下面的例子演示了java如何利用互斥锁和信号量限制java多线程并发访问计算机资源的数量。
- Semaphore(信号量) – 限制能够并发访问计算机资源的线程数量。例如,最多允许10个线程同时打开一个文件。
- Mutex(互斥锁) – 仅允许一个线程访问计算机资源。例如,当一个线程访问一个文件时,任何其他线程都不能在同一时刻访问同一个文件。
一、Semaphore实例
假设一个自助取款室内有4台ATM机,信号量能够确保同一时刻只能有4个人进入到取款室。
package com.mkyong;
import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
public class SemaphoreTest {
// max 4 people
static Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(4);
static class MyATMThread extends Thread {
String name = "";
MyATMThread(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void run() {
try {
System.out.println(name + " : acquiring lock...");
System.out.println(name + " : available Semaphore permits now: "
+ semaphore.availablePermits());
semaphore.acquire();
System.out.println(name + " : got the permit!");
try {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println(name + " : is performing operation " + i
+ ", available Semaphore permits : "
+ semaphore.availablePermits());
// sleep 1 second
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
} finally {
// calling release() after a successful acquire()
System.out.println(name + " : releasing lock...");
semaphore.release();
System.out.println(name + " : available Semaphore permits now: "
+ semaphore.availablePermits());
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Total available Semaphore permits : "
+ semaphore.availablePermits());
MyATMThread t1 = new MyATMThread("A");
t1.start();
MyATMThread t2 = new MyATMThread("B");
t2.start();
MyATMThread t3 = new MyATMThread("C");
t3.start();
MyATMThread t4 = new MyATMThread("D");
t4.start();
MyATMThread t5 = new MyATMThread("E");
t5.start();
MyATMThread t6 = new MyATMThread("F");
t6.start();
}
}
上述代码的输出,每次运行会有差异。但是,添加信号量和释放信号量的流程都大同小异。
Total available Semaphore permits : 4
A : acquiring lock...
D : acquiring lock...
C : acquiring lock...
B : acquiring lock...
B : available Semaphore permits now: 4
C : available Semaphore permits now: 4
E : acquiring lock...
F : acquiring lock...
F : available Semaphore permits now: 2
F : got the permit!
F : is performing operation 1, available Semaphore permits : 1
D : available Semaphore permits now: 4
A : available Semaphore permits now: 4
D : got the permit!
D : is performing operation 1, available Semaphore permits : 0
E : available Semaphore permits now: 2
C : got the permit!
B : got the permit!
C : is performing operation 1, available Semaphore permits : 0
B : is performing operation 1, available Semaphore permits : 0
F : is performing operation 2, available Semaphore permits : 0
D : is performing operation 2, available Semaphore permits : 0
C : is performing operation 2, available Semaphore permits : 0
B : is performing operation 2, available Semaphore permits : 0
F : is performing operation 3, available Semaphore permits : 0
D : is performing operation 3, available Semaphore permits : 0
C : is performing operation 3, available Semaphore permits : 0
B : is performing operation 3, available Semaphore permits : 0
F : is performing operation 4, available Semaphore permits : 0
D : is performing operation 4, available Semaphore permits : 0
C : is performing operation 4, available Semaphore permits : 0
B : is performing operation 4, available Semaphore permits : 0
D : is performing operation 5, available Semaphore permits : 0
F : is performing operation 5, available Semaphore permits : 0
B : is performing operation 5, available Semaphore permits : 0
C : is performing operation 5, available Semaphore permits : 0
D : releasing lock...
F : releasing lock...
D : available Semaphore permits now: 1
A : got the permit!
A : is performing operation 1, available Semaphore permits : 0
F : available Semaphore permits now: 1
E : got the permit!
E : is performing operation 1, available Semaphore permits : 0
B : releasing lock...
B : available Semaphore permits now: 1
C : releasing lock...
C : available Semaphore permits now: 2
A : is performing operation 2, available Semaphore permits : 2
E : is performing operation 2, available Semaphore permits : 2
A : is performing operation 3, available Semaphore permits : 2
E : is performing operation 3, available Semaphore permits : 2
A : is performing operation 4, available Semaphore permits : 2
E : is performing operation 4, available Semaphore permits : 2
A : is performing operation 5, available Semaphore permits : 2
E : is performing operation 5, available Semaphore permits : 2
A : releasing lock...
A : available Semaphore permits now: 3
E : releasing lock...
E : available Semaphore permits now: 4
仔细观察上面的输出,你会看到最大4个人(C、B、F、D)在同一时刻
执行操作,A和E在等待。一旦正在操作的4个人中的任何人释放了信号量,
如D和F释放了信号量,则A和E马上获取到信号量,进行他们得操作。
二、Mutex实例
Mutex 可以看作是一种特殊的信号量,它只允许一个线程访问资源. 就像银行提款室的门上装了一把锁头,同一时刻只允许一个人进入提款,而不管提款室里有多少台ATM提款机。
package com.mkyong;
import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
public class SemaphoreTest {
// max 1 people
static Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(1);
static class MyLockerThread extends Thread {
String name = "";
MyLockerThread(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void run() {
try {
System.out.println(name + " : acquiring lock...");
System.out.println(name + " : available Semaphore permits now: "
+ semaphore.availablePermits());
semaphore.acquire();
System.out.println(name + " : got the permit!");
try {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println(name + " : is performing operation " + i
+ ", available Semaphore permits : "
+ semaphore.availablePermits());
// sleep 1 second
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
} finally {
// calling release() after a successful acquire()
System.out.println(name + " : releasing lock...");
semaphore.release();
System.out.println(name + " : available Semaphore permits now: "
+ semaphore.availablePermits());
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Total available Semaphore permits : "
+ semaphore.availablePermits());
MyLockerThread t1 = new MyLockerThread("A");
t1.start();
MyLockerThread t2 = new MyLockerThread("B");
t2.start();
MyLockerThread t3 = new MyLockerThread("C");
t3.start();
MyLockerThread t4 = new MyLockerThread("D");
t4.start();
MyLockerThread t5 = new MyLockerThread("E");
t5.start();
MyLockerThread t6 = new MyLockerThread("F");
t6.start();
}
}
上述代码的输出,每次运行会有差异。但是,获取锁和释放锁的流程都大同小异。
Total available Semaphore permits : 1
A : acquiring lock...
B : acquiring lock...
A : available Semaphore permits now: 1
C : acquiring lock...
B : available Semaphore permits now: 1
C : available Semaphore permits now: 0
A : got the permit!
D : acquiring lock...
E : acquiring lock...
A : is performing operation 1, available Semaphore permits : 0
E : available Semaphore permits now: 0
D : available Semaphore permits now: 0
F : acquiring lock...
F : available Semaphore permits now: 0
A : is performing operation 2, available Semaphore permits : 0
A : is performing operation 3, available Semaphore permits : 0
A : is performing operation 4, available Semaphore permits : 0
A : is performing operation 5, available Semaphore permits : 0
A : releasing lock...
A : available Semaphore permits now: 1
B : got the permit!
B : is performing operation 1, available Semaphore permits : 0
B : is performing operation 2, available Semaphore permits : 0
B : is performing operation 3, available Semaphore permits : 0
B : is performing operation 4, available Semaphore permits : 0
B : is performing operation 5, available Semaphore permits : 0
B : releasing lock...
B : available Semaphore permits now: 1
C : got the permit!
C : is performing operation 1, available Semaphore permits : 0
C : is performing operation 2, available Semaphore permits : 0
C : is performing operation 3, available Semaphore permits : 0
C : is performing operation 4, available Semaphore permits : 0
C : is performing operation 5, available Semaphore permits : 0
C : releasing lock...
C : available Semaphore permits now: 1
E : got the permit!
E : is performing operation 1, available Semaphore permits : 0
E : is performing operation 2, available Semaphore permits : 0
E : is performing operation 3, available Semaphore permits : 0
E : is performing operation 4, available Semaphore permits : 0
E : is performing operation 5, available Semaphore permits : 0
E : releasing lock...
E : available Semaphore permits now: 1
D : got the permit!
D : is performing operation 1, available Semaphore permits : 0
D : is performing operation 2, available Semaphore permits : 0
D : is performing operation 3, available Semaphore permits : 0
D : is performing operation 4, available Semaphore permits : 0
D : is performing operation 5, available Semaphore permits : 0
D : releasing lock...
D : available Semaphore permits now: 1
F : got the permit!
F : is performing operation 1, available Semaphore permits : 0
F : is performing operation 2, available Semaphore permits : 0
F : is performing operation 3, available Semaphore permits : 0
F : is performing operation 4, available Semaphore permits : 0
F : is performing operation 5, available Semaphore permits : 0
F : releasing lock...
F : available Semaphore permits now: 1
如你所见,同一时刻只有一个线程在执行操作。
完!