String to Integer (atoi)

Implement atoi to convert a string to an integer.

Hint: Carefully consider all possible input cases. If you want a challenge, please do not see below and ask yourself what are the possible input cases.

Notes: It is intended for this problem to be specified vaguely (ie, no given input specs). You are responsible to gather all the input requirements up front. 

Update (2015-02-10):
The signature of the C++ function had been updated. If you still see your function signature accepts a const char * argument, please click the reload button  to reset your code definition.

spoilers alert... click to show requirements for atoi.

Requirements for atoi:

The function first discards as many whitespace characters as necessary until the first non-whitespace character is found. Then, starting from this character, takes an optional initial plus or minus sign followed by as many numerical digits as possible, and interprets them as a numerical value.

The string can contain additional characters after those that form the integral number, which are ignored and have no effect on the behavior of this function.

If the first sequence of non-whitespace characters in str is not a valid integral number, or if no such sequence exists because either str is empty or it contains only whitespace characters, no conversion is performed.

If no valid conversion could be performed, a zero value is returned. If the correct value is out of the range of representable values, INT_MAX (2147483647) or INT_MIN (-2147483648) is returned.

这道题花了我两天时间，第一天时间找了glibc的源码来看，第二天自己把代码写了出来。

题目本身不难，难得是考虑到所有的特殊情况。

我没有先看提示，但是也没有自己直接去写（看着这道标着“EASY”的题目有着题库里最低的AC率，我果断放弃了），而是直接找来glibc的代码，想看看GNU是怎么实现的。话说第一次看GNU的东西，感觉还挺新鲜，关键是宏太多，代码主体部分其实还是清晰易懂的。

发现了atoi函数有这么几个要注意的地方：

（1）开始要先去掉空格；

（2）注意‘＋’和‘－’；

（3）处理完空格和正负号后，若第一个字符就不合法，返回0；若处理完几个有效的字符后，碰到非法的字符，则返回当前已转换的整数；（glibc就是这么做的）

（4）溢出处理

对于溢出处理，glibc的做法和leetcode要求不同。glibc是发现溢出后，将一个overflag变量置1，然后继续处理后续字符，最后返回的也是一个无效的整数；而leetcode要求溢出时返回int所能表示的最大正整数或负整数。

C语言代码如下：

#define INT_MAX 2147483647
#define INT_MIN -2147483648
#define CUT_OFF 214748364
#define CUT_LIM 7

int myAtoi(char* str) {
    const char *s, *save;
	s = str;
	/* skip space or tab */
	while(*s == 32 || *s == 9)
		s++;
	if(s == '\0')
		goto noconv;
	
	/* check '+' or '-' */
	int negative = 0;
	if(*s == '-'){
		negative = 1;
		s++;
	}
	else if(*s == '+')
		s++;

	/* string to integer,break immediately when meet a illegal char(not from '0' to '9')
	 * return immediately if there is an overflow;) */
	int i = 0;
	save = s;	/* we will use this later;) */
	char c = *s;
	for(; c != '\0'; c = *++s){
		if(c >= '0' && c <= '9'){
			if(i > CUT_OFF || (i == CUT_OFF && c-'0' > CUT_LIM))	//this method is better than runtime division
				return negative ? INT_MIN : INT_MAX;				//return immediately
			i = i * 10 + c - '0';
		}
		else
			break;
	}

	if(s == save)	/* the first non-space char is illegal...,so there is nothing to converse */
		goto noconv;
	else
		return negative ? -i : i;

noconv:
	return 0;
}

小结：

（1）今天学习了一个词，叫“编程素质”。要做一个高素质的程序员，不仅需要快速解决问题，还得思路清晰，考虑问题要周全。

（2）GNU，Linux内核之类的也没什么好神秘的，不都是程序员写出来的代码，耐心下来看还是没问题的，好好看一定会有收获。

（3）以后还是先写小结再贴图吧。。