 172.16.4.1 255.255.255.0
                        frame-reply interface-dlci 104
                        !
                        Router2:
                        interface serial 0
                        encapsulation frame-relay
                        !
                        interface serial 0.1 point-to-point
                        ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0
                        frame-reply interface-dlci 201
                        !
                        interface serial 0.2 point-to-point
                        ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0
                        frame-reply interface-dlci 203
                        !

                        相关调试命令:
                        show frame-relay lmi
                        show frame-relay map
                        show frame-relay pvc
                        show frame-relay route
                        show interfaces serial
                        go top

                        4). 帧中继 Multipoint 配置实例:

                        Router1:
                        interface serial 0
                        encapsulation frame-reply
                        !
                        interface serial 0.1 multipoint
                        ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0
                        frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.1 201 broadcast
                        frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.3 301 broadcast
                        frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.4 401 broadcast
                        !
                        Router2:
                        interface serial 0
                        encapsulation frame-reply
                        !
                        interface serial 0.1 multipoint
                        ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
                        frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.2 102 broadcast
                        frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.3 102 broadcast
                        frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.4 102 broadcast
                        !

                        五、ISDN
                         
                        1. 综合数字业务网(ISDN)

                        综合数字业务网(ISDN)由数字电话和数据传输服务两部分组成,一般由电话局提供这种服务。ISDN的基本速率接口(BRI)服务提供2个B信道和1个D信道(2B+D)。BRI的B信道速率为64Kbps,用于传输用户数据。D信道的速率为16Kbps,主要传输控制信号。在北美和日本,ISDN的主速率接口(PRI)提供23个B信道和1个D信道,总速率可达1.544Mbps,其中D信道速率为64Kbps。而在欧洲、澳大利亚等国家,ISDN的PRI提供30个B信道和1个64Kbps
                        D信道,总速率可达2.048Mbps。我国电话局所提供ISDN PRI为30B+D。

                        2. 基本命令
                        任务 命令
                        设置ISDN交换类型 isdn switch-type switch-type1
                        接口设置 interface bri 0
                        设置PPP封装 encapsulation ppp
                        设置协议地址与电话号码的映射
                        dialer map protocol next-hop-address [name hostname]
                        [broadcast] [dial-string]
                        启动PPP多连接 ppp multilink
                        设置启动另一个B通道的阈值
                        dialer load-threshold load
                        显示ISDN有关信息 show isdn {active | history | memory |
                        services | status [dsl | interface-type number] |
                        timers}

                        注:
                        1.交换机类型如下表,国内交换机一般为basic-net3。
                        按区域分关键字 交换机类型
                        Australia
                        basic-ts013 Australian TS013 switches
                        Europe
                        basic-1tr6 German 1TR6 ISDN switches
                        basic-nwnet3 Norway NET3 switches (phase 1)
                        basic-net3 NET3 ISDN switches (UK, Denmark, and other
                        nations); covers the Euro-ISDN E-DSS1 signalling system
                        primary-net5 NET5 switches (UK and Europe)
                        vn2 French VN2 ISDN switches
                        vn3 French VN3 ISDN switches
                        Japan
                        ntt Japanese NTT ISDN switches
                        primary-ntt Japanese ISDN PRI switches
                        North America
                        basic-5ess AT&T basic rate switches
                        basic-dms100 NT DMS-100 basic rate switches
                        basic-ni1 National ISDN-1 switches
                        primary-4ess AT&T 4ESS switch type for the U.S. (ISDN
                        PRI only)
                        primary-5ess AT&T 5ESS switch type for the U.S. (ISDN
                        PRI only)
                        primary-dms100 NT DMS-100 switch type for the U.S. (ISDN
                        PRI only)
                        New Zealand
                        basic-nznet3 New Zealand Net3 switches

                        3. ISDN实现DDR(dial-on-demand routing)实例:

                        设置如下:
                        Router1:
                        hostname router1
                        user router2 password cisco
                        !
                        isdn switch-type basic-net3
                        !
                        interface bri 0
                        ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0
                        encapsulation ppp
                        dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name router2 572
                        dialer load-threshold 80
                        ppp multilink
                        dialer-group 1
                        ppp authentication chap
                        !
                        dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
                        !

                        Router2:
                        hostname router2
                        user router1 password cisco
                        !
                        isdn switch-type basic-net3
                        !
                        interface bri 0
                        ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0
                        encapsulation ppp
                        dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name router1 571
                        dialer load-threshold 80
                        ppp multilink
                        dialer-group 1
                        ppp authentication chap
                        !
                        dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
                        !

                        Cisco路由器同时支持回拨功能,我们将路由器Router1作为Callback
                        Server,Router2作为Callback Client。
                        与回拨相关命令:

                        任务 命令
                        映射协议地址和电话号码,
                        并在接口上使用在全局模式下
                        定义的PPP回拨的映射类别。 dialer map protocol address name hostname
                        class classname dial-string
                        设置接口支持PPP回拨 ppp callback accept
                        在全局模式下为PPP回拨设置映射类别
                        map-class dialer classname
                        通过查找注册在dialer map里
                        的主机名来决定回拨. dialer callback-server [username]
                        设置接口要求PPP回拨 ppp callback request

                        设置如下:

                        Router1:
                        hostname router1
                        user router2 password cisco
                        !
                        isdn switch-type basic-net3
                        !
                        interface bri 0
                        ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0
                        encapsulation ppp
                        dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name router2 class s3 572
                        dialer load-threshold 80
                        ppp callback accept
                        ppp multilink
                        dialer-group 1
                        ppp authentication chap
                        !
                        map-class dialer s3
                        dialer callback-server username
                        dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
                        !

                        Router2:
                        hostname router2
                        user router1 password cisco
                        !
                        isdn switch-type basic-net3
                        !
                        interface bri 0
                        ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0
                        encapsulation ppp
                        dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name router1 571
                        dialer load-threshold 80
                        ppp callback request
                        ppp multilink
                        dialer-group 1
                        ppp authentication chap
                        !
                        dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
                        !

                        相关调试命令:
                        debug dialer
                        debug isdn event
                        debug isdn q921
                        debug isdn q931
                        debug ppp authentication
                        debug ppp error
                        debug ppp negotiation
                        debug ppp packet
                        show dialer
                        show isdn status

                        举例:执行debug
                        dialer命令观察router2呼叫router1,router1回拨router2的过程.
                        router1#debug dialer
                        router2#ping 192.200.10.1

                        router1#
                        00:03:50: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed
                        state to up
                        00:03:50: BRI0:1PP callback Callback server starting to
                        router2 572
                        00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call
                        00:03:50: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed
                        state to down
                        00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call
                        00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call
                        00:03:51: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:2, changed
                        state to up
                        00:03:52: callback to router2 already started
                        00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call
                        00:03:52: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:2, changed
                        state to down
                        00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call
                        00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call
                        00:04:05: : Callback timer expired
                        00:04:05: BRI0:beginning callback to router2 572
                        00:04:05: BRI0: Attempting to dial 572
                        00:04:05: Freeing callback to router2 572
                        00:04:05: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed
                        state to up
                        00:04:05: BRI0:1: No callback negotiated
                        00:04:05: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Virtual-Access1,
                        changed state to up
                        00:04:05: dialer Protocol up for Vi1
                        00:04:06: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on
                        Interface BRI0:1, changed state to up
                        00:04:06: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on
                        Interface Virtual-Access1, chang ed state to up
                        00:04:11: %ISDN-6-CONNECT: Interface BRI0:1 is now
                        connected to 572
                        #router1

                        4. ISDN访问首都在线263网实例:

                        本地局部网地址为10.0.0.0/24,属于保留地址,通过NAT地址翻译功能,局域网用户可以通过ISDN上263网访问Internet。263的ISDN电话号码为2633,用户为263,口令为263,所涉及的命令如下表:

                        任务 命令
                        指定接口通过PPP/IPCP地址
                        协商获得IP地址 ip address negotiated
                        指定内部和外部端口 ip nat {inside | outside}
                        使用ppp/pap作认证 ppp authentication pap callin
                        指定接口属于拨号组1 dialer-group 1
                        定义拨号组1允许所有IP协议 dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
                        设定拨号,号码为2633 dialer string 2633
                        设定登录263的用户名和口令 ppp pap sent-username 263 password 263
                        设定默认路由 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 bri 0
                        设定符合访问列表2的所有
                        源地址被翻译为bri 0所拥有的地址
                        ip nat inside source list 2 interface bri 0 overload
                        设定访问列表2,允许所有协议 access-list 2 permit any

                        具体配置如下:
                        hostname Cisco2503
                        !
                        isdn switch-type basic-net3
                        !
                        ip subnet-zero
                        no ip domain-lookup
                        ip routing
                        !
                        interface Ethernet 0
                        ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
                        ip nat inside
                        no shutdown
                        !
                        interface Serial 0
                        shutdown
                        no des cription
                        no ip address
                        !
                        interface Serial 1
                        shutdown
                        no des cription
                        no ip address
                        !
                        interface bri 0
                        ip address negotiated
                        ip nat outside
                        encapsulation ppp
                        ppp authentication pap callin
                        ppp multilink
                        dialer-group 1
                        dialer hold-queue 10
                        dialer string 2633
                        dialer idle-timeout 120
                        ppp pap sent-username 263 password 263
                        no cdp enable
                        no ip split-horizon
                        no shutdown
                        !
                        ip classless
                        !
                        ! Static Routes
                        !
                        ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 bri 0
                        !
                        ! Access Control List 2
                        !
                        access-list 2 permit any
                        !
                        dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
                        !
                        ! Dynamic NAT
                        !
                        ip nat inside source list 2 interface bri 0 overload
                        snmp-server community public ro
                        !
                        line console 0
                        exec-timeout 0 0
                        !
                        line vty 0 4
                        !
                        end

                        5. Cisco765M通过ISDN拨号上263

                        由于Cisco765的设置命令与我们常用的Cisco路由器的命令不同,所以以下列举了通过Cisco765上263访问Internet的具体命令行设置步骤。

                        >set system c765
                        c765> set multidestination on
                        c765> set switch net3
                        c765> set ppp multilink on
                        c765> cd lan
                        c765:LAN> set ip routing on
                        c765:LAN> set ip address 10.0.0.1
                        c765:LAN> set ip netmask 255.0.0.0
                        c765:LAN> set briding off
                        c765:LAN>cd
                        c765> set user remotenet
                        New user remotenet being created
                        c765:remotenet> set ip routing on
                        c765:remotenet> set bridging off
                        c765:remotenet> set ip framing none
                        c765:remotenet> set ppp clientname 263
                        c765:remotenet> set ppp password client
                        Enter new Password: 263
                        Re-Type new Password: 263
                        c765:remotenet> set ppp authentication out none
                        c765:remotenet> set ip address 0.0.0.0
                        c765:remotenet> set ip netmask 0.0.0.0
                        c765:remotenet> set ppp address negotiation local on
                        c765:remotenet> set ip pat on
                        c765:remotenet> set ip route destination 0.0.0.0/0
                        gateway 0.0.0.0
                        c765:remotenet> set number 2633
                        c765:remotenet> set active

                        命令描述如下:
                        任务 命令
                        设置路由器系统名称 set system c765
                        允许路由器呼叫多个目的地 set multidestination on
                        设置ISDN交换机类型为NET3 set switch net3
                        允许点到点间多条通道连接
                        实现负载均衡 set ppp multilink on
                        关掉桥接 set briding off
                        建立用户预制文件用于设置拨号连接参数- 可以设置多个用户预制文件用于相同的物理端口对应于不同的连接。
                        set user remotenet
                        使用PPP/IPCP set ip framing none
                        设置上网用户帐号 set ppp clientname 263
                        设置上网口令 set ppp password client Enter new Password: 263
                        Re-Type new Password: 263
                        不用PPP/CHAP或PAP做认证 set ppp authentication out none
                        允许地址磋商 set ppp address negotiation local on
                        设置地址翻译 set ip pat on
                        设置默认路由 set ip route destination 0.0.0.0/0 gateway
                        0.0.0.0
                        设置ISP的电话号码 set number 2633
                        激活用户预制文件 set active

                        六、PSTN
                        电话网络(PSTN)是目前普及程度最高、成本最低的公用通讯网络,它在网络互连中也有广泛的应用。电话网络的应用一般可分为两种类型,一种是同等级别机构之间以按需拨号(DDR)的方式实现互连,一种是ISP为拨号上网为用户提供的远程访问服务的功能。

                        1. 远程访问

                        1).Access Server基本设置:

                        选用Cisco2511作为访问服务器,采用IP地址池动态分配地址.远程工作站使用WIN95拨号网络实现连接。

                        全局设置:
                        任务 命令
                        设置用户名和密码 username username password password
                        设置用户的IP地址池 ip local pool {default | pool-name
                        low-ip-address [high-ip-address]}
                        指定地址池的工作方式 ip address-pool [dhcp-proxy-client | local]

                        基本接口设置命令:
                        任务 命令
                        设置封装形式为PPP encapsulation ppp
                        启动异步口的路由功能 async default routing
                        设置异步口的PPP工作方式 async mode {dedicated | interactive}
                        设置用户的IP地址 peer default ip address {ip-address | dhcp |
                        pool [pool-name]}
                        设置IP地址与Ethernet0相同ip unnumbered ethernet0

                        line拨号线设置:
                        任务 命令
                        设置modem的工作方式 modem {inout|dialin}
                        自动配置modem类型 modem autoconfig discovery
                        设置拨号线的通讯速率 speed speed
                        设置通讯线路的流控方式 flowcontrol {none | software [lock] [in |
                        out] | hardware [in | out]}
                        连通后自动执行命令 autocommand command

                        访问服务器设置如下:
                        Router:
                        hostname Router
                        enable secret 5 $1$EFqU$tYLJLrynNUKzE4bx6fmH//
                        !
                        interface Ethernet0
                        ip address 10.111.4.20 255.255.255.0
                        !
                        interface Async1
                        ip unnumbered Ethernet0
                        encapsulation ppp
                        keepalive 10
                        async mode interactive
                        peer default ip address pool Cisco2511-Group-142
                        !
                        ip local pool Cisco2511-Group-142 10.111.4.21
                        10.111.4.36
                        !
                        line con 0
                        exec-timeout 0 0
                        password cisco
                        !
                        line 1 16
                        modem InOut
                        modem autoconfigure discovery
                        flowcontrol hardware
                        !
                        line aux 0
                        transport input all
                        line vty 0 4
                        password cisco
                        !
                        end

                        相关调试命令:
                        show interface
                        show line

                        2). Access Server通过Tacacs服务器实现安全认证:

                        使用一台WINDOWS
                        NT服务器作为Tacacs服务器,地址为10.111.4.2,运行Cisco2511随机带的Easy ACS
                        1.0软件实现用户认证功能.

                        相关设置:
                        任务 命令
                        激活AAA访问控制 aaa new-model
                        用户登录时默认起
                        用Tacacs+做AAA认证 aaa authentication login default tacacs+
                        列表名为no_tacacs使用
                        ENABLE口令做认证 aaa authentication login no_tacacs enable
                        在运行PPP的串行线上
                        采用Tacacs+做认证 aaa authentication ppp default tacacs+
                        由TACACS+服务器授权
                        运行EXEC aaa authorization exec tacacs+
                        由TACACS+服务器授权与
                        网络相关的服务请求 aaa authorization network tacacs+

                        为EXEC会话运行记帐.
                        进程开始和结束时发通告
                        给TACACS+服务器。 aaa accounting exec start-stop tacacs+
                        为与网络相关的服务需求
                        运行记帐包括SLIP,PPP,
                        PPP NCPs,ARAP等.在进程
                        开始和结束时发通告给
                        TACACS+服务器。 aaa accounting network start-stop tacacs+
                        指定Tacacs服务器地址 tacacs-server host 10.111.4.2
                        在Tacacs+服务器和访问
                        服务器设定共享的关键字,
                        访问服务器和Tacacs+服务器
                        使用这个关键字去加密口令
                        和响应信息。
                        这里使用tac作为关键字。 tacacs-server key tac

                        访问服务器设置如下:
                        hostname router
                        !
                        aaa new-model
                        aaa authentication login default tacacs+
                        aaa authentication login no_tacacs enable
                        aaa authentication ppp default tacacs+
                        aaa authorization exec tacacs+
                        aaa authorization network tacacs+
                        aaa accounting exec start-stop tacacs+
                        aaa accounting network start-stop tacacs+
                        enable secret 5 $1$kN4g$CvS4d2.rJzWntCnn/0hvE0
                        !
                        interface Ethernet0
                        ip address 10.111.4.20 255.255.255.0
                        !
                        interface Serial0
                        no ip address
                        shutdown
                        interface Serial1
                        no ip address
                        shutdown
                        !
                        interface Group-Async1
                        ip unnumbered Ethernet0
                        encapsulation ppp
                        async mode interactive
                        peer default ip address pool Cisco2511-Group-142
                        no cdp enable
                        group-range 1 16
                        !
                        ip local pool Cisco2511-Group-142 10.111.4.21
10.111.4.36
                        tacacs-server host 10.111.4.2
                        tacacs-server key tac
                        !
                        line con 0
                        exec-timeout 0 0
                        password cisco
                        login authentication no_tacacs
                        line 1 16
                        login authentication tacacs
                        modem InOut
                        modem autoconfigure type usr_courier
                        autocommand ppp
                        transport input all
                        stopbits 1
                        rxspeed 115200
                        txspeed 115200
                        flowcontrol hardware
                        line aux 0
                        transport input all
                        line vty 0 4
                        password cisco
                        !
                        end

                        2. DDR(dial-on-demand routing)实例
                        此例通过Cisco
                        2500系列路由器的aux端口实现异步拨号DDR连接。Router1拨号连接到Router2。其中采用PPP/CHAP做安全认证,在Router1中应建立一个用户,以对端路由器主机名作为用户名,即用户名应为Router2。同时在Router2中应建立一个用户,以对端路由器主机名作为用户名,即用户名应为Router1。所建的这两用户的password必须相同。


                        相关命令如下:
                        任务 命令
                        设置路由器与modem的接口指令 chat-s cript s cript-name EXPECT SEND
                        EXPECT SEND (etc.)
                        设置端口在挂断前的等待时间 dialer idle-timeout seconds
                        设置协议地址与电话号码的映射 dialer map protocol next-hop-address
                        [name hostname] [broadcast] [modem-s cript modem-regexp]
                        [system-s cript system-regexp] [dial-string]
                        设置电话号码 dialer string dial-string
                        指定在特定线路下路由器默认 使用的chat-s cript s cript {dialer|reset} s
                        cript-name

                        Router1:
                        hostname Router1
                        !
                        enable secret 5 $1$QKI7$wXjpFqC74vDAyKBUMallw/
                        !
                        username Router2 password cisco
                        chat-s cript cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT
                        /T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT /c
                        !
                        interface Ethernet0
                        ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
                        !
                        interface Async1
                        ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0
                        encapsulation ppp
                        async default routing
                        async mode dedicated
                        dialer in-band
                        dialer idle-timeout 60
                        dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name Router2 modem-s cript
                        cisco-default 573
                        dialer-group 1
                        ppp authentication chap
                        !
                        ip route 10.0.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.200.10.2
                        dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
                        !
                        line con 0
                        line aux 0
                        modem InOut
                        modem autoconfigure discovery
                        flowcontrol hardware

                        Router2:
                        hostname Router2
                        !
                        enable secret 5 $1$F6EV$5U8puzNt2/o9g.t56PXHo.
                        !
                        username Router1 password cisco
                        !
                        interface Ethernet0
                        ip address 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0
                        !
                        interface Async1
                        ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0
                        encapsulation ppp
                        async default routing
                        async mode dedicated
                        dialer in-band
                        dialer idle-timeout 60
                        dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name Router1
                        dialer-group 1
                        ppp authentication chap
                        !
                        ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.200.10.1
                        dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
                        !
                        line con 0
                        line aux 0
                        modem InOut
                        modem autoconfigure discovery
                        flowcontrol hardware
                        !

                        相关调试命令:
                        debug dialer
                        debug ppp authentication
                        debug ppp error
                        debug ppp negotiation
                        debug ppp packet
                        show dialer

                        3. 异步拨号备份DDN专线:
                        此例主连接采用DDN专线,备份线路为电话拨号。当DDN专线连接正常时,主端口S0状态为up,line
                        protocol亦为up,则备份线路状态为standby,line
                        protocol为down,此时所有通信均通过主接口进行。当主接口连接发生故障时,端口状态为down,则激活备份接口,完成数据通信。此方法不适合为X.25做备份。因为,配置封装为X.25的接口只要和X.25交换机之间的连接正常其接口及line
                        protocol的状态亦为
                        up,它并不考虑其它地方需与之通信的路由器的状态如何,所以若本地路由器状态正常,而对方路由器连接即使发生故障,本地也不会激活备份线路。例4将会描述如何为X.25做拨号备份。


                        以下是相关命令:
                        任务 命令
                        指定主线路改变后,
                        次线路状态发生改变
                        的延迟时间 backup delay {enable-delay | never} {disable-delay
                        | never}
                        指定一个接口作为
                        备份接口 backup interface type number

                        hostname c2522rb
                        !
                        enable secret 5 $1$J5vn$ceYDe2FwPhrZi6qsIIz6g0
                        enable password cisco
                        !
                        username c4700 password 0 cisco
                        ip subnet-zero
                        chat-s cript cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT
                        /T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT /c
                        chat-s cript reset atz
                        !
                        interface Ethernet0
                        ip address 16.122.51.254 255.255.255.0
                        no ip mroute-cache
                        !
                        interface Serial0
                        backup delay 10 10
                        backup interface Serial2
                        ip address 16.250.123.18 255.255.255.252
                        no ip mroute-cache
                        no fair-queue
                        !
                        interface Serial1
                        no ip address
                        no ip mroute-cache
                        shutdown
                        !
                        interface Serial2
                        physical-layer async
                        ip address 16.249.123.18 255.255.255.252
                        encapsulation ppp
                        async mode dedicated
                        dialer in-band
                        dialer idle-timeout 60
                        dialer map ip 16.249.123.17 name c4700 6825179
                        dialer-group 1
                        ppp authentication chap
                        !
                        interface Serial3
                        no ip address
                        shutdown
                        no cdp enable
                        !
                        interface Serial4
                        no ip address
                        shutdown
                        no cdp enable
                        !
                        interface Serial5
                        no ip address
                        no ip mroute-cache
                        shutdown
                        !
                        interface Serial6
                        no ip address
                        no ip mroute-cache
                        shutdown
                        !
                        interface Serial7
                        no ip address
                        no ip mroute-cache
                        shutdown
                        !
                        interface Serial8
                        no ip address
                        no ip mroute-cache
                        shutdown
                        !
                        interface Serial9
                        no ip address
                        no ip mroute-cache
                        shutdown
                        !
                        interface BRI0
                        no ip address
                        no ip mroute-cache
                        shutdown
                        !
                        router eigrp 200
                        network 16.0.0.0
                        !
                        ip classless
                        !
                        dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
                        !
                        line con 0
                        line 2
                        s cript dialer cisco-default
                        s cript reset reset
                        modem InOut
                        modem autoconfigure discovery
                        rxspeed 38400
                        txspeed 38400
                        flowcontrol hardware
                        line aux 0
                        line vty 0 4
                        password cisco
                        login
                        !
                        end
                        c2522rb#

                        4. 异步拨号备份X.25:

                        设置X.25的拨号备份,首先X.25连接的端口必须运行动态路由协议,异步拨号口必须使用静态路由.本例选择EIGRP作为路由选择协议,将静态路由的Metric的值设置为200,由于EIGRP的默认Metric为90,所以当同时有两条路径通往同一网段时,其中Metric值小的路径生效,而当X.25连接出现问题时,路由器无法通过路由协议学习到路由表,则此时静态路由生效,访问通过拨号端口实现。当X.25连接恢复正常时,路由器又可以学习到路由表,则由于
                        Metric值的不同,静态路由自动被动态路由所代替,这样就实现了备份的功能。

                        路由器Router1配置如下:
                        hostname router1
                        !
                        enable secret 5 $1$UTvD$99YiY2XsRMxHudcYeHn.Y.
                        enable password cisco
                        !
                        username router2 password cisco
                        ip subnet-zero
                        chat-s cript cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT
                        /T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT /c
                        chat-s cript reset atz
                        interface Ethernet0
                        ip address 202.96.38.100 255.255.255.0
                        !
                        interface Serial0
                        ip address 202.96.0.1 255.255.255.0
                        encapsulation x25
                        x25 address 10112227
                        x25 htc 16
                        x25 map ip 202.96.0.2 10112225 broadcast
                        !
                        interface Serial1
                        no ip address
                        shutdown
                        !
                        !
                        interface Async 1
                        ip address 202.96.1.1 255.255.255.252
                        encapsulation ppp
                        dialer in-band
                        dialer idle-timeout 60
                        dialer map ip 202.96.1.2 name router2 modem-s cript
                        cisco-default 2113470
                        dialer-group 1
                        ppp authentication chap
                        !
                        router eigrp 200
                        redistribute connected
                        network 202.96.0.0
                        !
                        ip route 202.96.37.0 255.255.255.0 202.96.1.2 200
                        dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
                        line con 0
                        line aux 0
                        s cript dialer cisco-default
                        s cript reset reset
                        modem InOut
                        modem autoconfigure discovery
                        transport input all
                        rxspeed 38400
                        txspeed 38400
                        flowcontrol hardware
                        line vty 0 4
                        password cisco
                        login
                        !
                        end

                        路由器Router2配置如下:
                        hostname router2
                        !
                        enable secret 5 $1$T4IU$2cIqak8f/E4Ug6dLT0k.J0
                        enable password cisco
                        !
                        username router1 password cisco
                        ip subnet-zero
                        chat-s cript cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT
                        /T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT /c
                        chat-s cript reset atz
                        !
                        interface Ethernet0
                        ip address 202.96.37.100 255.255.255.0
                        !
                        interface Serial0
                        ip address 202.96.0.2 255.255.255.0
                        no ip mroute-cache
                        encapsulation x25
                        x25 address 10112225
                        x25 htc 16
                        x25 map ip 202.96.0.1 10112227 broadcast
                        !
                        interface Serial1
                        no ip address
                        shutdown
                        !
                        interface Async1
                        ip address 202.96.1.2 255.255.255.252
                        encapsulation ppp
                        keepalive 30
                        async default routing
                        async mode dedicated
                        dialer in-band
                        dialer idle-timeout 60
                        dialer wait-for-carrier-time 120
                        dialer map ip 202.96.1.1 name router1 modem-s cript
                        cisco-default 2113469
                        dialer-group 1
                        ppp authentication chap
                        !
                        router eigrp 200
                        redistribute static
                        network 202.96.0.0
                        !
                        no ip classless
                        ip route 202.96.38.0 255.255.255.0 202.96.1.1 200
                        dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
                        !
                        line con 0
                        exec-timeout 0 0
                        line aux 0
                        s cript reset reset
                        modem InOut
                        modem autoconfigure discovery
                        transport input all
                        rxspeed 38400
                        txspeed 38400
                        flowcontrol hardware
                        line vty 0 4
                        password cisco
                        login
                        !
                        end 

DHCP配置 4 静态路由 6 浮动静态路由 6 向网络中注入一条默认路由 7 RIP 8 RIP的基本配置 8 被动接口与单播更新 10 RIPv2的基本配置 11 RIPv 2的手动汇总 13 RIPv2认证和触发更新 13 EIGRP配置 17 Eigrp的基本配置 17 eigrp路由汇总 19 eigrp的负载均衡 21 eigrp认证 23 OSPF 26 OSPF 基本配置 26 OSPF广播多路访问 28 OSPF基本认证 29 OSPF基于MD5的认证 30 OSPF基于链路的MD5认证 31 OSPF基于链路的简单口令认证 32 ospf 注入一条默认路由 33 多区域OSPF 35 多区域OSPF基本配置 36 多区域OSPF手动汇总 38 Ospf 末节区域和完全末节区域 40 Ospf NSSA区域 42 Ospf虚链路 44 不连续区域0的虚连接 46 IS-IS 49 Is-is的基本配置 49 多区域集成的IS-IS 50 BGP 52 BGP地址聚合 57 BGP属性控制选路 60 用BGP AS-PATH属性控制选路 63 BGP LOCAL_PREF属性控制选路 66 BGP WEIGHT属性控制选路 69 路由反射器配置 71 BGP联邦配置 74 BGP团体配置 77 路由重分布 81 Rip、OSPF、eigrp之间的路由重分布 81 ISIS 和OSPF 重分布 83 Vlan间路由 86 传统的vlan间路由 86 单臂路由器vlan间路由 88 三层交换实现vlan间路由 90 ACL 91 标准ACL 91 扩展ACL1 92 扩展ACL2 95 命名ACL 97 基于时间的ACL 99 动态ACL 100 自反ACL 102 Nat地址转换 104 静态nat地址转换 104 动态Nat地址转换 105 NAT重载 107 PPP的配置实验 108 PAP验证 113 帧中继配置 115 帧中继静态映射 115 帧中继子接口单点对多点 117 帧中继点到点子接口配置 119 把一台cisco路由器配置为帧中继交换机 122 帧中继上的RIP 124 帧中继上集成IS-IS 126 帧中继上点到点子接口下集成的IS-IS 127 帧中继上的OSPF 129 IPV6 131 IPv6 静态路由 131 IPv6 RIPng 131 OSPFv3 133 IPv6 EIGRP 135 组播 136 PIM Dense 137 PIM Sparse-Dense 140 路由优化 142 分布控制列表控制路由更新 142 策略路由 144 基于报文大小的策略路由 145 基于应用的策略路由 147 网关冗余和负载均衡 148 HSRP 148 VRRP 150 GLBP 151 IOS 153 IOS更新 153 交换机的IOS恢复 154 路由器的密码恢复和ios恢复 154 计算机端口安全 155 交换机的密码恢复 156 清除交换机配置并重启 156 stp 157 STP+VTP 157 Trunk 配置 159 RSTP 160 MST 160 STP 保护 162 链路聚合 163 QOS 164 PQ 165 CQ 165 WFQ 166 CBWFQ 166 LLQ 167 WRED 168 CAR 168 NBAR 168 综合练习1 170 综合练习2 177
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