【python3】2. 数据类型

本系列摘自莫烦python

1 list列表

• 列表用的【】

files = ["f1.txt", "f2.txt", "f3.txt", "f4.txt", "f5.txt"]
print("files[:3] ", files[:3])
print("files[2:4] ", files[2:4])
print("files[-3:] ", files[-3:])

files[:3]  ['f1.txt', 'f2.txt', 'f3.txt']
files[2:4]  ['f3.txt', 'f4.txt']
files[-3:]  ['f3.txt', 'f4.txt', 'f5.txt']

• 在列表中，你可以存放不同类型的元素，字符，数字，甚至列表里还能有列表。

l = [1, "file", ["2", 3.2]]
print(l)
l[2][0] = "new string"
print(l)

[1, 'file', ['2', 3.2]]
[1, 'file', ['new string', 3.2]]

• for循环

files = ["f1.txt", "f2.txt", "f3.txt", "f4.txt", "f5.txt"]
for f in files:
    if f == "f3.txt":
        print("I got f3.txt")

2 Dict 字典

有标签，{}来括起来，标签不能重复

files = {"ID": 111, "passport": "my passport", "books": [1,2,3]}
print(files)
print(files["books"])

{'ID': 111, 'passport': 'my passport', 'books': [1, 2, 3]}
[1, 2, 3]

• 注意哦，在字典中的元素不像列表，字典元素是没有顺序的，只能通过ID来查找，不能通过下标

• for循环取值
  字典也能和 for 进行简化的应用。我们只需要调用 dict.items(), dict.keys(), dict.values() 分别取字典的某些部分就能简化 for 循环了

files = {"ID": 111, "passport": "my passport", "books": [1,2,3]}
for key in files.keys():
    print("key:", key)

for value in files.values():
    print("value:", value)

for key, value in files.items():
    print("key:", key, ", value:", value)

key: ID
key: passport
key: books
value: 111
value: my passport
value: [1, 2, 3]
key: ID , value: 111
key: passport , value: my passport
key: books , value: [1, 2, 3]

3 Tuple 元组

用小括号（ ），可以通过下标访问，不能修改

files = ("file1", "file2", "file3")
print(files[1])
files[1] = "file4"   # 这里会报错

file2

TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

我们就希望它不能改变，特别是你的代码要给别人使用的时候，你没法控制，也不希望他们改变你的这些固定值。

4 Set 合集

set 里面只会存在非重复的元素，用{}，无序的，无法下标访问通常使用循环结构

https://www.jianshu.com/p/f60fabfefc091

set_demo1 = {11, 2.1, True, 4 + 5j, '羊老羊', (1, 2, 3)}

for i in set_demo1:
    print(i)

True
2.1
11
(1, 2, 3)
(4+5j)
羊老羊

5 常用功能

• pop()

files = []
for i in range(5):
    files.append("f"+str(i)+".txt") # 添加
    print("has", files)

for i in range(len(files)):
    print("pop", files.pop())   # 从最后一个开始 pop 出
    print("remain", files)

has ['f0.txt']
has ['f0.txt', 'f1.txt']
has ['f0.txt', 'f1.txt', 'f2.txt']
has ['f0.txt', 'f1.txt', 'f2.txt', 'f3.txt']
has ['f0.txt', 'f1.txt', 'f2.txt', 'f3.txt', 'f4.txt']
pop f4.txt
remain ['f0.txt', 'f1.txt', 'f2.txt', 'f3.txt']
pop f3.txt
remain ['f0.txt', 'f1.txt', 'f2.txt']
pop f2.txt
remain ['f0.txt', 'f1.txt']
pop f1.txt
remain ['f0.txt']
pop f0.txt
remain []

• 添加和删除

files = ["f1.txt", "f2.txt"]

# 扩充入另一个列表
files.extend(["f3.txt", "f4.txt"])
print("extend", files)

# 按位置添加
files.insert(1, "file5.txt")     # 添加入第1位（首位是0哦）
print("insert", files)

# 移除某索引
del files[1]
print("del", files)

# 移除某值 
files.remove("f3.txt")
print("remove", files)

extend ['f1.txt', 'f2.txt', 'f3.txt', 'f4.txt']
insert ['f1.txt', 'file5.txt', 'f2.txt', 'f3.txt', 'f4.txt']
del ['f1.txt', 'f2.txt', 'f3.txt', 'f4.txt']
remove ['f1.txt', 'f2.txt', 'f4.txt']

• 字典的get() updata()

files = {"ID": 111, "passport": "my passport", "books": [1,2,3]}

# 按key拿取，并在拿取失败的时候给一个设定好的默认值
print('files["ID"]:', files["ID"])
print('files.get("ID"):', files.get("unknown ID", "不存在这个 ID"))

# 将另一个字典补充到当前字典
files.update({"files": ["1", "2"]})
print('update:', files)

# pop 调一个item，和列表的 pop 类似
popped = files.pop("ID")
print('popped:', popped)
print("remain:", files)

files["ID"]: 111
files.get("ID"): 不存在这个 ID
update: {'ID': 111, 'passport': 'my passport', 'books': [1, 2, 3], 'files': ['1', '2']}
popped: 111
remain: {'passport': 'my passport', 'books': [1, 2, 3], 'files': ['1', '2']}