目录
import math
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import os
def file_name_walk(file_dir):
for root, dirs, files in os.walk(file_dir):
# print("root", root) # 当前目录路径
print("dirs", dirs) # 当前路径下所有子目录
print("files", files) # 当前路径下所有非目录子文件
file_name_walk("/home/kesci/input/fraeng6506")
dirs []
output：
dirs []
files ['_about.txt', 'fra.txt']
Softmax屏蔽
softmax操作符的一个屏蔽操作。
def SequenceMask(X, X_len,value=-1e6):
maxlen = X.size(1)
#print(X.size(),torch.arange((maxlen),dtype=torch.float)[None, :],'\n',X_len[:, None] )
mask = torch.arange((maxlen),dtype=torch.float)[None, :] >= X_len[:, None]
#print(mask)
X[mask]=value
return X
def masked_softmax(X, valid_length):
# X: 3-D tensor, valid_length: 1-D or 2-D tensor
softmax = nn.Softmax(dim=-1)
if valid_length is None:
return softmax(X)
else:
shape = X.shape
if valid_length.dim() == 1:
try:
valid_length = torch.FloatTensor(valid_length.numpy().repeat(shape[1], axis=0))#[2,2,3,3]
except:
valid_length = torch.FloatTensor(valid_length.cpu().numpy().repeat(shape[1], axis=0))#[2,2,3,3]
else:
valid_length = valid_length.reshape((-1,))
# fill masked elements with a large negative, whose exp is 0
X = SequenceMask(X.reshape((-1, shape[-1])), valid_length)
return softmax(X).reshape(shape)
masked_softmax(torch.rand((2,2,4),dtype=torch.float), torch.FloatTensor([2,3]))
output：
tensor([[[0.5423, 0.4577, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[0.5290, 0.4710, 0.0000, 0.0000]],
[[0.2969, 0.2966, 0.4065, 0.0000],
[0.3607, 0.2203, 0.4190, 0.0000]]])
torch.bmm(torch.ones((2,1,3), dtype = torch.float), torch.ones((2,3,2), dtype = torch.float))
output：
tensor([[[3., 3.]],
[[3., 3.]]])
点积注意力
# Save to the d2l package.
class DotProductAttention(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, dropout, **kwargs):
super(DotProductAttention, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
# query: (batch_size, #queries, d)
# key: (batch_size, #kv_pairs, d)
# value: (batch_size, #kv_pairs, dim_v)
# valid_length: either (batch_size, ) or (batch_size, xx)
def forward(self, query, key, value, valid_length=None):
d = query.shape[-1]
# set transpose_b=True to swap the last two dimensions of key
scores = torch.bmm(query, key.transpose(1,2)) / math.sqrt(d)
attention_weights = self.dropout(masked_softmax(scores, valid_length))
print("attention_weight\n",attention_weights)
return torch.bmm(attention_weights, value)
测试
现在创建了两个批，每个批有一个query和10个key-values对。通过valid_length指定，对于第一批，只关注前2个键-值对，而对于第二批，将检查前6个键-值对。因此，尽管这两个批处理具有相同的查询和键值对，但获得的输出是不同的。
atten = DotProductAttention(dropout=0)
keys = torch.ones((2,10,2),dtype=torch.float)
values = torch.arange((40), dtype=torch.float).view(1,10,4).repeat(2,1,1)
atten(torch.ones((2,1,2),dtype=torch.float), keys, values, torch.FloatTensor([2, 6]))
多层感知机注意力
# Save to the d2l package.
class MLPAttention(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, units,ipt_dim,dropout, **kwargs):
super(MLPAttention, self).__init__(**kwargs)
# Use flatten=True to keep query's and key's 3-D shapes.
self.W_k = nn.Linear(ipt_dim, units, bias=False)
self.W_q = nn.Linear(ipt_dim, units, bias=False)
self.v = nn.Linear(units, 1, bias=False)
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
def forward(self, query, key, value, valid_length):
query, key = self.W_k(query), self.W_q(key)
#print("size",query.size(),key.size())
# expand query to (batch_size, #querys, 1, units), and key to
# (batch_size, 1, #kv_pairs, units). Then plus them with broadcast.
features = query.unsqueeze(2) + key.unsqueeze(1)
#print("features:",features.size()) #--------------开启
scores = self.v(features).squeeze(-1)
attention_weights = self.dropout(masked_softmax(scores, valid_length))
return torch.bmm(attention_weights, value)
测试
尽管MLPAttention包含一个额外的MLP模型，但如果给定相同的输入和相同的键，将获得与DotProductAttention相同的输出
atten = MLPAttention(ipt_dim=2,units = 8, dropout=0)
atten(torch.ones((2,1,2), dtype = torch.float), keys, values, torch.FloatTensor([2, 6]))
output：
tensor([[[ 2.0000, 3.0000, 4.0000, 5.0000]],
[[10.0000, 11.0000, 12.0000, 13.0000]]], grad_fn=<BmmBackward>)
总结
- 注意力层显式地选择相关的信息。
- 注意层的内存由键-值对组成，因此它的输出接近于键类似于查询的值。
import sys
sys.path.append('/home/kesci/input/d2len9900')
import d2l
解码器
由于带有注意机制的seq2seq的编码器与Seq2SeqEncoder相同，所以在此处只关注解码器。添加了一个MLP注意层(MLPAttention)，它的隐藏大小与解码器中的LSTM层相同。然后通过从编码器传递三个参数来初始化解码器的状态:
- the encoder outputs of all timesteps：encoder输出的各个状态，被用于attetion layer的memory部分，有相同的key和values
- the hidden state of the encoder’s final timestep：编码器最后一个时间步的隐藏状态，被用于初始化decoder 的hidden state
- the encoder valid length: 编码器的有效长度，借此，注意层不会考虑编码器输出中的填充标记（Paddings）
在解码的每个时间步，使用解码器的最后一个RNN层的输出作为注意层的query。然后，将注意力模型的输出与输入嵌入向量连接起来，输入到RNN层。虽然RNN层隐藏状态也包含来自解码器的历史信息，但是attention model的输出显式地选择了enc_valid_len以内的编码器输出，这样attention机制就会尽可能排除其他不相关的信息。
class Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder(d2l.Decoder):
def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers,
dropout=0, **kwargs):
super(Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.attention_cell = MLPAttention(num_hiddens,num_hiddens, dropout)
self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
self.rnn = nn.LSTM(embed_size+ num_hiddens,num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=dropout)
self.dense = nn.Linear(num_hiddens,vocab_size)
def init_state(self, enc_outputs, enc_valid_len, *args):
outputs, hidden_state = enc_outputs
# print("first:",outputs.size(),hidden_state[0].size(),hidden_state[1].size())
# Transpose outputs to (batch_size, seq_len, hidden_size)
return (outputs.permute(1,0,-1), hidden_state, enc_valid_len)
#outputs.swapaxes(0, 1)
def forward(self, X, state):
enc_outputs, hidden_state, enc_valid_len = state
#("X.size",X.size())
X = self.embedding(X).transpose(0,1)
# print("Xembeding.size2",X.size())
outputs = []
for l, x in enumerate(X):
# print(f"\n{l}-th token")
# print("x.first.size()",x.size())
# query shape: (batch_size, 1, hidden_size)
# select hidden state of the last rnn layer as query
query = hidden_state[0][-1].unsqueeze(1) # np.expand_dims(hidden_state[0][-1], axis=1)
# context has same shape as query
# print("query enc_outputs, enc_outputs:\n",query.size(), enc_outputs.size(), enc_outputs.size())
context = self.attention_cell(query, enc_outputs, enc_outputs, enc_valid_len)
# Concatenate on the feature dimension
# print("context.size:",context.size())
x = torch.cat((context, x.unsqueeze(1)), dim=-1)
# Reshape x to (1, batch_size, embed_size+hidden_size)
# print("rnn",x.size(), len(hidden_state))
out, hidden_state = self.rnn(x.transpose(0,1), hidden_state)
outputs.append(out)
outputs = self.dense(torch.cat(outputs, dim=0))
return outputs.transpose(0, 1), [enc_outputs, hidden_state,
enc_valid_len]
现在可以用注意力模型来测试seq2seq。结果，得到了相同的解码器输出形状，但是状态结构改变了。
encoder = d2l.Seq2SeqEncoder(vocab_size=10, embed_size=8,
num_hiddens=16, num_layers=2)
# encoder.initialize()
decoder = Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder(vocab_size=10, embed_size=8,
num_hiddens=16, num_layers=2)
X = torch.zeros((4, 7),dtype=torch.long)
print("batch size=4\nseq_length=7\nhidden dim=16\nnum_layers=2\n")
print('encoder output size:', encoder(X)[0].size())
print('encoder hidden size:', encoder(X)[1][0].size())
print('encoder memory size:', encoder(X)[1][1].size())
state = decoder.init_state(encoder(X), None)
out, state = decoder(X, state)
out.shape, len(state), state[0].shape, len(state[1]), state[1][0].shape
训练
通过应用相同的训练超参数和相同的训练损失来尝试一个简单的娱乐模型。从结果中可以看出，由于训练数据集中的序列相对较短，额外的注意层并没有带来显著的改进。由于编码器和解码器的注意层的计算开销，该模型比没有注意的seq2seq模型慢得多。
import zipfile
import torch
import requests
from io import BytesIO
from torch.utils import data
import sys
import collections
class Vocab(object): # This class is saved in d2l.
def __init__(self, tokens, min_freq=0, use_special_tokens=False):
# sort by frequency and token
counter = collections.Counter(tokens)
token_freqs = sorted(counter.items(), key=lambda x: x[0])
token_freqs.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
if use_special_tokens:
# padding, begin of sentence, end of sentence, unknown
self.pad, self.bos, self.eos, self.unk = (0, 1, 2, 3)
tokens = ['', '', '', '']
else:
self.unk = 0
tokens = ['']
tokens += [token for token, freq in token_freqs if freq >= min_freq]
self.idx_to_token = []
self.token_to_idx = dict()
for token in tokens:
self.idx_to_token.append(token)
self.token_to_idx[token] = len(self.idx_to_token) - 1
def __len__(self):
return len(self.idx_to_token)
def __getitem__(self, tokens):
if not isinstance(tokens, (list, tuple)):
return self.token_to_idx.get(tokens, self.unk)
else:
return [self.__getitem__(token) for token in tokens]
def to_tokens(self, indices):
if not isinstance(indices, (list, tuple)):
return self.idx_to_token[indices]
else:
return [self.idx_to_token[index] for index in indices]
def load_data_nmt(batch_size, max_len, num_examples=1000):
"""Download an NMT dataset, return its vocabulary and data iterator."""
# Download and preprocess
def preprocess_raw(text):
text = text.replace('\u202f', ' ').replace('\xa0', ' ')
out = ''
for i, char in enumerate(text.lower()):
if char in (',', '!', '.') and text[i-1] != ' ':
out += ' '
out += char
return out
with open('/home/kesci/input/fraeng6506/fra.txt', 'r') as f:
raw_text = f.read()
text = preprocess_raw(raw_text)
# Tokenize
source, target = [], []
for i, line in enumerate(text.split('\n')):
if i >= num_examples:
break
parts = line.split('\t')
if len(parts) >= 2:
source.append(parts[0].split(' '))
target.append(parts[1].split(' '))
# Build vocab
def build_vocab(tokens):
tokens = [token for line in tokens for token in line]
return Vocab(tokens, min_freq=3, use_special_tokens=True)
src_vocab, tgt_vocab = build_vocab(source), build_vocab(target)
# Convert to index arrays
def pad(line, max_len, padding_token):
if len(line) > max_len:
return line[:max_len]
return line + [padding_token] * (max_len - len(line))
def build_array(lines, vocab, max_len, is_source):
lines = [vocab[line] for line in lines]
if not is_source:
lines = [[vocab.bos] + line + [vocab.eos] for line in lines]
array = torch.tensor([pad(line, max_len, vocab.pad) for line in lines])
valid_len = (array != vocab.pad).sum(1)
return array, valid_len
src_vocab, tgt_vocab = build_vocab(source), build_vocab(target)
src_array, src_valid_len = build_array(source, src_vocab, max_len, True)
tgt_array, tgt_valid_len = build_array(target, tgt_vocab, max_len, False)
train_data = data.TensorDataset(src_array, src_valid_len, tgt_array, tgt_valid_len)
train_iter = data.DataLoader(train_data, batch_size, shuffle=True)
return src_vocab, tgt_vocab, train_iter
embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout = 32, 32, 2, 0.0
batch_size, num_steps = 64, 10
lr, num_epochs, ctx = 0.005, 500, d2l.try_gpu()
src_vocab, tgt_vocab, train_iter = load_data_nmt(batch_size, num_steps)
encoder = d2l.Seq2SeqEncoder(
len(src_vocab), embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout)
decoder = Seq2SeqAttentionDecoder(
len(tgt_vocab), embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout)
model = d2l.EncoderDecoder(encoder, decoder)
训练的预测
d2l.train_s2s_ch9(model, train_iter, lr, num_epochs, ctx)
output：
epoch 50,loss 0.104, time 54.7 sec
epoch 100,loss 0.046, time 54.8 sec
epoch 150,loss 0.031, time 54.7 sec
epoch 200,loss 0.027, time 54.3 sec
epoch 250,loss 0.025, time 54.3 sec
epoch 300,loss 0.024, time 54.4 sec
epoch 350,loss 0.024, time 54.4 sec
epoch 400,loss 0.024, time 54.5 sec
epoch 450,loss 0.023, time 54.4 sec
epoch 500,loss 0.023, time 54.7 sec
for sentence in ['Go .', 'Good Night !', "I'm OK .", 'I won !']:
print(sentence + ' => ' + d2l.predict_s2s_ch9(
model, sentence, src_vocab, tgt_vocab, num_steps, ctx))
output：
Go . => va !
Good Night ! => !
I'm OK . => ça va .
I won ! => j'ai gagné !
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