【python3】7.异常控制

7 异常控制

2022.12.14 本学习内容总结于莫烦python:6.异常检查和处理
https://mofanpy.com/tutorials/python-basic/interactive-python/try-except

with open("no_file.txt", "r") as f:
    print(f.read())

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

FileNotFoundError                         Traceback (most recent call last)

Input In [1], in <cell line: 1>()
----> 1 with open("no_file.txt", "r") as f:
      2     print(f.read())


FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'no_file.txt'

报错没有这样的文件，报错关键字FileNotFoundError

7.1 try-except

try ① except ②：做①，有条件再做②

try:
    with open("no_file.txt", "r") as f:
        print(f.read())
except FileNotFoundError as e:
    print(e)
    with open("no_file.txt", "w") as f:
        f.write("I'm no_file.txt")
    print("new file 'no_file.txt' has been written")

[Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'no_file.txt'
new file 'no_file.txt' has been written

用这种方式可以把报错内容输出：No such file or directory: 'no_file.txt',并进行相应的处理

• 多个异常

d = {"name": "f1", "age": 2}
l = [1,2,3]
try:
    v = d["gender"]
    l[3] = 4
except (KeyError, IndexError) as e:
    print("key or index error for:", e)

key or index error for: 'gender'

如果你在原本的 `d` 中加上一个 `gender`, 让 `KeyError` 不报出来，它就会接着报字典的 `IndexError` 异常了。

也就是这里出现了两个错，报错只报第一个。能否

7.2 try-except-else

try①except②else③：做①，有条件做②，没条件做③

• 【例1】

l = [1,2,3]
try:
    l[3] = 4
except IndexError as e:
    print(e)
else:
    print("no error, now in else")

list assignment index out of range

错误确实是IndexError,那么就执行② 不执行else

• 【例2】

l = [1,2,3,4]
try:
    l[3] = 5
except IndexError as e:
    print(e)
else:
    print("no error, now in else")

no error, now in else

print(l)

[1, 2, 3, 5]

这里没有IndexError错误，没有执行②，执行了else

7.3 try-except-finally

这个finally无论条件是否执行，它都会运行

-【例1】

l = [1,2,3]
try:
    l[3] = 4
except IndexError as e:
    print(e)
finally:
    print("reach finally")

list assignment index out of range
reach finally

• 【例2】

l = [1,2,3,4]
try:
    l[3] = 4
except IndexError as e:
    print(e)
finally:
    print("reach finally")

reach finally

• 【例3】

try:
    dddd = dddddd
finally:
    print("I know there is error, so what?")

I know there is error, so what?



---------------------------------------------------------------------------

NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)

Input In [7], in <cell line: 1>()
      1 try:
----> 2     dddd = dddddd
      3 finally:
      4     print("I know there is error, so what?")


NameError: name 'dddddd' is not defined

他这个finally 你有异常吧，我不让你终止主程序，

7.4 raise手动触发异常

• 为了别人使用到我的代码时不至于骂街，或者异常后报出一大堆很难 debug 的信息。 这个时候我就该考虑考虑 raise 的用法了

• 你写了成百上千行代码，你也不能全记住代码的每一个细节。所以一旦报错，你也需要一个友善的错误信息提示，这时用 raise 准没错

def no_negative(num):
    if num < 0:
        raise ValueError("数字负了")
    return num

print(no_negative(-1))

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)

Input In [9], in <cell line: 6>()
      3         raise ValueError("数字负了")
      4     return num
----> 6 print(no_negative(-1))


Input In [9], in no_negative(num)
      1 def no_negative(num):
      2     if num < 0:
----> 3         raise ValueError("数字负了")
      4     return num


ValueError: 数字负了

就是自己来编辑 错误提示，来提醒。